考研考博-英語-新疆輕工職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-新疆輕工職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

You’llhavetochangeyour____oflifenowthatyouhavegotababy.

問題1選項

A.mode

B.mold

C.mood

D.form

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.mode方式；模式B.mold模具；類型

C.mood情緒D.form形式

【答案】A

【考查點】修飾語與被修飾語的搭配與形近詞辨析

【解題思路】空格處所填詞受“生活”修飾，原句句意為“既然你有了孩子，你就得改變你的生活____了。”根據(jù)前后語義推測，該處表達的是“生活方式”，A選項mode“方式；模式”最符合要求，modeoflife“生活方式”。

【干擾項排除】

B選項mold“模具；類型”，與“生活”搭配不當(dāng)；

C選項mood“情緒，心情”，與“生活”搭配不當(dāng)；

D選項form“形式”，側(cè)重于指某種形式，雖然有時候可以翻譯成方式，但是這個方式還是側(cè)重于指以某種形式，“生活方式”常使用的還是mode。

【句意】既然你有了孩子，你就得改變你的生活方式了。

2.單選題

Asarule,（

）hightemperatures.

問題1選項

A.thatamphibiansareunabletotolerate

B.nottobetoleratedbyamphibians

C.amphibianscannottolerate?

D.amphibianslackoftolerancefor

【答案】C

【解析】語法題。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知句子缺主語和謂語，amphibians作主語，cannottolerate作謂語，才能使句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，語義完整。A項中that缺先行詞，可排除。B項中主語缺失，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，可排除。D項中l(wèi)ack為及物動詞，接賓語不用接介詞，可排除。根據(jù)排除法，選項C符合題意。句意：兩棲動物通常無法忍受高溫。

3.單選題

Theenvelopearrivedwiththeoldaddress（）,andthenewonewrittenalongsideit.

問題1選項

A.leftout

B.crossedout

C.cutout

D.fallen

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組。A:leftout“遺漏；忽略”；B:crossedout“勾掉，劃掉”；C:cutout“停止；裁剪”；D:fallen“倒下”。句意：信封上的舊地址劃掉了，旁邊寫著新地址。結(jié)合此處語境，B為正確答案。

4.單選題

Oneoftheconsequencesofadvancedcognitiveabilityhasbeentheemergenceofculturallife.

問題1選項

A.commendable

B.compiling

C.perceptive

D.pertinent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。cognitive“認(rèn)知的；認(rèn)識的”；A選項commendable“值得贊美的；很好的；可推薦的”；B選項compiling“編譯；編制；編輯的”；C選項perceptive“感知的，知覺的”；D選項pertinent“相關(guān)的；中肯的；切題的”。句意：高級認(rèn)知能力的結(jié)果之一是文化生活的出現(xiàn)。cognitive為cognition的名詞形式，cognition有“認(rèn)識”的意思，可推知cognitive為“認(rèn)知的”的意思，因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

Whilemanypeopleutilizehomeopathicremediestotreathealthproblems,otherpeopledonot（

）suchalternativetreatments,（

）conventionalmedicaltreatments

instead.

問題1選項

A.distrust...employing

B.embrace...eschewing

C.countenance...relyingon

D.recommend...turningfrom

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項distrust“不信任，懷疑”；employ“雇傭”；B選項embrace“擁抱”；eschew“避開”；C選項countenance“贊成”；relyon“依靠，依賴”；D選項recommend“推薦”；turnfrom“對…感到厭惡”。根據(jù)句意‘當(dāng)很多人使用順勢療法來治療健康問題時，其他人并不贊成這樣的治療方法，而是更信賴傳統(tǒng)的藥物治療?！疌選項正確。

6.單選題

Nineistothree（）threeistoone.

