考研考博-英語-北京信息科技大學考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京信息科技大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Highgradesaresupposedto（）academicability,butJohn'sactualperformancedidnotconfirmthis.

問題1選項

A.certify

B.clarify

C.classify

D.notify

【答案】A

【解析】句意:高分應該是學術(shù)能力的證明，但John的實際表現(xiàn)并沒證實這一點。

考查動詞辨析。certify證明，證實；clarify說明，闡明：classify把……分類，把……分級；notify通告，宣告。因此A項符合句意。

2.單選題

Youwillhardlybelieveit,butthisisthethirdtimetonightsomeone（）me.

問題1選項

A.telephoned

B.hastelephoned

C.telephones

D.shouldtelephone

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)。Thisisthefirst（序數(shù)詞）timethat…表示“第一次做某事”，后面的從句一定要用“現(xiàn)在完成時”，現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成have/hasdone。句意：你可能不會相信，這已經(jīng)是今晚第三次有人給我打電話了。hastelephoned使用了現(xiàn)在完成時，故選B。

3.單選題

Doyouwantflyfirstor（

）class?

問題1選項

A.economic

B.economical

C.economy

D.economics

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。economicalclass“經(jīng)濟艙”。選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

TheterroristattacksinLondonThursdayservedasajarringreminderthatintoday’sworld,youneverknowwhatyoumightseewhenyoupickupthenewspaperorturnontheTV.Disturbingimagesofterrorcantriggeravisceralresponsenomatterhowcloseorfarawayfromhometheeventhappened.

Throughouthistory,everymilitaryconflicthasinvolvedpsychologicalwarfareinonewayoranotherastheenemysoughttobreakthemoraleoftheiropponent.Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.

Whetherit’samassiveattackorasinglehorrificact,theeffectsofpsychologicalwarfarearen’tlimitedtothephysicaldamageinflicted.Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.

Therefore,theimpactofpsychologicalterrordependslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedandinterpreted.Butthatalsomeanstherearewaystodefendyourselfandyourlovedonesbyputtingthesefearsintoperspectiveandprotectingyourchildrenfromhorrificimages.

WhatIsPsychologicalTerror?"Theuseofterrorismasatacticispredicateduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisincommensuratewiththeactualthreaten,"saysMiddleEasternhistorianRichardBullietofColumbiaUniversity.“Everytimeyouhaveanactofviolence,publicizingthatviolencebecomesanimportantpartoftheactitself.”

“Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact.Youcanhaveyourimpactbythemagnitudeofwhatyoudo,bythesymboliccharacteroftarget,orthehorrificqualityofwhatyoudotoasingleperson”BulliettellsWebMD.“Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butit’showit’scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect.”Forexample,BullietsaystheIranianhostagecrisis,whichbeganin1979andlastedfor444days,wasactuallyoneofthemostharmlessthingsthathappenedintheMiddleEastinthelast25years.AlloftheU.S.hostageswereeventuallyreleasedunharmed，buttheeventremainsapsychologicalscarformanyAmericanswhowatchedhelplesslyaseachevening’snewscastcountedthedaysthehostageswerebeingheldcaptive.

Bullietsaysterroristsfrequentlyexploitimagesofagroupofmaskedindividualsexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptivestosendthemessagethattheactisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spowerratherthananindividualcriminalact.“Youdon’thavethenotionthatacertainpersonhastakenahostage.It’sanimageofgrouppower,andtheforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized,”saysBulliet.“Therandomnessandtheubiquityofthethreatgivetheimpressionofvastlygreatercapacities.’’

PsychiatristAnsarHaroun,whoservedintheU.S.ArmyReservesinthefirstGulfWarandmorerecentlyinAfghanistan,saysthatterroristgroupsoftenresorttopsychologicalwarfarebecauseit’stheonlytactictheyhaveavailabletothem.“Theydon’thaveM-16s,andwehaveM-16s.Theydon’thavethemightymilitarypowerthatwehave,andtheyonlyhaveaccesstothingslikekidnapping,"saysHaroun,whoisalsoaclinicalprofessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.

