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書(shū)山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-上海海洋大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題
Withhisstrongaccent,it’shardto___whathe’stryingtosay.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.handout
B.sortout
C.sendout
D.figureout
【答案】D
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.handout分發(fā)B.sortout挑選出;分類(lèi)
C.sendout發(fā)送;派遣D.figureout想出;弄明白
【考查點(diǎn)】詞組辨析。
【解題思路】固定句型itis+形容詞+forsbtodosth,對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)做……是……的。With短語(yǔ)做原因狀語(yǔ)。句意為因?yàn)樗目谝簦覀兒茈y聽(tīng)清他在嘗試說(shuō)什么。綜上所述,D選項(xiàng)figureout“想出、弄明白”可引申為此句所需的邏輯“弄清”以滿(mǎn)足上述條件。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C選項(xiàng)均無(wú)法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。
【句意】他的口音很重,很難聽(tīng)懂他想說(shuō)什么。
2.單選題
OneofthemostcommonconstituentsoftheEarth’scrust(
),acomponentofseveraldifferentkindsofrocks.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.themineralquartz
B.andquartzisthemineral
C.isthemineralquartz
D.beingthemineralquartz
【答案】C
【解析】語(yǔ)法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu),可知整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)是OneofthemostcommonconstituentsoftheEarth’scrust,為單數(shù)。根據(jù)主謂一致原則,謂語(yǔ)也需用單數(shù)。句意:地殼最常見(jiàn)的成分之一是礦物石英,它是由幾種不同的巖石組成的。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
3.單選題
AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,notapresident’ssocialmediaplatform.
MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentstartedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.
Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilitiesforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingview-points,”thesurveyconcluded.
Suchactivityresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheuniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.
Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”,moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefasBarnaGroup.
So,whenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.
1.AccordingtotheParagraph1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson(
).
2.AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeople
(
).
3.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis(
).
4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.thejustificationofthenew-filteringpractice
B.people’spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms
C.theadministration’sabilitytohandleinformation
D.socialmediaasareliablesourceofnews
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace
B.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources
C.haveastrongsenseofresponsibility
D.liketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.readers’outdatedvalues
B.journalists’biasedreporting
C.readers’misinterpretation
D.journalist’made-upstories
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline.
B.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend.
C.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.
D.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:C
第4題:A
【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)首段最后一句可知,千禧一代更希望白宮的新聞通過(guò)其他來(lái)源而不是總統(tǒng)的社交媒體平臺(tái)透漏出來(lái)。緊接著在第二段給出了原因,人們逐漸對(duì)所有的媒體喪失了信任。根據(jù)牛津大學(xué)的統(tǒng)計(jì),在2016年美國(guó)總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選期間,推特用戶(hù)分享的近四分之一的網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)容是虛假新聞。由此可知,社交媒體不是可靠的新聞來(lái)源。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。
2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“KnightFoundation”定位到第三段二、三句“AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.奈特基金會(huì)針對(duì)14歲至24歲的年輕人進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)焦點(diǎn)小組調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),他們使用“分布式信任”來(lái)驗(yàn)證新聞。他們反復(fù)核對(duì)消息來(lái)源,喜歡從不同的角度看新聞——尤其是那些對(duì)偏見(jiàn)持開(kāi)放態(tài)度的新聞?!庇纱丝芍?,選項(xiàng)B“通過(guò)參考不同的來(lái)源去核實(shí)消息”符合原文。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“Barnasurvey”定位到第五段第三句“AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”,moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.巴納研究集團(tuán)的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),美國(guó)人認(rèn)為假新聞現(xiàn)象的主要原因是“讀者錯(cuò)誤”,而不是編造的故事或報(bào)道中的事實(shí)錯(cuò)誤。”由此可知,選項(xiàng)C正確。
4.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,原文首先提出年輕人對(duì)社交平臺(tái)的不信任,是因?yàn)樘摷傩侣劦姆簽E,因此人們開(kāi)始加強(qiáng)他們的媒體素養(yǎng)技能。下文則主要是圍繞這一中心思想展開(kāi)的討論,所以選項(xiàng)A最能概括全文。
4.單選題
Pallphonedthatbecauseofanemergencyhehadto____ourappointment.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.callforth
