考研考博-英語-華東理工大學考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-華東理工大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

BACKin1922,ThomasEdisonpredictedthat“themotionpictureisdestinedtorevolutionizeoureducationalsystemand...inafewyearsitwillsupplantlargely,ifnotentirely,theuseoftextbooks.”Well,weallmakemistakes.ButatleastEdisondidnotsquandervastquantitiesofpublicmoneyoninstallingcinemascreensinschoolsaroundthecountry.

Withcomputers,thestoryhasbeendifferent.Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools,convincedthattheirpresencewouldimprovethepaceandefficiencyoflearning.Largenumbersofstudies,somemoreacademicallyrespectablethanothers,havepurportedtoshowthatcomputershelpchildrentolearn.Now,however,astudythatcomparesclasseswithcomputersagainstsimilarclasseswithoutthemcastsdoubtonthatview.

InthecurrentEconomicJournal,JoshuaAngristoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandVictorLavyoftheHebrewUniversityofJerusalemlookataschemewhichputcomputersintomanyofIsrael'sprimaryandmiddleschoolsinthemid-1990s.Dr.AngristandDr.LavycomparethetestscoresformathsandHebrewachievedbychildreninthefourthandeighthgrades(i.e.,agedaboutnineand13)inschoolswithandwithoutcomputers.Theyalsoaskedtheclasses'teachershowtheyusedvariousteachingmaterials,suchasXeroxedworksheetsand,ofcourse,computerprograms.TheresearchersfoundthattheIsraelischemehadmuchlesseffectonteachingmethodsinmiddleschoolsthaninelementaryschools.Italsofoundnoevidencethattheuseofcomputersimprovedchildren’stestscores.Infact,itfoundthereverse.Inthecaseofthemathscoresoffourth-graders,therewasaconsistentlynegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores.Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe.First,theintroductionofcomputersintoclassroomsmighthavegobbledupcashthatwouldotherwisehavepaidforotheraspectsofeducation.Butthatisunlikelyinthiscasesincethemoneyfortheprogrammercamefromthenationallottery,andthestudyfoundnosignificantchangeinteachingresources,methodsortraininginschoolsthatacquiredcomputersthroughthescheme.

Asecondpossibilityisthatthetransitiontousingcomputersininstructiontakestimetohaveaneffect.Maybe,saytheauthors,buttheschoolssurveyedhadbeenusingthescheme’scomputersforafullschoolyear.Thatwasenoughforthenewcomputerstohavehadalarge(andapparentlymalign)influenceonfourth-grademathsscores.Thethirdexplanationisthesimplest:thattheuseofcomputersinteachingisnobetter(andperhapsworse)thanotherteachingmethods.

ThebottomlinesaysDrAngrist,isthat"thecostsareclear-cutandthebenefitsaremurky.”Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Dr.AngristandDr.Lavyhavedonethefollowingexcept（）.

3.AccordingtoDr.AngristandDr.Lavy,intheIsraelischeme,studentsdidn’tmakeimprovementintheirtestscoresbecause（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsgovernments'packingcomputersinschoolsseemstobe（）

問題1選項

A.motionpicturehasrevolutionizededucationsystem

B.Edison'spredictionhasbeenprovedwrong

C.Edisonencouragedschoolstoinstallcinemascreens

D.schoolsarecautiousaboutEdison’sidea

問題2選項

A.comparingthetestscoresofstudentsindifferentagegroups

B.interviewingteachersabouttheirteachingmethods

C.launchingthecomputerprograminmanyIsraelischools

D.explainingstudents’schoolperformance

問題3選項

A.otheraspectsofeducationwereaffectedduetocashshortage

B.itwasnotlongenoughfortheprogramtotakeeffect

C.therewasanegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores

D.theuseofcomputerwasnobetterthanotherteachingmethods

問題4選項

A.therehasn’tbeenaproperstudyonthisissueyet

B.schoolauthoritiesshouldprovideprooftosupportthecomputerprogram

C.installingcomputersinschoolscoststoomuch,buthaslittleornoeffect

D.chalkandtalkworkbetterthancomputerinteaching

問題5選項

A.biased

B.indifferent

C.disapproving

D.puzzling

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：我們可以從第一段中得知什么？針對愛迪生的言論，后文提到“we

allmakemistakes（當然，人都會犯錯）”，由此可判斷作者通過這樣的表述暗指愛迪生的言論錯誤。因此B項“愛迪生的預言被證明是錯誤的”表述正確，而其余三項均不能由原文第一段得出，故本題正確答案為B選項。