“Inpsychologicalwarfare,evenonebeheadingcanhavethepsychologicalimpactthatmightbeassociatedwithkilling1,000oftheenemy,"HarountellsWebMD.“Youhaven’treallyharmedtheenemyverymuchbykillingonepersonontheotherside.Butintermsofinspiringfear,anxiety,terror,andmakingusallfeelbad,you’veachievedalotofdemoralization."

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTamongthereasonsthatchangetherulesofpsychologicalwarfare?（

）

2.AccordingtoRichardBulliet,whydoes"publicizinganactofviolencebecomesanimportantpartofterrorismitself”?（

）

3.TheIranianhostagecrisisshowsthat（

）.

4.Therandomnessandtheubiquityoftheterroristactsbringtothepublictheimpressionthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.Breakthemoraleoftheiropponent.

B.Advancesintechnology.

C.ThepopularityoftheInternet.

D.Prosperityofmedia.

問題2選項

A.Becausepsychologicalterrorismisatactic.

B.Becauseterrorismdependsonaclimateoffearratherthanontheactualthreat.

C.Becausetheuseofterrorismistoinspirefearthatismoredestructivethantheactualthreat.

D.Becausepublicizingtheviolencecanmakemorepeopleknowtheactualthrea

問題3選項

A.theimpactofpsychologicalterrorrelieslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicized

B.therearevariouswaystohavetheimpactofpsychologicalterror

C.theAmericanmediaiseffective

D.thewaysdeterminestheeffect

問題4選項

A.theterroristsareexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptives

B.thethreatisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spower

C.theterroristsarepowerfulandpervasive

D.theforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞psychologicalwarfare定位至第二段第一句,緊接著后面就提出了原因,advancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet和proliferationofnewscoverage,分別對應選項B，C，D，只有選項A沒有提及。

2.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞RichardBulliet定位至第五段。第五段指出原因在于恐怖主義的策略就是創(chuàng)造一種和實際并不相符的恐懼氛圍。

3.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Iranianhostagecrisis定位至第六段。選項D與第六段第四句重現(xiàn)。

4.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Therandomnessandtheubiquity定位至第七段，最后一句指出：這種威脅的隨機性和普遍性給人的印象是其破壞能力大大增強。因此選項C正確。

5.單選題

Thefitnessmovementthatbeganinthelate1960sandearly1970scenteredaroundaerobicexercise.Millionsofindividualsbecameengagedinavarietyofaerobicactivitiesandliterallythousandsofhealthspasdevelopedaroundthecountrytocapitalizeonthisemerginginterestinfitness,particularlyaerobicdancingforfemales.Anumberoffitnessspasexistedpriortothisaerobicfitnessmovementevenanationalchainwithspasinmostmajorcities.However,theirfocuswasnotonaerobic,butratheronweight-trainingprogramsdesignedtodevelopmuscularmass,strength,andenduranceinthereprimarilymaleenthusing.Thesefitnessspasdidnotseemtobenefitfinanciallyfromtheaerobicfitnessmovementtobetterhealth,sincemedicalopinionsuggestedthatweight-trainingprogramsofferedfew,ifany,healthbenefits.Inrecentyears,however,weighttraininghasagainbecomeincreasinglypopularformalesandforfemales,Manycurrentprogramfocusnotonlyondevelopingmuscularstrengthandendurancebutonaerobicfitnessaswell.

Historically,mostphysical-fitnesstestshaveusuallyincludedmeasuresofmuscularstrengthandendurance,notforhealth-relatedreasons,butprimarilybecausesuchfitnesscomponentshavebeenrelatedtoperformanceinathletics.However,inrecentyears,evidencehasshownthattrainingprogramsdesignedprimarilytoimprovemuscularstrengthandendurancemightalsooffersomehealthbenefitsaswell.TheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicinenowrecommendsthatweighttrainingbepartofatotalfitnessProgramforhealthyAmericans.IncreasedparticipationinsuchtrainingisoneofthespecificphysicalactivitiesandfitnessobjectivesofHealthyPeople2000:NationalHealthPromotionandDiseasePreventionObjectives.

1.Theword"spas"(Sentence2,Paragraph1)mostprobablyrefersto（）.

2.Earlyfitnessspaswereintendedmainlyfor（）.

3.Whatwastheattitudeofdoctorstowardsweighttraininginhealthimprovement?

4.Peopleweregivenphysicalfitnesstestsinordertofindout.