B.calldown
C.callfor
D.calloff
【答案】D
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.callforth引起(某物)行動(dòng)或存在B.calldown招致
C.callfor要求;需要D.calloff取消
【答案】D
【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義銜接
【解題思路】前文內(nèi)容為“因?yàn)榫o急情況”,空格處所在部分內(nèi)容為“他不得不____我們的約會(huì)”,根據(jù)句意可得,因?yàn)榫o急情況的出現(xiàn),他和我們的約會(huì)不得不取消比較符合邏輯。因此,D選項(xiàng)calloff“取消”符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C選項(xiàng)不符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接。
【句意】Pall打電話說(shuō),因?yàn)橛芯o急情況他不得不取消我們的約會(huì)。
5.單選題
Asaresult,theyhadto()answeringtheirletterbythreedays.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.decide
B.refrain
C.surpass
D.delay
【答案】D
【解析】固定搭配。選項(xiàng)中只有delay后面可以接動(dòng)名詞。句意:他們不得不推遲三天回信。所以本題選D。
6.單選題
EveniffewobserverswouldclassifyChinaasatrulychild-centeredsociety,Chinesecultureundoubtedlyplacesahighvalueontheirchildren.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Eveniffew
B.wouldclassify
C.asatrulychild-centeredsociety
D.ontheirchildren
E.沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤
【答案】D
【解析】代詞誤用。去掉their。句子主語(yǔ)為Chineseculture,根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)推斷their指代的是Chineseculture,顯然不合適。
7.單選題
______isknowntoall,gasesexpandandcontractwiththeincreaseanddecreaseoftemperature.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Which
B.As
C.That
D.It
【答案】B
【解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意:眾所周知,氣體隨著溫度的升高和降低而膨脹和收縮。C選項(xiàng)符合題意。B選項(xiàng)as關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代主句內(nèi)容;其引導(dǎo)從句比較靈活,可以放句首,也可以放句中或句末;asisknowntoall可以看作asweallknow的被動(dòng)式。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
8.單選題
These()salespersonsofinsurancewillbeintroducedtorelevantregulationsandbusinessstrategies.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.prospective
B.perspective
C.respective
D.protective
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)prospective“未來(lái)的、預(yù)期的”;B選項(xiàng)perspective“透視的”;C選項(xiàng)respective“分別的、各自的”;D選項(xiàng)protective“保護(hù)的”,句意為:本課程將向這些保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)人員介紹相關(guān)法規(guī)和業(yè)務(wù)策略。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
9.單選題
Journalistsusuallyrefertowhattheywriteasstories.Notarticlesorreports,occasionallypieces,butstories.Thisdoesnotapplyonlytoreportersbuttoeverybodyintheeditorialchain,fromdeskeditors,copyeditors,specialistandsportswriterstotheeditorhimorherself.Wordspublishedinnewspapers,onairoronlinearestories.
Storiessoundinteresting;reportssounddull.Tosome,storiesmeanfiction:"Tellmeastory,mummy”.Storiesaretallandshort,madeupandtrue.Truestoriesareaboutwhathappened.Wetellstoriesinconversation,recountingexperiencesandeventsinwhichwetookpartorobserve.Thecrucialthingaboutastoryisthatotherpeoplewanttohearit,becauseitisinterestingorentertaining.Otherwisethestorytellerisabore.
Sojournalistswritestoriesfortheirreaderstotellthemwhatisgoingon,toinformthem,engagethem,entertainthem,shockthem,amusethem,disturbthem,upliftthem.Thesubjectmatterwillvaryaccordingtothenatureofthepublicationandtheintendedaudience.Thegoodnewspapereditorwillhaveaclearideaofthesortofpeoplewhoarereadingit,andcatertotheirinterestsandpreoccupations,sometimestheirprejudices.Andthepaperwillincludethatvitalingredientserendipity-thestoryyoudidn’texpect,the"justfancythat",theabsurditiesaswellasthetravailsofthehumancondition.
Journalismisbasicallyasimplegame.Itisaboutfindingthingsoutandtellingotherpeopleaboutthem.Thefindingoutrequiresavarietyofskillsbecausethoseinpoweroftenpreferthatweknowonlysomuch.Journalismisaboutholdingsuchpeopletoaccount,exposingtheirhumbugandhypocrisy,theabuseoftheirpower.Thisincludesthecontrolitgivesthemovertheflowofinformation,theabilitytoburythebadnews,tospinandobfuscate.Goodjournalistsmustasktheawkwardquestionsandquestiontheanswers,mustdigtounearthandthenexplain,makingcomprehensiblethatwhichauthority,byintentorverbalinadequacy,hasleftconfused,incompleteorplainmendacious.Incomprehensiblejournalismisquitesimplybadjournalism,andthereforepointless.
Ultimatelythereisonlyonepurpose:tomakethereaderreadthestory.Iftheydon't,whatwasthepointoffindingitoutandtellingit?Thisbookletpicksupthestorywhenthereaderhasreachedthestageofdecidingtoaddressthestory.Thatisnotthesameasreadingit,orevenreadingacertainamountofit.Theyhavejustreachedthefirstword,perhapsattractedbythepicture,theextractedquote,oranyoftheotherpresentationaldevicesusedtodragthereadertothestory.Wehavereachedthestagewherethereaderisgoingtosubjectthestorytothefinaltest,readingsomeorallofin.Thisisaboutwriting.