第2題:2.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問Dr.Angrist和Dr.Lavy沒有做下列哪件事？根據(jù)原文第三段可知，這兩位研究人員“comparethetestscoresfor...（對比了學生的考試成績）和Theyalsoaskedtheclasses'teachershow...（詢問教師如何使用各種教學材料）”，由此可判斷A選項與B選項表述正確。再由原文第四段“Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe”可知，他們還提供了可能的解釋。因此，A、B和D項都是這兩位研究員所做的事情，而由原文第二段第二句“Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools”可知，C項launchthecomputerprogram是由以色列政府所為，并非這兩位科學家，因此本題正確答案為C選項。

第3題:3.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：根據(jù)以色列計劃中Dr.Angrist和Dr.Lavy的表述，學生分數(shù)在測試中沒有進步的原因是什么？根據(jù)題干可定位到原文第四段和第五段，分析這兩段內(nèi)容可知，兩位研究人員提出了電腦沒有提高學生成績的三種最可能的解釋。而在描述前兩種解釋時，都舉出了不成立的理由，因此可判斷A選項和B選項錯誤，C選項“使用電腦與考試成績之間一直存在著負相關(guān)關(guān)系”只是一種現(xiàn)象，不是學生沒有進步的原因。作者在闡述第三種解釋時并未指出其不合理，說明這種解釋有一定的可靠性。這種解釋認為：學生成績沒有進步可能是因為在教學中使用電腦并不比其他教學方法更好（也許還更糟）”。由此可判斷D選項符合題意。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。題干詢問：由文章最后一段可以推斷出什么？作者指出“Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.”，所以要說明使用電腦有助于課堂教學這一說法得需要課堂電腦的推廣者來證明。而根據(jù)“Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.”可知，要證明他們的觀點，唯一可靠的方法當然是進行一項適當?shù)难芯?，把孩子隨機分配給使用電腦的老師和使用其他方法的老師。因此，作者對以前的研究方法提出了質(zhì)疑，A選項“在這個問題上還沒有一個適當?shù)难芯俊北硎稣_。B選項表示“學校當局應該提供證據(jù)來支持電腦程序”，C選項表示“在學校里安裝電腦花費太多，但收效甚微”，D選項表示“在教學中，粉筆和談話比電腦更有效”，均不可由最后一段內(nèi)容得出。故本題正確答案為A選項。

第5題:5.觀點態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者對政府在學校安裝電腦似乎是什么樣的態(tài)度？在四個選項中，A選項biased表示“片面的；有偏見的”；B選項indifferent表示“冷淡的；漠不關(guān)心的”；C選項disapproving表示“反對的；不贊成的”；D選項puzzling表示“費解的；令人困惑的”。前文作者講到至少愛迪生沒有浪費公共資金，暗示了在學校安裝電腦取代教科書的使用是浪費公共資金。文章最后一段作者引用研究人員的觀點，說明在學校安裝電腦成本明確但收效甚微，并提出應該采用適當?shù)难芯糠椒▉韺Ρ日嬲贸鍪欠裼斜匾趯W校安裝電腦來取代課本。因此，作者對在學校安裝電腦這件事更偏向于持有否定的態(tài)度，故本題正確答案為C選項。

2.單選題

MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemcaptivatedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequently,nothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious.Accordingly,itrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixing(thedeterminationofpricesbytheseller)asboth“normal”andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Hence,acomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree--marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantpricecutting,becausepricecuttingwouldbeprejudicialtocommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot.

Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixing,thecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave.

Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.Intheearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitedStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;rather,Sovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices.

50.Theauthor’sattitudetoward“Mosteconomists”intheUnitedStates(para1)canbestbedescribedas____.

51.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sargumentthatapricefixedbytheseller“seemspernicious”(para1)because____.

52.Thesuggestioninthetextthatpricefixinginindustrializedsocietiesisnormalarisesfromtheauthor’sstatementthatprice-fixingis____.

53.Accordingtotheauthor,pricefixinginnon-socialistcountriesisoften____.