5.Recentstudieshavesuggestedthatweighttraining（）.

問題1選項

A.sportsactivities

B.placesforphysicalexercise

C.recreationcenters

D.athletictrainingprograms

問題2選項

A.thepromotionofaerobicexercise

B.enduranceandmusculardevelopment

C.theimprovementofwomen

D.betterperformanceinaerobicdancing

問題3選項

A.Positive

B.Indifferent

C.Negative

D.Cautious

問題4選項

A.howwelltheycoulddoinathletics

B.whattheirhealthconditionwaslike

C.whatkindoffitnesscenterwassuitableforthem

D.whethertheywerefitforaerobicexercise

問題5選項

A.hasbecomeanessentialpartofpeople'slife

B.maywellaffectthehealthofthetrainees

C.willattractmorepeopleinthedaystocome

D.contributestohealthimprovementaswell

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:注意關(guān)鍵詞“capitalize”，本意是資本累積，在這里指從中獲利。能夠獲利的只有選項B和C，所以首先排除選項A和D。根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)容，”spas”應該指為健身運動提供場地的健身場所而不是娛樂場所，所以選項B符合原文。

第2題:根據(jù)第一段“Anumberoffitnessspas...enduranceinthereprimarilymaleenthusing.”在這項有氧健身運動之前，許多健身中心已經(jīng)存在，甚至在大多數(shù)大城市都有全國性的連鎖健身中心。然而，他們的重點并不是有氧運動，而是旨在培養(yǎng)肌肉質(zhì)量、力量和耐力的舉重訓練項目，主要是男性的熱情。由此可知，選項B符合原文。

第3題:根據(jù)第一段“sincemedicalopinionsuggestedthatweight-trainingprogramsofferedfew,ifany,healthbenefits.”醫(yī)學界的觀點認為健身項目并不會給健康帶來多大的好處。所以態(tài)度是消極的，選項C正確。

第4題:根據(jù)第二段的第一句“Historically...notforhealth-relatedreasons,butprimarilybecausesuchfitnesscomponentshavebeenrelatedtoperformanceinathletics,”不是因為健康相關(guān)的原因，主要是因為這些健康因素和運動中的表現(xiàn)息息相關(guān)。選項A符合原文。

第5題:根據(jù)第二段“However,inrecentyears,...toimprovemuscularstrengthandendurancemightalsooffersomehealthbenefitsaswell.”近年來，有證據(jù)表明，主要為增強肌肉力量和耐力而設計的訓練項目也可能對健康有益。選項D符合原文。

6.單選題

Itwasacloseboxinggame,buttheboxerinbluewas______tobethewinnerbythreeofthefourreferees.

問題1選項

A.destined

B.deemed

C.doomed

D.adapted

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項destined“指定”；B選項deemed“認為”；C選項doomed“注定”；D選項adapted“適應；改裝”。句意：這是一場勢均力敵的拳擊比賽，但4名裁判中有3名______穿藍衣服的拳擊手獲勝。根據(jù)語境，這里指有三位裁判判穿藍衣服的拳擊手獲勝，B選項deemed“認為”符合題意。因此B選項正確。

7.單選題

ItisverystrangebutIhadan（）thattheplanewouldcrash.

問題1選項

A.inspiration

B.intuition

C.imagination

D.incentive

【答案】B

【解析】inspiration啟發(fā)靈感的人（或事物）,靈感;intuition直覺,直覺力；imagination想象力;incentive動機。句意：這很奇怪,但是直覺告訴我這架飛機會墜毀。

8.填空題

Directions:CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingthegivenpartsinChineseintoEnglish.

81.Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunication_______________________.

（因為廣告商要為宣傳的廣告信息付錢）

82._______________________________________onthegroundsthathemightlearnbadhabits.

（禁止他在外面閑逛）

83._________________________________,butbecausetherewassomethingwrongwiththebus.

（我來晚了不是因為交通堵塞）

84.Duetocircumstancesbeyondourcontrol,_________________________________________.

（我們很遺憾地通知顧客商店提前關(guān)門）

85.Theboss________________________________trythebestofhisemployeesbythreatening.

（應該知道不應該）

【答案】81.Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationbecauseadvertisershavetopayfortheadvertisinginformation.

82.Heisforbiddentohangoutonthegroundsthathemightlearnbadhabits.