Newspaperreadingisdifferentfromreadingabook.Itisselective,doesnotinvolvecommitmenttothewhole.Relativelylittletimeisspentreadingadailynewspaper.Thenewspaperreader,unlikethereaderofthemoreliterarynovel,doesnotexpecttoinvesteffortintheendeavour.Heorshewillnotreadasentenceorparagraphasecondtimetobeclearaboutwhatisbeingsaid.Confusion,moreoftenthannot,willmeanabandoningthestoryaltogetherandmovingon.Manynewspaperreadersskim,sampleorgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough.
Sojournalisticwritingisdifferentfromcreativewriting.Manyyoungpeoplethinktheywouldliketobejournalistsbecausetheyhave"alwayslovedwriting”orstartedwritingpoemswhentheywereeight.Itiscertainlynotenoughandmaywellbeabarriertosuccessinjournalism.ThelateNicholasTomalinfamouslywrotethat"theonlyqualitiesessentialforrealsuccessinjournalismarerat-likecunning,aplausiblemanner,andalittleliteraryability."Heincludedwriting,butheplaceditthirdandprefaceditwithadiminutive.Thewritingmatters;butdon'tthinkofitasart.Thinkofitasworkingwriting,writingdoingajob,writingthatputsacrossinformationinawaythatmakesreaderswanttoabsorbit.
Atatimewhenthevastmajorityofentrantstojournalismhavedegrees—welcomebecausejournalisminacomplexworldisanintellectualpursuititisworthpointingoutthatwritingfornewspapersisalsoverydifferentfromtheacademicwritingofstudentessays.Notimetoproducearoutemapfortheessayandreachthepointsomewhereneartheend;thejournalistmustgrabtheattentionatonce.
Itisdifficulttowritesimplyandengagingly,sothatreaderswillkeepreading;toexplainsothatallthereadersunderstand,andwantto.Thisisthetaskthewritingjournalisthas.
1.Whichofthefollowingismostlyusedbyjournaliststodescribethepiecestheywrite?
2.Whatshouldagoodnewspapereditordoaccordingtothetext?
3.ThequoteofNicholasTomalinisusedtoexpressthat()
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadifferencebetweennewspaperreadingandbookreading?
5.Whatisthefinalpurposeforjournalisticwritingaccordingtothetext?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Reports.
B.Stories.
C.Articles.
D.Pieces.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.Findthingsoutandtellreadersaboutthem.
B.Grabtheattentionatonce.
C.Catertoreaders’interestsandpreoccupations.
D.Controltheflowofinformation.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Journalisticwritingisdifferentfromwritingasanart.
B.Itisdifficulttowritesimplyandengaginglyforreaderstokeepreading.
C.Newspaperreadingisdifferentfromreadingabook.
D.Journalismisbasicallyasimplegame.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Contentsareselectedinnewspapers.
B.Lesstimeisspentreadinganewspaper.
C.Newspaperreadersareexpectedtoinvesteffortintheendeavour.
D.Newspaperreadersgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough.
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Makingreadersspendmoretimereadinganewspaper.
B.Connectingreaderswithgovernments.
C.Makingreadersreadthestory.
D.Explaininginawaysothatallthereadersunderstand.
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:A
第4題:C
第5題:A
【解析】第1題:1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出“Notarticlesorreports,occasionallypieces,butstories”,不是文章或報(bào)告,偶爾的作品是故事。由此可知B項(xiàng)“故事”正確。
第2題:2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三段“Thegoodnewspapereditorwillhaveaclearideaofthesortofpeoplewhoarereadingit,andcatertotheirinterestsandpreoccupations,sometimestheirprejudices”,一位好的報(bào)紙編輯要有明確的概念,即:什么樣的人會(huì)讀報(bào)紙,要迎合讀者的興趣,抓住讀者的注意力,有時(shí)可能要關(guān)注他們的偏見(jiàn)。因此C項(xiàng)“迎合讀者的興趣,抓住讀者的注意力”正確。
第3題:3.判斷推理題。對(duì)NicholasTomalin所述的引用在第七段,第七段的主題句是“Sojournalisticwritingisdifferentfromcreativewriting”,所以新聞寫(xiě)作不同于創(chuàng)意寫(xiě)作。此后的每句都是在論證這一主題句,因此A項(xiàng)“新聞寫(xiě)作不同于創(chuàng)意寫(xiě)作”正確。
第4題:4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。A:報(bào)紙上的內(nèi)容是選擇性的。第六段指出“Itisselective”,它是選擇性的,因此A項(xiàng)正確。B:讀報(bào)所花的時(shí)間更少。根據(jù)“Relativelylittletimeisspentreadingadailynewspaper”可知B項(xiàng)正確。C:報(bào)紙讀者應(yīng)該在這方面努力。根據(jù)“Thenewspaperreader,doesnotexpecttoinvesteffortintheendeavour”,看報(bào)的人并不需要投入太多的精力,因此C項(xiàng)與原文不符。D:報(bào)紙讀者偏愛(ài)故事,而不喜歡從頭到尾讀。根據(jù)“Manynewspaperreadersskim,sampleorgetaflavourofastoryratherthanreadingitthrough”,許多讀報(bào)者只是略讀,僅僅粗略看看故事而不是精讀,因此D項(xiàng)正確。
第5題:5.判斷推理題。文章講述了新聞寫(xiě)作的特點(diǎn)與要求。因?yàn)榭磮?bào)者通常會(huì)花較少的時(shí)間瀏覽報(bào)紙各版面,所以新聞作品要迎合讀者口味,吸引他們的注意力。故本題選A項(xiàng)“讓讀者花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間去閱讀報(bào)紙”。
10.單選題
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,(1)willbeusefultointroducesome(2)concepts.Conflict,(3)asoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,is(4)fromcompetition,(5)meansoppositionamongsocialunits(6)seekingtoobtainsomethingwhichis(7)inadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotknowaboutoneanother,whichthosewho(8)inaconflictdo.Conflictandcompetitionareboth(9)ofopposition.Themeaningofoppositionhasbeenstatedasaprocessbywhichsocialunitsfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionis(10)contrastedtocooperation,a(11)bywhichsocialunitsfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.These(12)arenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimited(13),butconflictisnot.Conflict,nevertheless,isvery(14)tooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.