問題1選項

A.when

B.that

C.which

D.what

【答案】D

【解析】考查方式狀語從句。AistoBwhatCistoD是固定句式，意思是“A對于B來說就等于C對于D一樣”，what在句中引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，表示“好比，正如”。句意：九比三等于三比一。因此D選項正確。

7.翻譯題

今諸生學(xué)于太學(xué)(theImperialCollege)，縣官(theroyalcourt)日有廩稍之供，父母歲有裘葛之遺，無凍餒之患矣；坐大廈之下而誦《詩》《書》，無奔走之勞矣；有司業(yè)(DirectorsofStudies)、博士之師，未有問而不告，求而不得者也；凡所宜有之書集于此，不必若余之手錄，假諸人而后見也。其業(yè)有不精，德有不成者，非天質(zhì)之卑，則心不若余之專耳，豈他人之過哉？(5分)

人們?yōu)閴粝攵窢帲鐬樨敭a(chǎn)而斗爭一樣。于是夢想即由幻想的世界走進了現(xiàn)實的世界，而成為了我們生命中的一個真實力量。夢想無論怎樣模糊，總潛伏在我們心底，使我們的心境永遠(yuǎn)得不到寧靜，直到這些夢想成為事實為止；像種子在底下一樣，一定要萌芽滋長，伸出地面來，尋找陽光。(4分)

目前是研究在交叉文化與多種文化方面人類的相似性的最好時機了。差異談得夠多了。強調(diào)我們的差異使我們?nèi)祟惐舜耸柽h(yuǎn)，使我們長久地相互猜疑；在極端的情況下加深我們的分歧使我們彼此否定，失去人性結(jié)果是導(dǎo)致相互殘殺。(3分)

刑事偵破(forensic)科學(xué)家的工作，與其說是迅速和富于洞察力，不如說是更為緩慢，更具有分析性的。但這種方法所展示出的高質(zhì)量與謹(jǐn)慎可由如下事實得以反映出來：只有少數(shù)案件真正會成為審判室的主要案件。鑒于在預(yù)審中被告所聽到的刑偵證據(jù)之確鑿，他們常常折服于證明他們有罪的有分量的科學(xué)信息，并且在審判還未開始之前就低頭認(rèn)罪。（3分）

【答案】NowadaysmanystudentspursueaneducationintheImperialCollege,theywouldn’tneedtoworryaboutstarvationandcoldnessastheroyalcourtwouldofferthemeverydayfoodforfreeandparentsyourseasonalclothes.Withoutgoingoutside,theyjustsitinthecomfortableroomandreadtheclassicpoemsandhistoricalbooks.WithDirectorsofStudiesandMr.Knowledgebeingtheirteachers,alloftheirquestionsandinquirieswillbesolved.TheCollegehassuchasufficientcollectionofbooksthattheyneedn’tmakehandwrittencopiesafterborrowingbooksfromotherslikeIdidbefore.Iftheymakenoachievementintheirstudyandfailtobeapersonofhighvirtue,itdoesn’tresultfromtheirlearningabilitybuttheirlessdevotion.Itistheirownfault.

Peoplefightfordreamsjustthesameasforwealth.Dreamscomeintotherealityworldfromafantasyone,andbecomeakindofrealforceinourlives.Nomatterhowpuzzlingtheymayseem,dreamshideinourinnerheartssothatwecouldeverfindnopeaceinourmindsuntiltheybecomereality.Likeseedsdeepunderground,dreamssproutandgrowtofindthesun.

Itisthebesttimenowtostudyonhumansimilaritiesincross-cultureandmulti-cultureaspects.Nomoredifferences.Emphasizingthedifferenceskeepsusawayfromeachotherandsuspectseachotherforalongtime.Deepeningourdivergenceswouldresultin,tosomeextremes,ourdoubtstoeverybody,andmakeourhumannaturelost,wemightendupwithcruelkillingamongus.

Ratherthanbeingquickandofgreatinsight,theforensicscientists'workremainsslowandanalytic.Thehighqualityandcarefulnessofthismethod,however,couldbeshownonthefollowingfacts.Onlyafewcaseswouldactuallycometotrial.Thedefendantsareoftenconvincedbytheforensicevidencepresentedinthepre-trials,whicharescientificandimportantenoughtoestablishtheirguilt,andcommittocrimesbeforetrials.admittheircrimesbeforetrials.

8.單選題

Maryisfinegirleventhoughshe'ssometimesabruptinmanner.