83.Itwasn’tbecauseofthetrafficjamthatIwaslate,butbecausetherewassomethingwrongwiththebus.

84.Duetocircumstancesbeyondourcontrol,weregrettoinformourcustomersthatthestoreisclosingearly.

85.Thebossshouldhaveknownthatheoughtnottotrythebestofhisemployeesbythreatening.

9.翻譯題

英語現(xiàn)在是60多個國家使用的官方或半官方語言。他是書報出版、科學技術(shù)，廣告和通俗音樂、計算機信息存儲所使用的主要國際語言。今天有4億多以英語為母語，另外大約有4億人使用英語作為第二語言，至少還有5億人把英語作為外語使用。

【答案】Englishisnowtheofficialorhalf-officiallanguageinmorethan60countries.Itistheimportantinternationallanguageusedinpublication,scientifictechnology,advertising,popularmusicandstorageofcomputerinformation.Nowadays,morethan400,000,000peopleuseEnglishastheirmothertongue,whileanother400,000,000useitastheirsecondlanguage,with500,000,000peopleusingitasaforeignlanguage.

10.單選題

Robotshavefreedthemanfrommuchboringwork;（

）theyprotectmanfrombeingharmedbysomedangerouswork.

問題1選項

A.thus

B.so

C.however

D.moreover

【答案】D

【解析】副詞詞義辨析。thus“因此”；so“所以”；however“然而”；moreover“而且，此外”。根據(jù)句子意思，可判斷出前后兩句存在遞進關(guān)系，所以選用moreover表遞進。句意：機器人不僅可以使人類從無聊的工作中解脫出來，而且能夠保護人們免遭一些危險工作的傷害。因此選項D符合題意。

11.單選題

Charleshasnottheleast（

）ofgivinguphisresearch.

問題1選項

A.idea

B.intention

C.mind

D.desire

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。idea“主意”；intention“意圖，意向”；mind“想法，感覺”；desire“愿望，欲望”。句意：查爾斯絲毫沒有打算放棄他的研究的意向。答案B

12.不定項選擇題

OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.WedonotrealizethatwavinggoodbyeisthewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone’sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.

ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat“Gift”meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm’slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.

Ourlinguisticandculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingourfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.

EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingualguidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.

Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Theattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.

Formanyyears,AmericaandAmericanscouldgetbywithculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorance.Afterall,Americawasthemostpowerfulcountryofthefreeworld,thedistributorofneededfundsandgoods.

Butallthatispast.Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.

1.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably（）.

2.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir（）.

3.Incountriesotherthantheirown,mostAmericans（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,Americans’culturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill（）.

5.Theauthor’sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat（）.

問題1選項

A.standstill

B.jumpaside

C.stepforward

D.drawback

問題2選項

A.culturalself-centeredness

B.casualmanners

C.indifferencetowardsforeignvisitors

D.arrogancetowardsothercultures

問題3選項

A.areisolatedbythelocalpeople

B.arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrier

C.tendtogetalongwellwiththenatives

D.needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants

問題4選項

A.affecttheirimageinthenewera

B.cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworld

C.limittheirroleinworldaffairs

D.weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar

問題5選項

A.itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriends

B.itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairs

C.itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplaces

D.itistimetogetacquaintedwithothercultures

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:詞義辨析題。我們首先需要知道四個選項的意思，然后代入原文分析哪一項是和文意相符的，A項“靜止”，B項“閃開；躲開”，C項“向前走”，D項“后退；保持距離”，那么我們看到原文的第二段說到，拉美人和中東人喜歡在講話時和對方更加靠近，而這一點會令美國人很不舒服；那么我們可以推出美國人在面對他們的時候，可能會后退拉開距離，保持在美國人覺得舒適的距離里進行交談，答案為D。

第2題:作者意圖題。問：作者給出這么多例子是為了批評美國的______。第一段指出，美國人的文化使多數(shù)美國人認為自己不但語言全球通用，使用的手勢也能被別人明白，但他們沒有意識到這是不正確的。這實際上是一種自我中心的觀點。再回到原文發(fā)現(xiàn)第二段和第三段都是在說美國的不好的，舉了很多例子，第三段第一句話確實有提到他們的隨性，但是這并不是作者本質(zhì)想要表達，作者第一段就指出，美國人對于自己的文化過于自信，以至于才會導致后面的這些后果，因此這一題的答案應該是A，批評了美國人以自我文化為中心。