Manyauthorshavebasedtheirargumentsthatwarcannotbeavoidedontheidea(15)inthestruggleforexistenceamonggroupsofanimals,onlythosewhicharebestadaptedremain(16).Ingeneral,however,thisstruggle(17)iscompetition,notconflict.Thosewhofailinthiscompetition(18)starvetodeathorarekilledbyothertypesofanimals.Thisstruggleforexistenceisnot(19)humanwar,butis(20)thecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andmaterials.Themostimportantqualityofthisstruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatarenotenoughtosatisfyall.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.it
B.that
C.what
D.this
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.related
B.relating
C.relative
D.relation
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.specified
B.remarked
C.defined
D.claimed
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.variable
B.distinguished
C.various
D.isolated
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.it
B.this
C.that
D.which
問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)
A.critically
B.approximately
C.independently
D.costly
問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)
A.on
B.for
C.with
D.in
問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)
A.enter
B.participate
C.fall
D.involve
問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)
A.formations
B.classes
C.terms
D.reactions
問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)
A.nevertheless
B.however
C.thus
D.maybe
問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)
A.procession
B.standard
C.process
D.measurement
問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)
A.accounts
B.definitions
C.descriptions
D.explanations
問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)
A.resources
B.origins
C.sources
D.materials
問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)
A.likely
B.probably
C.necessarily
D.possibly
問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)
A.which
B.while
C.when
D.that
問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)
A.lived
B.living
C.alive
D.life
問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)
A.onthecontrary
B.atlength
C.inparticular
D.innature
問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)
A.notonly
B.either
C.neither
D.both
問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)
A.similarto
B.sameas
C.resembled
D.imitated
問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)
A.equal
B.alike
C.like
D.unlike
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:B
第5題:D
第6題:C
第7題:D
第8題:B
第9題:B
第10題:C
第11題:C
第12題:B
第13題:A
第14題:A
第15題:D
第16題:C
第17題:D
第18題:B
第19題:A
第20題:C
【解析】1.考查固定搭配。it+be動(dòng)詞+形容詞+todosth.“做某事是……的”,該句型中it做形式主語(yǔ)。句意:在考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題之前,有必要介紹一些相關(guān)的概念。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
2.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)related“有關(guān)系的,有關(guān)聯(lián)的;講述的,敘述的”;B選項(xiàng)relating“關(guān)聯(lián);關(guān)系;聯(lián)系”;C選項(xiàng)relative“相對(duì)的;有關(guān)系的;成比例的”;D選項(xiàng)relation“關(guān)系;敘述;故事;親屬關(guān)系”。relatedconcepts“相關(guān)概念”。句意:在考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題之前,有必要介紹一些相關(guān)的概念。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
3.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)specified“被指定;詳細(xì)說(shuō)明”;B選項(xiàng)remarked“被評(píng)論;被察覺(jué)”;C選項(xiàng)defined“被定義;下定義;使明確”;D選項(xiàng)claimed“被聲稱(chēng);被宣稱(chēng);被斷言”。句意:沖突被定義為社會(huì)實(shí)體之間相互對(duì)立的對(duì)立。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
4.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)variable“adj.變量的;可變的;易變的,多變的;變異的”;B選項(xiàng)distinguished“v.辨別;使有區(qū)別;看清,認(rèn)出”;C選項(xiàng)various“adj.各種各樣的;多方面的”;D選項(xiàng)isolated“v.使……孤立;使……分離;將……剔出”。根據(jù)固定搭配bedistinguishedfrom“不同于……;有別于……;與……加以區(qū)別”可知句意為:沖突是指社會(huì)實(shí)體之間相互對(duì)立的對(duì)立,它不同于競(jìng)爭(zhēng),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是指社會(huì)單位之間為了獨(dú)立獲取供給不足的東西而產(chǎn)生的對(duì)立。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