問題1選項

A.spitefulandenvious

B.scornfulanddenunciatory

C.criticalandcondescending

D.ambivalentbutdeferential

問題2選項

A.peopledonothaveconfidenceinlargefirms

B.peopledonotexpectthegovernmenttoregulateprices

C.mosteconomistsbelievethatconsumersasagroupshoulddetermineprices

D.mosteconomistsassociatefixedpriceswithcommunistandsocialisteconomies

問題3選項

A.aprofitableresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.aninevitableresultoftheindustrialsystem

C.theresultofanumberofcarefullyorganizeddecisions

D.aphenomenoncommontoindustrializedandnon-industrializedsocieties

問題4選項

A.accidentalbutproductive

B.illegalbutuseful

C.legalandinnovative

D.intentionalandwidespread

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】50.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】觀點態(tài)度題。定位到文章第一段最后一句Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot（大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟學家并不知道價格操縱會在何時發(fā)生，因為他們期望價格操縱由大公司之間的一系列明確協(xié)議帶來；事實并非如此）和第二段第一句Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates（此外，那些認為允許自由市場不受干擾地運行是建立價格的最有效方法的經(jīng)濟學家沒有考慮美國以外的非社會主義國家的經(jīng)濟），可以看出作者對大部分經(jīng)濟學家的態(tài)度是批判的，所以C項“批判”符合。A項“怨恨和嫉妒”，B項“蔑視和譴責”和D項“矛盾但恭敬”，均未在文中體現(xiàn)。

51.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干：從作者的論點可以推斷，賣方定價“似乎有害”，因為。定位到文章第一段第二句Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious（就此而言，由賣方?jīng)Q定的價格，或由消費者群體以外的任何人確定的價格，似乎是有害的），所以C項“大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟學家認為，消費者作為一個群體應該決定價格”符合這句話所表達的意思。而A項“人們對大公司沒有信心”，B項“人們不指望政府調(diào)控物價”，D項“大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟學家把固定價格與共產(chǎn)主義和社會主義經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系起來”均屬于無中生有。

52.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干：本文認為，工業(yè)社會的價格管制是正常的，這是因為作者認為價格管制是……？定位到文章第一段第四句Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.（事實上，在所有工業(yè)化社會中，定價都是正常的，因為工業(yè)體系本身提供了它所需要的定價，這是它自身發(fā)展的一個不費吹灰之力的結(jié)果），可知B項“工業(yè)系統(tǒng)的必然結(jié)果”符合文意，當選。A項“經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的有益結(jié)果”，C項“一系列精心組織的決定的結(jié)果”，D項“工業(yè)化和非工業(yè)化社會的共同現(xiàn)象”，均在文中未提及。

53.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。從第二段第二句和第三句Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace（這些經(jīng)濟體通常以公開的方式有意操縱價格。卡特爾的正式定價和涵蓋行業(yè)成員的協(xié)議的非正式定價是司空見慣的），特別是里面的關(guān)鍵詞intentional和commonplace，可知D項“有意和普遍的”符合題意。A項“偶然但富有成效”，B項“非法但有用”，C項“合法且創(chuàng)新”，都不符合文意，排除。

3.單選題

Manypeoplewerehomelessinthe（）oftheearthquake.

問題1選項

A.aftermath

B.premonition

C.omen

D.presentiment

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項aftermath“后果；余波”；B選項premonition“預感”；C選項omen“預兆，征兆”；D選項presentiment“預感”。句意：地震的后果就是許多人無家可歸。因此A項符合題意。

4.單選題

Whenyourparentsadviseyouto“getaneducation”inordertoraiseyourincome,theytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.

Getahighschooldiploma,atleast.Withoutthat,youwillbeoccupationallydeadunlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.

Getacollegedegree,ifpossible.WithaB.A,youareonthelaunchingpad.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegree,makesureitisanM.B.A.andisfamouslawofdiminishingreturnsbeginstotakeeffect.

Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?Yes,theaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas$24,000,whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoearnjust$23,030.

APh.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucanget.Exceptforafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistrywherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposes,ifyoupursuesuchadegreeinanyotherfield,youwillfaceadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythaninanyotherpartoftheworld.

IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguagesorworstofallinphilosophy,youruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneeds,mindyou,butforourdemands.

ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoes,drivingcars,waitingontables,andendlesslyfillingoutapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Theymayalsotakeajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegethatpaysmuchlessthanthedoorkeeperearns.

Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeducationonlysofar.Farenough,thatis,tomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproduct,butnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.

1.Accordingtothewriter,whatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho（）.

2.ManyPh.Dsareoutofajobbecause（）.

3.Thenationisonlyinterestedinpeople（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNottrue?

5.Thewriterseeseducationas（）.