第3題:推斷題。題目詢問在美國以外的國家里，大多數(shù)美國人_____。根據(jù)文章第5段“Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Theattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.（每次出國，我們一般都食宿在說英語的那些賓館和飯店中，人們對我們的態(tài)度和我們所獲得的信息都是由說英語的本地人——通常是富人決定的。我們的生意往來，國家的外交活動也是通過翻譯才能進行）”，因此，A項的信息在文中并沒有提及；B項與文中所陳述的意思相符；C項與文章所提及的觀點相背；D項與文中所給的意思不符。

第4題:細節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到倒數(shù)第一和倒數(shù)第二段，文章說：多年來，美國和美國人在文化上的盲目性和語言的無知上還能湊合，但是現(xiàn)在不一樣了，美國已經(jīng)沒有以前那樣的統(tǒng)治力，現(xiàn)在如果美國還想在世界事務中發(fā)揮更重要的作用；希望在下個世紀的重要決定中占有一席之地的話，他們就必須開始尊重別的語言，別的文化了，因此答案為C。

第5題:全文主旨推斷題。題目詢問作者寫作這篇文章是要使美國人意識到什么。作者在文章的開篇就批評了大多數(shù)美國人心目中的一種錯誤的文化觀，即美國的語言世界通用。接著又指出這種文化觀所引起的語言和文化上的盲目性和隨意性使美國人在世界上失去了朋友、生意和人們的尊重。美國在國際事務中的領先地位也正在失去。由此可看出作者的寫作意圖是要美國人克服這種文化上的盲目性，了解世界的文化。因此，D項與作者的意圖相符。

13.翻譯題

Itisalmostacommonplacethatsuccessfulforeignpolicymustgrowoutofdomesticpoliticalconsensus.CertainlythisistrueintheUnitedStateswithrespecttoenvironmentalissues,wherevirtuallyeverysuccessfulinternationalregimehashaditsrootsinU.S.domesticlaw.Themostspectacularsuccess---theMontrealozoneagreement---grewoutoftheU.S.regulationofchlorofluorocarbons,thechiefculpritinthedestructionoftheozonelayer,beginningwithabanonaerosolspraycansinthelate1970s.Otherrelativelysuccessfulinternationalregimes---forexampletolimitoilpollutionfromtankers,toregulatetradeinendangeredspecies,andtocontroldangerouspesticidesandchemicals---alsobuiltonU.S.efforts,ratherthanattemptingtoforcetheUnitedStatestochangeitswaysthroughthepressureofaninternationalregime.

Fromthebeginning,however,U.S.climatechangepolicyfollowedadifferentpath,focusingoninternationalratherthandomesticmeasures.

Tosomedegree,thisreflectedtheunderstandablereluctanceofmanygovernmentstotakedomesticactionwithoutanassurancethatotherswouldfollowsuit.Giventheglobalcausesofclimatechange,ifacountryactsalone,itsimplydrivesupitsowncostswithoutmakingameaningfuldentinsolvingtheproblem.Internationalactionisnecessarytomakedomesticclimatepolicieseffective.Toagreaterdegree,however,theinternationalfocusofU.S.climatepolicyreflectedalackofdomesticpoliticalwill.AlthoughpollsconsistentlyindicatethatAmericansareconcernedaboutclimatechange,climatechangehasuntilnowneveremergedasamajorpoliticalissueintheUnitedStates.Comeelectiontime,education,socialsecurityandtaxeshavetakeprecedenceinvoters’minds.Indeed,climatechangeusuallydoesnotevencrackthetopthreeenvironmentalconcerns---cleanwater,cleanairandurbansprawl.Asaresult,climateactivistshavetendedtoviewtheinternationalarenaasapotentiallymorefavorableforum.TheonlyrealattempttoenactbindingdomesticmeasuresrelatedtoclimatechangeoccurredearlyintheClintonAdministration,whenClintonproposedabroad-basedenergytaxaspartofhisfirsteconomicplan.