5.考查定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,which,that,as;關(guān)系副詞when,where,why。定語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞的選用主要看先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作什么成分或者是定語(yǔ)從句中缺什么成分。題干中的從句缺少主語(yǔ)成分,定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ),修飾人時(shí)用who/that,修飾物時(shí)用which/that引導(dǎo),that引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)前面一般不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),因此該題應(yīng)選which。句意:沖突是指社會(huì)實(shí)體之間相互對(duì)立的對(duì)立,它不同于競(jìng)爭(zhēng),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是指社會(huì)單位之間為了獨(dú)立獲取供給不足的東西而產(chǎn)生的對(duì)立。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
6.考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)critically“精密地;危急地;嚴(yán)重地;批評(píng)性地;用鉆研眼光地;很大程度上;極為重要地”;B選項(xiàng)approximately“大約,近似地;近于”;C選項(xiàng)independently“獨(dú)立地;自立地”;D選項(xiàng)costly“昂貴的;代價(jià)高的”。句意:沖突是指社會(huì)實(shí)體之間相互對(duì)立的對(duì)立,它不同于競(jìng)爭(zhēng),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是指社會(huì)單位之間為了獨(dú)立獲取供給不足的東西而產(chǎn)生的對(duì)立。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
7.考查固定搭配。inshort/inadequatesupply“缺乏的;供應(yīng)不足的”為固定搭配,一般不用其他介詞。句意:沖突是指社會(huì)實(shí)體之間相互對(duì)立的對(duì)立,它不同于競(jìng)爭(zhēng),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是指社會(huì)單位之間為了獨(dú)立獲取供給不足的東西而產(chǎn)生的對(duì)立。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
8.考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)enterin“登記姓名,細(xì)節(jié)”等。如:enterinaniteminanaccountbook將一筆賬記入賬本;B選項(xiàng)participatein“參與”;C選項(xiàng)fallin“陷入”,如fallinlovewithsb;D選項(xiàng)involvein“卷入”,一般為卷入某個(gè)事件。句意:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手可能不了解彼此,而那些參與沖突的人卻了解彼此。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
9.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)formations“形成;構(gòu)造;編隊(duì)”;B選項(xiàng)classes“級(jí)別,階級(jí);種類(lèi),類(lèi)別”;C選項(xiàng)terms“地位,關(guān)系;條款;術(shù)語(yǔ);措辭;價(jià)錢(qián)”;D選項(xiàng)reactions“反應(yīng),感應(yīng);反動(dòng),復(fù)古;反作用”。句意:沖突和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)都是對(duì)立的兩類(lèi)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
10.考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)nevertheless“然而,不過(guò);雖然如此”;B選項(xiàng)however“無(wú)論如何;不管怎樣(接副詞或形容詞);然而;可是”;C選項(xiàng)thus“因此;從而;這樣;如此”;D選項(xiàng)maybe“也許;可能;大概”。句意:因此,對(duì)立與合作形成對(duì)比,合作是社會(huì)實(shí)體相互服務(wù)的過(guò)程。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
11.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)procession“隊(duì)伍,行列;一列,一排;列隊(duì)行進(jìn)”;B選項(xiàng)standard“標(biāo)準(zhǔn);水準(zhǔn);旗;度量衡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”;C選項(xiàng)process“(為達(dá)到某一目標(biāo)的)過(guò)程;(自然變化的)過(guò)程;工藝流程;訴訟程序;傳票;突起;進(jìn)展;(發(fā)型)直發(fā)式”;D選項(xiàng)measurement“測(cè)量;度量;尺寸;量度制”。句意:因此,對(duì)立與合作形成對(duì)比,合作是社會(huì)實(shí)體相互服務(wù)的過(guò)程。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
12.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)accounts“賬戶(hù);解釋?zhuān)毁~目,賬單;理由;描述”;B選項(xiàng)definitions“定義;清晰度;解說(shuō)”;C選項(xiàng)descriptions“摘要;說(shuō)明,說(shuō)明書(shū);描述”;D選項(xiàng)explanations“說(shuō)明,解釋?zhuān)晦q解”。句意:這些定義是必要的,因?yàn)閺?qiáng)調(diào)在一個(gè)資源有限的世界中,個(gè)人或群體之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的,但沖突不是。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
13.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)resources“資源,財(cái)力;辦法;智謀”;B選項(xiàng)origins“起源;原點(diǎn);出身;開(kāi)端”;C選項(xiàng)sources“來(lái)源;水源;原始資料”;D選項(xiàng)materials“材料;布料;原料;材質(zhì)”。句意:這些定義是必要的,因?yàn)閺?qiáng)調(diào)在一個(gè)資源有限的世界中,個(gè)人或群體之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是不可避免的,但沖突不是。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
14.考查詞性。A選項(xiàng)likely“adj.很可能的;合適的;有希望的”;B選項(xiàng)probably“adv.大概;或許;很可能”;C選項(xiàng)necessarily“adv.必要地;必定地,必然地”;D選項(xiàng)possibly“adv.可能地;也許;大概”。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處應(yīng)填形容詞,句意:然而,沖突是很可能發(fā)生的,而且可能是人類(lèi)社會(huì)的一個(gè)基本和可取的因素。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