問題1選項

A.willnotbeadisgracetosociety

B.willbecomeloyalcitizens

C.cantakecareofthemselves

D.canmeetthenation'sdemandsasasourceofmanpower

問題2選項

A.theyareimproperlyeducated

B.theyareoflittlecommercialvaluetotheirsociety

C.therearefewerjobsinhighschools

D.theyprefereasierjobsthatmakemoremoney

問題3選項

A.withdiplomas

B.whospecializeinphysicsandchemistry

C.whoarevaluabletothegrossnationalproduct

D.bothAandC

問題4選項

A.BernardShawdidn’tfinishhighschool,nordidEdison.

B.Onemustthinkcarefullybeforepursuingamasterdegree.

C.Thehigheryoureducationlevel,themoremoneyyou'llearn.

D.Ifyouaretoowell-educated,you'llbeover-educatedforsociety'sdemands.

問題5選項

A.ameansofprovidingjobsecurityandfinancialsecurityandameansofmeetingacountry’sdemandsfortechnicalworkers

B.awaytobroadenoneshorizons

C.moreimportantthanfindingajob

D.anopportunitythateveryoneshouldhave

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.他們真正的意思是獲得足夠的教育來為社會提供人力資源，而不是證明你在社會中的尷尬?！币簿褪钦f，社會希望教育能夠轉(zhuǎn)向培養(yǎng)出作為人力資源來滿足國家需要的人才。選項D符合原文。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)原文最后一段的內(nèi)容“你只能到目前為止把收入水平與教育水平等同起來。也就是說，要讓你對國民生產(chǎn)總值有用，但又不能讓任何人從你身上賺取太多利潤?！庇纱丝芍?，很多博士生失業(yè)，正是因為對社會沒有什么商業(yè)價值，所以選項B正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。本題的答案定位也是在原文最后一個自然段。根據(jù)上一題可知，國家只對那些國民生產(chǎn)總值有價值的人感興趣。所以選項C正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?比如說，你知道嗎?長途卡車司機的年收入比全職教授要高?！庇纱丝芍?，并不是教育水平越高，賺的錢就越多。所以選項C不正確。

5.判斷推理題。原文第一自然段提及“當你的父母建議你‘接受教育’以提高你的收入時，他們只告訴了你一半的真相。他們真正的意思是獲得足夠的教育來為社會提供人力資源，而不是證明你在社會中的尷尬?！币簿褪钦f，作者認為教育不僅僅是一種提供工作保障和財政保障的手段，也是一種滿足國家對技術(shù)工人需求的手段，所以選項A符合原文。

5.問答題

FishingandRights

Acidification,warming,thedestructionofcoralreefs:thebiggestproblemsfacingtheseaareasvast,deepandseeminglyintractableastheoceansthemselves.Solongastheworldfailstocutitsemissionsofgreenhousegases,causeoftheglobalwarmingbehindthesetroubles,theywillgrow.Bycomparison,overfishing,anothergreatcause,shouldbeeasiertoputright,especiallyinthecoastalwaterswheremostfishingoccurs.Andyetitgoeson,yearafteryear.

Fishermenhaveeveryreasontodosomething.Manyfisheriesarehurtlingtowardscollapse;stocksoflargefishhavebeenreducedbyupto90%.Whenstocksareoverfished,theyyieldasmallercatch.Thecostofmismanagement,inlosteconomicoutput,ishuge:some$50billionayear,accordingtotheWorldBank.

Onereasonwhythepillagecontinuesisthatknowledgeoffishstocksispoor,especiallyindevelopingcountries.Anewstatisticalattemptatestimatingtheremainingshoals,fromUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,isthereforewelcome—evenifthatisnottrueofitsfindingsthatstocksareevenmoreravagedthanpreviouslythought.Thestudyfoundthatbetterunderstoodfisheriesarelikeliertobehealthy.Anotherreasonforoverfishingisnewtechnology(developed,aptlyenough,for

battlefields),whichmakesshoalseasiertodetect.Aslargeboatsandrefrigerationhavespread,fishingfleetshavecoveredgreaterdistancesandhovereduplargercatches.Becausetechnologyletsfishermenfishwithlesseffort,itdisguisesjusthowfastthestocksaredepleting.

Fishermengenerallyunderstandtherisksofoverfishing.Yetstilltheyfloutquotas,wheretheyexist.Thatisoftenbecausetheytakeashort-termviewoftheasset—theywouldrathercashinnowandinvestthemoneyinsomethingelse.Anditisinvariablycompoundedbyacommons-despoilingfeeingthatiftheydon'tplunder,otherswill.