AlthoughClintonbilledthetaxprimarilyasarevenueratherthanaclimatechangemeasureandmadeitapplicabletoallenergysources,notjustthosethatproducegreenhousegases,thetaxwouldhavediscouragedgreenhouseemissionsbyraisingenergyprices---andsomeclimatechangeactivistssawitinthatlight.Inpart,thefocusontheinternationalnegotiationswasdrivenbytheinexorablemomentumoftheinternationalclimateagendaitself,withmajormeetingspracticallyeveryyear,whichkeptclimatechangeonthefrontburner.Ironically,theseregularmeetings---whichareusuallyseenasameansofkeepingpressureonstatestoact---helpedgiveClintonacomparativelyeasywayoutpolitically.AstherepresentativeoftheUnitedStatesininternationalaffairs,theadministrationcouldtemporarilysatisfyitsenvironmentalconstituencybyacceptingstrongnationalpolicies,withouthavingtoundertaketheextremelydifficultpoliticalworkofconvincingaconservativeCongresstoenactdomesticlegislationtoreduceemissions.

Ofcourse,thisapproachcouldnotworkindefinitely,sinceinternationalpoliciestocombatglobalwarmingeventuallyrequiredomesticimplementation.Butgiventhecomplexityandseeminglynever-endingcharacterofthenegotiations,theinternationalapproachwasabletobuyconsiderabletimeforanadministrationreluctanttoexpendsignificantpoliticalcapitalathometocombatclimatechange.

Indoingso,administrationofficialscouldcomfortthemselveswiththeargumentthattheyweremakingprogressintheonlywaypossible,byputtinginplaceaninternationalsystemthatwouldbereadytousewhenAmericabecameseriousaboutclimatechange.

【答案】當然，美國在環(huán)境問題上也是如此，幾乎每一個成功的國際制度都植根于美國的國內(nèi)法。

在某種程度上，這反映出許多國家政府在不確定其他國家是否會效仿的情況下，不愿意采取國內(nèi)行動，這是可以理解的。考慮到全球氣候變化的原因，如果一個國家單獨行動，只會導致成本增加，而不會取得實質(zhì)性的進展。

在選舉期間，選民會優(yōu)先考慮到教育、社會保障和稅收。

盡管克林頓將該稅主要宣傳為一項稅收，而不是一項氣候變化措施，并使其適用于所有能源，而不僅僅對于溫室氣體，但是本可以通過提高能源價格使稅收抑制溫室氣體排放，而一些氣候變化積極參與者正是從這個角度看問題的。

在某種程度上，對國際談判的關(guān)注是由國際氣候日常工作本身不可阻擋的勢頭所趨使的，幾乎每年都會召開大型會議，這使氣候變化問題處于首要地位。

當然，這種方法不可能無限地發(fā)揮作用，因為對抗全球變暖的國際政策最終需要國內(nèi)采取一些措施。

這樣一來，政策實施人員就可以安慰自己，說道他們正在以唯一可能的方式-建立一個國際體系的方法取得進展。一旦美國開始嚴肅對待氣候變化問題時，就可以隨時使用這個體系。

14.單選題

IthinkofthePhDalittleliketheGrandTour,atraditioninthe16thand17thcenturies[A]whereyouthswouldtravelaroundEurope,gettingarichexposureto[B]highsocietyinFrance,Italy,andGermany,[C]learnaboutart,architecture,language,literature,fencing,riding—alloftheessentialliberalartsthatagentlemanwasexpectedtohaveexperience[D]withtobeaninfluentialmemberofsociety.

問題1選項

A.where

B.highsociety

C.learnabout

D.withto

【答案】C

【解析】考查并列結(jié)構(gòu)。C選項的learnabout是gettingarichexposure的并列成分，形式應保持一致。

15.單選題

It’sabrandnewworld—aworldbuiltaroundbrands.Hardcharging,noisemaking,cultureshapingbrandsareeverywhere.They’reonsupermarketshelves,ofcourse,butalsoinbusinessplansfordotcomstartupsandinthenamesofsportscomplexes.Brandsareinfiltratingpeople’severydaylives—bystickingtheirlogosonclothes,inconcertprograms,onsubwaystationwall,eveninelementaryschoolclassrooms.