15.考查同位語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句一般用that,whether,what,which,who,when,where,why,how等詞引導(dǎo),常放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,wish,promise,answer,evidence等抽象名詞后面,說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。換言之,同位語(yǔ)從句和所修飾的名詞在內(nèi)容上為同一關(guān)系,對(duì)其內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)從句意義完整,應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,即that不充當(dāng)任何成分,只起連接作用,不可省略。該句空格后的句子成分完整,所以應(yīng)用that作為引導(dǎo)詞。句意:許多作者認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是無(wú)法避免的,他們的論點(diǎn)是基于這樣一種觀點(diǎn),即在動(dòng)物群體之間為生存而進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)中,只有那些最適合生存的動(dòng)物才能存活。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
16.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)lived“居??;活著;度過(guò);以……為生”;B選項(xiàng)living“活的;現(xiàn)存的;在使用的;供生活起居用的;活躍的;逼真的”;C選項(xiàng)alive“活著的;活潑的;有生氣的”;D選項(xiàng)life“生活,生存;壽命”。根據(jù)固定搭配remainalive“仍然在世;活著;存活”可知句意為:許多作者認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是無(wú)法避免的,他們的論點(diǎn)是基于這樣一種觀點(diǎn),即在動(dòng)物群體之間為生存而進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)中,只有那些最適合生存的動(dòng)物才能存活。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
17.考查短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)onthecontrary“相反;反之;正相反;反而”;B選項(xiàng)atlength“最后,終于;詳細(xì)地”;C選項(xiàng)inparticular“特別地;尤其;特別是”;D選項(xiàng)innature“性質(zhì)上;實(shí)際上;實(shí)質(zhì)上”。句意:但總的來(lái)說(shuō),這種斗爭(zhēng)本質(zhì)上是競(jìng)爭(zhēng),而不是沖突。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
18.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)notonly“不僅是;不只”;B選項(xiàng)eitheror“二者擇一的;要么……要么……”;C選項(xiàng)neither“兩者都不;既不……也不……”;D選項(xiàng)both“雙方都,兩者都;不僅……而且……”。句意:在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中失敗的動(dòng)物,要么就是餓死,要么就被別的動(dòng)物殺死。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
19.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)similarto“與……相似;和……相同”;B選項(xiàng)sameas“等同于;與……一致”;C選項(xiàng)resembled“類(lèi)似,像;相像”;D選項(xiàng)imitated“模仿的;仿造的”。根據(jù)固定搭配besimilarto“與……相似;類(lèi)似”可知句意為:這種為生存而進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)不像人類(lèi)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
20.考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)equal“平等的;相等的;勝任的”;B選項(xiàng)alike“相似的;相像的”;C選項(xiàng)like“像,如同;符合……的方式”;D選項(xiàng)unlike“不像,和……不同;與……不同”。根據(jù)固定搭配belike“像;相像;好像”可知句意為:這種為生存而進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)與人類(lèi)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不同,而是像個(gè)人為就業(yè)、市場(chǎng)和材料而進(jìn)行的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
11.單選題
I’llgototheairporttomorrowmorningto()agoodfriendwholeavesforAustralia.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.seeoff
B.sendoff
C.turnoff
D.saydeparture
【答案】A
【解析】詞組辨析。seeoff“送別,送行”;sendoff“發(fā)送,派遣”;turnoff“關(guān)掉,拐彎”;saydeparture“說(shuō)離開(kāi)”。句意:明天早上我將去機(jī)場(chǎng),跟我即將去往澳大利亞的朋友送別。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
12.單選題
Itisregrettablethatstudentsdonot(
)theirstudentloansandtherebymakeitmoreproblematicforfuturegenerationsofstudentstoobtainthem.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.reimburse
B.refurbish
C.relinquish
D.recount
【答案】A
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。reimburse償還,歸還;refurbish再磨光,刷新;relinquish放棄,棄絕;recount詳述,重新計(jì)算。句意:令人遺憾的是,學(xué)生沒(méi)有償還他們的助學(xué)貸款,以致于后來(lái)的學(xué)生在助學(xué)貸款的申請(qǐng)上面臨更大的問(wèn)題。根據(jù)therebymakeitmoreproblematicforfuturegenerationsofstudentstoobtainthem.可知A項(xiàng)最符合題意。
13.單選題
Ifthepolice()whentheydidtherewouldhavebeenseriousviolence.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.hadnotsteppedin
B.didnotsteppedin
C.hadnotsteppeddown
D.didnotsteppeddown
【答案】A
【解析】語(yǔ)法題。考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣,主句結(jié)構(gòu)為wouldhavedone,表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的虛擬,if引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)該用haddone過(guò)去完成,選項(xiàng)B和D可排除。stepin“介入,干預(yù)”;stepdown“辭職,走下”。句意:如果警方?jīng)]有介入的話,嚴(yán)重的暴力行為可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生了。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
14.單選題
Ifleadership,asitsmostbasicmeaning,(1)gettingthingsdonethroughothers,thenpersuasionisoneoftheleader’s
(2)tools.Manyexecutiveshaveassumedthatthistoolis(3)theirgrasp,availableonly(4)thecharismaticandtheeloquent.Overthepastseveraldecades,
(5)experimentalpsychologistshave(6)whichmethodsreliablyleadpeopleto
(7),comply,orchange.Theirresearchshowsthatpersuasionisgovernedbyseveralprinciplesthatcanbetaughtandapplied.