Inmostfisheries,thefishermenwouldmakemoremoneybyhusbandingtheirresource,anditshouldbepossibletoincentivizethemtodoso.Thebestwayistogivethemadefined,long-termrighttoashareofthefish.Inregulatedindustrialfisheries,asinIceland,NewZealandandAmerica,thishastakentheformofatradable,individualshareofafishingquota.Developingcountries,wherelawenforcementisweak,seemtodobetterwhenagrouprightoveranexpanseofwaterisgiventoacooperativeorvillagefleet.Theprincipleisthesame:fishermenwhofeellikeownersaremorelikelytobehaveasresponsiblestewards.Thenewstatisticalstudyconfirmsthatrights-basedfisheriesaregenerallyhealthier.

Yetonlyafewhundredoftheocean'sthousandsoffisheriesarerunthisway,mainlybecausesuchschemesarehardtogetright.Limitingaccesstoacommonresourcecreateslosers,andthereforediscord.Culturaldifferencesaffectsuccessrates;noteveryoneisaslaw-abidingasIcelanders.Almosteverywhereittakestimetoconvincefishermen,thelasthunter-gatherers,tochangetheirhabits.But,barnacledbycaveatsthoughitmaybe,therights-basedapproachisthebestavailable.

Inrichcountries,satelliteimagerywillincreasinglyhelp,bymakingmonitoringcheaperandbetter.Inmanypoorones,devolutionismakingiteasiertoformlocalorganizations.Anotherpromisingideaistoincorporaterights-basedfisherieswithno-catchzones.Thesesafeguardbreeding-stocksandareeasiertomonitorthanindividualcatches.Wherestocksarerecovering,asaresultofthesereforms,fishermenarelikeliertoseescientificallydeterminedquotasasintheirself-interest.Intheend,thatmaybetheonlyhope.

【答案】Inthisessay"FishingandRights",theauthorthinksthatglobalwarmingcausesacidification,warming,andthedestructionofcoralreefs.However,overfishingisanothergreatcause,andshouldbeeasiertoputright.Theoverfishingoffishermenhasleadedthestocksoflargefishtoreducelargely.

Themainreasonwhythepillagecontinuesisthatknowledgeoffishstocksispoor,especiallyindevelopingcountries.Fishermengenerallyunderstandtherisksofoverfishing,theyfloutquotas.Moreover,thefishermeninmostfisherieswouldmakemoremoneybyhusbandingtheirresource.Onlyafewhundredoftheocean'sthousandsoffisheriesarerunthisway,andbarnacledbycaveatsthoughitmaybe,therights-basedapproachisthebestavailable.Interestingly,theincorporationoftherights-basedfisherieswithno-catchzonesmaybetheonlyhope.

6.不定項選擇題

Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethanonehundredregionsofvolcanicactivityknownashotspots(hotspot:aplaceintheuppermantleoftheearthatwhichhotmagmafromthelowermantleupwellstomeltthroughthecrustusuallyintheinteriorofatectonicplatetoformavolcanicfeature;alsoaplaceinthecrustoverlyingahotspot).Unlikemostvolcanoes,hotspotsarerarelyfoundalongtheboundariesofthecontinentalandoceanicplatesthatcomprisetheEarth’scrust;mosthotspotsliedeepintheinteriorofplatesandareanchoreddeepinthelayersoftheEarth’ssurface.Hotspotsarealsodistinguishedfromothervolcanoesbytheirlavas,whichcontaingreateramountsofalkalimetalsthandothosefromvolcanoesatplatemargins.

Insomecases,platesmovingpasthotspotshavelefttrailsofextinctvolcanoesinmuchthesamewaythatwindpassingoverachimneycarriesoffpuffsofsmoke.ItappearsthattheHawaiianIslandswerecreatedinsuchamannerbyasinglesourceoflava,wellingupfromahotspot,overwhichthePacificOceanplatepassedonacourseroughlyfromtheeasttowardthenorthwest,carryingoffalineofvolcanoesofincreasingage.TwootherPacificislandchains—theAustralRidgeandtheTuamotuRidge—paralleltheconfigurationoftheHawaiianchain;theyarealsoalignedfromtheeasttowardthenorthwest,withthemostrecentvolcanicactivityneartheireasternterminuses.

ThatthePacificplateandtheotherplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute;therelativemotionoftheplateshasbeenreconstructedindetail.HowevertherelativemotionoftheplateswithrespecttotheEarth’sinteriorcannotbedeterminedeasily.Hotspotsprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsforresolvingthequestionofwhethertwocontinentalplatesaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheroneisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Themostcompellingevidencethatacontinentalplateisstationaryisthat,atsomehotspots,lavasofseveralagesaresuperposedinsteadofbeingspreadoutinchronologicalsequence.Ofcourse,reconstructionofplatemotionfromthetracksofhot-spotvolcanoesassumesthathotspotsareimmobile,ornearlyso.Severalstudiessupportsuchanassumption,includingonethathasshownthatprominenthotspotsthroughouttheworldseemnottohavemovedduringthepasttenmillionyears.