WeliveinanageinwhichCBSnewscasterswearNikejacketsontheair,inwhichBurgerKingandMcDonald’sopenkiosksinelementary-schoollunchrooms,inwhichschoolslikeStanfordUniversityareendowedwithaYahoo!FoundersChair.Butasbrandsreach(andthenoverreach)intoeveryaspectofourlives,thecompaniesbehindtheminvitemorequestions,deeperscrutiny—andaninevitablebacklashbyconsumers.

“Ourintellectuallivesandourpublicspacesarebeingtakenoverbymarketing—andthathasrealimplicationsforcitizenship,saysauthorandactivistNaomiKlein.“It’simportantforanyhealthyculturetohavepublicspace—aplacewherepeoplearetreatedascitizensinsteadofasconsumers.We’vecompletelylostthatspace.”

Sincethemid-1980s,asmoreandmorecompanieshaveshiftedfrombeingaboutproductstobeingaboutideas—Starbucksisn’tslingcoffee;it’ssellingcommunity!—thosecompanieshavepouredmoreandmoreresourcesintomarketingcampaigns.

Topayforthosecampaigns,thosesamecompaniesfiguredoutwaystocutcostselsewhere—forexample,byusingcontractlaborathomeandlow-wagelaborindevelopingcountries.Contractlaborersarehiredonatemporary,per-assignmentbasis,andemployershavenoobligationtoprovide(anybenefits,suchashealthinsurance)orlong-termjobsecurity.Thissavescompaniesmoneybutobviouslyputsworkersinvulnerablesituations.IntheUnitedStates,contractlaborhasgivenrisetoso-calledMcJobs,whichemployersandworkersalikepretendaretemporary—eventhoughthesejobsareusuallyheldbyadultswhoaretryingtosupportfamilies.

Themassiveexpansionofmarketingcampaignsinthe1980scoincidedwiththereductionofgovernmentspendingforschoolsandformuseums.Thismadethoseinstitutionsmuchtoowilling,eveneager,topartnerwithprivatecompanies.Butcompaniestookadvantageoftheneedsofthoseinstitutions,reachingtoofar,andoverwhelmingthecivicspacewiththeirmarketingagendas.

46.Whatdoesthepassageintendtotellus?

47.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorstateasafactorintheincreasingpresenceofbrandsinpeoples’lives?

48.ThetextsuggeststhatmostcontractlaborersintheU.S.______.

49.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat______.

問題1選項

A.Theproblemswithcurrentcorporatepractices.

B.Thenatureofcurrentmarketingcampaignsandstrategies.

C.TheimportanceofbrandsinAmericanculture.

D.Theexcessivepresenceofbrandsandmarketinginpeople’slives.

問題2選項

A.Theaggressivenatureofcorporatemarketing.

B.Thewillingnessofschoolsandmuseumstocooperatewithprivatecompanies.

C.Thelackofgovernmentregulationsofmarketingmethods.

D.Themarketingcampaignstakeuppublicspaces.

問題3選項

A.pretendtobetemporaryworkers

B.mayhavetroublesupportingtheirfamiliesfinancially

C.haveworkconditionscomparabletothoseoflow-wageworkersoverseas

D.arelikelytoreceivehealthbenefitsfromtheiremployers

問題4選項

A.inadequatefederalfundingfacilitatedtheprivatizationofschoolsandmuseums

B.governmentreducedspendingforschoolsandmuseumsfortheircooperationwithcompanies

C.publicinstitutionsweretooquicktoacceptcorporatemarketingasasourceoffunding

D.bythe1980s,veryfewpublicinstitutionswerenotbeingfundedbycorporations

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】46.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章想要告訴我們什么？”。文章在第一段就提到It’sabrandnewworld–aworldbuiltaroundbrands.Hardcharging,noisemaking,cultureshapingbrandsareeverywhere.（這是一個全新的圍繞品牌建立的世界。強勢收費、制造噪音、塑造文化的品牌無處不在。），接下來幾個段落，作者通過舉例指出品牌和營銷在人民生活中的不斷滲入，包括衣服、電視節(jié)目、公共空間和教室等，并且品牌和營銷使得公司費用增加，從而迫使公司降低員工的成本；綜合推斷可知，這篇文章主要講的是品牌和營銷在人們生活的方方面面中過度滲透，D項“品牌和營銷在人們生活中的過度存在”正確；A項“公司現(xiàn)行做法存在的問題”和