Thefirstprincipleisthatpeoplearemorelikelytofollowsomeonewhoissimilar(8)themthansomeonewhoisnot.Wisemanagers,then,
(9)peerstohelpmaketheircases.Second,peoplearemorewillingtocooperatewiththosewhoarenotonlylikethembutwholikethemaswell.Soitis(10)thetimetouncoverrealsimilaritiesandoffer(11)praise.Third,experiments(12)theintuitivetruththatpeopletendtotreatyouthewayyoutreatthem.It'sa
(13)policytodoafavor(14)
seekingone.Fourth,individualsaremorelikelytokeeppromisestheymakevoluntarilyand(15).Themessageformanagershereistogetcommitmentsinwriting.Fifth,studiesshowthatpeoplereallydo(16)experts.Sobeforetheyattempttoexertinfluence,executivesshouldtakepainstoestablishtheirownexpertiseandnotassumethatit’s(17).Finally,peoplewantmoreofacommodity
(18)it’sscarce;it
(19),then,that(20)informationismorepersuasivethanwidelyavailabledata.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.consistsin
B.consistsof
C.constitutesof
D.composesof
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.fundamental
B.rudimentary
C.elementary
D.essential
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.beyond
B.within
C.in
D.out
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.with
B.for
C.to
D.at
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.though
B.although
C.eventhough
D.but
問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)
A.studied
B.learned
C.examined
D.investigated
問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)
A.cede
B.concede
C.recede
D.retreat
問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)
A.with
B.for
C.to
D.at
問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)
A.register
B.list
C.enlist
D.enroll
問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)
A.worth
B.worthof
C.worthwith
D.worthy
問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)
A.authentic
B.genuine
C.real
D.true
問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)
A.affirm
B.confirm
C.testify
D.verify
問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)
A.best
B.correct
C.sound
D.valid
問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)
A.as
B.while
C.after
D.before
問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)
A.explicitly
B.implicitly
C.exultantly
D.introspectively
問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)
A.deny
B.deferto
C.conferto
D.referto
問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)
A.self-contained
B.self-possessed
C.self-opinionated
D.self-evident
問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)
A.where
B.when
C.whether
D.evenif
問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)
A.obeys
B.abides
C.follows
D.happens
問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)
A.exclusive
B.inclusive
C.scarce
D.reliable
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:C
第5題:A
第6題:A
第7題:B
第8題:C
第9題:D
第10題:A
第11題:B
第12題:C
第13題:C
第14題:B
第15題:A
第16題:B
第17題:D
第18題:B
第19題:D
第20題:B
【解析】(1)詞組辨析題。A選項(xiàng)consistin“在于”;選項(xiàng)B和D都表示“由…組成或構(gòu)成”的意思;C選項(xiàng)constitute為及物動(dòng)詞,后面不需要接介詞of。所以只有選項(xiàng)A符合原文。句意:如果領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力,作為其最基本的含義,在于通過(guò)他人完成任務(wù)…。
(2)形容詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)fundamental“基本的,根本的”;B選項(xiàng)rudimentary“初步的”;C選項(xiàng)elementary“初級(jí)的”;D選項(xiàng)essential“必要的”。根據(jù)原文可知,這里指“必要的工具”,所以選項(xiàng)D符合原文。