Beyondactingasframesofreference,hotspotsapparentlyinfluencethegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspot,materialwellingupfromdeeperlayersformsabroaddomethat,asitgrows,developsdeepfissures.Insomeinstances,thecontinentalplatemayruptureentirelyalongsomeofthefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thus,justasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentalplates,sohot-spotactivitymaysuggestatheorytoexplaintheirmutability.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,hotspotsdifferfrommostvolcanoesinthathotspots________.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatevidencefortheapparentcourseofthePacificplatehasbeenprovidedbythe________.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthespreadingoutoflavasofdifferentagesathotspotsindicatesthata________.

問題1選項

A.explainhowtoestimatetheageoflavaflowsfromextinctvolcanoes

B.describethewayinwhichhotspotsinfluencetheextinctionofvolcanoes

C.describehotspotsandexplainhowtheyappeartoinfluenceandrecordthemotionofplates

D.describeandexplaintheformationoftheoceansandcontinents

問題2選項

A.aresituatedclosertotheearth’ssurface

B.havegreateramountsofalkalimetalsintheirlavas

C.canbefoundalongtheedgesoftheplates

D.areactivewhereasallothervolcanoesareextinct

問題3選項

A.concurrentmovementoftwohotspots

B.configurationsofseveralmid-oceanislandchains

C.patternoffissuresintheoceanfloor

D.dimensionsofoceanhotspots

問題4選項

A.continentalruptureisimminent

B.hotspotisactive

C.hotspothadbeenmovingveryrapidly

D.continentalplatehasmoved

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。A選項“解釋如何估計死火山熔巖流的年齡”；B選項“描述熱點影響火山滅絕的方式”；C選項“描述熱點并解釋它們是如何影響和記錄板塊運動的”；D選項“描述并解釋海洋和大陸的形成”。根據(jù)題干，定位到文章第一段第一句Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethanonehundredregionsofvolcanicactivityknownashotspots（地球上散布著100多個被稱為熱點的火山活動區(qū)域）；第二段第一句Insomecases,platesmovingpasthotspotshavelefttrailsofextinctvolcanoes…（在某些情況下，板塊經(jīng)過熱點時留下了死火山的痕跡……）；第三段第三句Hotspotsprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsforresolvingthequestionof…（熱點為解決熱點問題提供了測量標準……）；第四段第一句Beyondactingasframesofreference,hotspotsapparentlyinfluencethegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.（除了作為參考的框架，熱點顯然還影響著推動板塊在全球范圍內(nèi)運動的地球物理過程。）從這四句可以看出，整篇文章講述了熱點地區(qū)以及它在追溯板塊運動方面所起的作用，因此答案選C；A選項只是提及沒有展開細講，B選項錯誤，熱點地區(qū)不能影響火山的滅絕；D選項與文章無關(guān)。

第2題:細節(jié)理解題。題干：根據(jù)這篇文章，熱點不同于大多數(shù)火山在于熱點……。A選項“都位于更接近地球表面的地方”；B選項“熔巖中含有更多的堿金屬”；C選項“能在板塊的邊緣找到”；D選項“是活火山，而其他的火山都是死火山”。最后一段倒數(shù)一二句話Unlikemostvolcanoes,hotspotsarerarelyfoundalongtheboundariesofthecontinentalandoceanicplatesthatcomprisetheEarth’scrust;mosthotspotsliedeepintheinteriorofplatesandareanchoreddeepinthelayersoftheEarth’ssurface.Hotspotsarealsodistinguishedfromothervolcanoesbytheirlavas,whichcontaingreateramountsofalkalimetalsthandothosefromvolcanoesatplatemargins.（與大多數(shù)火山不同，熱點很少沿著組成地殼的大陸和海洋板塊的邊界出現(xiàn)；大多數(shù)熱點位于板塊內(nèi)部深處，并錨定在地球表面的深層。熱點與其他火山的區(qū)別還在于它們的熔巖，它們比板塊邊緣的火山含有更多的堿金屬。）由此可知答案選B。其他選項文中沒有提及是否為熱點和其他種類的火山的不同。

第3題:細節(jié)理解題