(3)考查固定搭配。beyondone'sgrasp意為“鞭長(zhǎng)莫及”,原文指“超出能力范圍”。句意:許多高管認(rèn)為,這一工具超出了他們的掌握范圍。所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。
(4)介詞辨析題。beavailablefor指“有效,對(duì)…有用”;beavailableto指“可被...利用或得到的”;選項(xiàng)A和D則無(wú)此搭配。句意:(這一工具)只有有魅力和有口才的人才能使用。原文中的主語(yǔ)是“thistool”,工具是被利用,所以選項(xiàng)C正確。
(5)考查邏輯連接詞。根據(jù)原文可知,這里應(yīng)填入表示讓步的邏輯關(guān)系連詞,所以首先排除選項(xiàng)D,but表轉(zhuǎn)折。而選項(xiàng)B和C只能位于句首,所以只有選項(xiàng)A正確,though既可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。
(6)邏輯推理題。根據(jù)原文可知,這里指實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)家已經(jīng)研究了一些可靠的方法,所以選項(xiàng)A更符合語(yǔ)境。選項(xiàng)C和D都是調(diào)查的意思,不符合語(yǔ)境。
(7)邏輯推理題。根據(jù)下文的“comply,orchange”可知,填空處應(yīng)填入與這兩個(gè)詞意思相近的單詞。A選項(xiàng)cede“放棄,割讓”;B選項(xiàng)concede“讓步,退讓”;C選項(xiàng)recede“后退,撤回”;D選項(xiàng)retreat“撤退”。選項(xiàng)B更符合語(yǔ)境。
(8)介詞辨析題。besimilarto為固定介詞搭配,意為“與…相似”,所以選項(xiàng)C正確。
(9)動(dòng)詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)register“登記”;B選項(xiàng)list“列清單”;C選項(xiàng)enlist“使入伍”;D選項(xiàng)enroll“使加入,招收”。根據(jù)原文句意:明智的管理者會(huì)招募同伴來(lái)幫助他們。選項(xiàng)D更符合語(yǔ)境。
(10)考查固定搭配。Itisworththetimetodosth.為固定句型,意為“值得花時(shí)間去做某事”,所以選項(xiàng)A正確。
(11)近義詞辨析題。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有“真實(shí)的,真正的”意思,但是根據(jù)原文的語(yǔ)境,這里指的是“給予真誠(chéng)的贊揚(yáng)”。只有選項(xiàng)B有“真誠(chéng)的,誠(chéng)摯的”意思,所以更恰當(dāng)。
(12)動(dòng)詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)affirm“斷言,確認(rèn)”;B選項(xiàng)confirm“確認(rèn),批準(zhǔn)”;C選項(xiàng)testify“證明,證實(shí)”;D選項(xiàng)verify“核實(shí),查證”。原文句意:實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了直覺(jué)的真理,選項(xiàng)C更符合句意。
(13)考查固定搭配。soundpolicy為固定搭配,意為“明智的做法”。選項(xiàng)C正確。
(14)考查邏輯連接詞。跟據(jù)原文句意:在尋求幫助的同時(shí)給予幫助是一個(gè)明智的做法。選項(xiàng)B符合原文語(yǔ)境。
(15)副詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)explicitly“明確地”;B選項(xiàng)implicitly“含蓄地”;C選項(xiàng)exultantly“歡欣鼓舞地”;D選項(xiàng)introspectively“好反省地”。根據(jù)原文可知,填空處應(yīng)填入和voluntarily“自動(dòng)地,自愿地”意思相近的詞,選項(xiàng)A更符合語(yǔ)境。
(16)詞組辨析題。A選項(xiàng)deny“否認(rèn),拒絕”;B選項(xiàng)deferto“尊重,聽(tīng)從”;C選項(xiàng)conferto“授予,給予”;D選項(xiàng)referto“參考,涉及”。原文指人們很尊重專(zhuān)家。所以選項(xiàng)B符合原文。
(17)形容詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)self-contained“獨(dú)立的”;B選項(xiàng)self-possessed“鎮(zhèn)靜的”;C選項(xiàng)self-opinionated“固執(zhí)己見(jiàn)的”;D選項(xiàng)self-evident“不言而喻的”。根據(jù)原文句意:因此,在試圖施加影響之前,高管們應(yīng)該努力建立自己的專(zhuān)長(zhǎng),而不是想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為這是不言而喻的。選項(xiàng)D符合語(yǔ)境。
(18)考查邏輯連接詞。根據(jù)原文:當(dāng)商品稀缺時(shí),人們想要更多的商品。When在這里引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,所以選項(xiàng)B正確。
(19)考查固定搭配。Ithappensthat意思是“(有時(shí)、往往)會(huì)發(fā)生;恰巧”。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。
(20)名詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)exclusive“獨(dú)有的,排外的”;B選項(xiàng)inclusive“包含在內(nèi)的”;C選項(xiàng)scarce“缺乏的,不足的”;D選項(xiàng)reliable“可靠的”。句意:有時(shí)包容性的信息比大量存在的數(shù)據(jù)更有說(shuō)服力。選項(xiàng)B更符合語(yǔ)境。
15.單選題
Theword“conservation”hasathriftymeaning.Toconserveistosaveandprotect,toleavewhatweourselvesenjoyinsuchgoodconditionthatothersmayalsosharetheenjoyment.Ourforefathershadnoideathathumanpopulationwouldincreasefasterthanthesuppliesofrawmaterials;mostofthem,evenuntilveryrecently,hadthefoolishideathatthetreasureswere“l(fā)imitless”and“inexhaustible”.Mostofthecitizensofearliergenerationsknewlittleornothing
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