問題1選項

A.devious

B.brusque

C.shrew

D.irritable

【答案】B

【解析】句意：瑪麗是個好女孩，雖然她有時舉止粗魯。abrupt意為“生硬的，唐突的，粗魯?shù)?。Devious偏僻的，彎曲的；brusque唐突的，直率的，無禮的；shrew潑婦，悍婦；irritable急躁的，易怒的。選項B與之意思最為相近。

9.單選題

Theminister（）allhisofficialspaythetax.

問題1選項

A.bids

B.blesses

C.barks

D.baffles

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項bid“吩咐，命令”，B項bless“保佑”，C項bark“吠叫，咆哮”，D項baffle“使困惑”。句意：部長要求他所有的官員都納稅。根據(jù)句意，該題選A正確。

10.單選題

Insciencethemeaningoftheword"explain"sufferswithcivilization'severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstspeculatedon

theelectrificationofamber.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces"really"are.Electricity,BertrandRussellsays,"isnotathing,likeSt.Paul'sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell."Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedwesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat'swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat'swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.

1.BertrandRussell'snotionaboutelectricityis（）.

2.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeideathat（）.

3.Theexpression"speculatedon"(Line4)means（）.

問題1選項

A.disapprovedofbymostmodernscientists

B.inagreementwithAristotle'stheoryofself-evidentprinciples

C.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"how"thingshappen

D.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward"why"thingshappen

問題2選項

A.thereareself-evidentprinciples

B.therearemysteriousforcesintheuniverse

C.mancannotdiscoverwhatforces"really"are

D.wecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo

問題3選項

A.considered

B.suspected

C.expected

D.engagedinbuyingandselling

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干：伯特蘭?羅素關(guān)于電的見解_____。文章引用了羅素的見解之后有一句“Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea”，此句是notuntil句型的變形，提取了disapproved中的否定部分后，可理解為“直到現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家們才贊成這個說法”，可知羅素的見解與當(dāng)代科學(xué)家們是符合的。文章最后一句提到“Galileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginated…formsthebasisofscientificinvestigation”，說明當(dāng)代科學(xué)是研究“howthingshappen”。因此C選項符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：這篇文章說，直到最近科學(xué)家們才同意這種觀點______。題干部分的理解與上題選項一致?？茖W(xué)家們同意的是羅素的觀點，而作者引用羅素是為了說明“Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces"really"are”，因此C選項符合題意。

3.詞義題。定位句說到，科學(xué)不能真正解釋電、磁、重力，它們的效果能被測量和預(yù)測。對于它們的本性，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家并不比希臘哲學(xué)家泰利斯知道得更多。所以對于琥珀帶電這件事，泰勒斯應(yīng)該停留在思考階段，還不能說是懷疑。因此A選型符合題意。

11.單選題

Itwouldbeenormouslyconvenienttohaveasingle,generallyacceptedindexoftheeconomicandsocialwelfareofthepeopleoftheUnitedStates.Aglanceatitwouldtellushowmuchbetterorworseoffwehadbecomeeachyear,andwewouldjudgethedesirabilityofanyproposedactionbyaskingwhetheritwouldraiseorlowerthisindex.Somerecentdiscussionimpliesthatsuchanindexcouldbeconstructed.ArticlesinthepopularpressevencriticizetheGrossNationalProductionbecauseitisnotsuchacompleteindexofwelfare,ignoring,ontheonehand,thatitwasneverintendedtobe,andsuggesting,ontheotherhand,thatwithappropriatechangesitcouldbeconvertedintoone.

Theoutputavailabletosatisfyourwantsandneedsisoneimportantdeterminantofwelfare.Whateverwant,need,orsocialproblemengagesourattention,weordinarilycanmoreeasilyfindresourcestodealwithitwhenoutputislargeandgrowingthanwhenitisnot.GNPmeasuresoutputfairlywell,buttoevaluatewelfarewewouldneedadditionalmeasureswhichwouldbefarmoredifficulttoconstruct.Wewouldneedanindexofrealcostsincurredinproduction,becausewearebetteroffifwegetthesameoutputatlesscost.Useofjustman-hoursforwelfareevaluationwouldunreasonablyimplythattoincreasetotalhoursbyraisingthehoursofeightwomenfrom60to65aweekimposesnomoreburdenthanraisingthehoursofeightmenfrom40to45aweek,oreventhanhiringoneinvoluntarilyunemployedpersonfor40hoursaweek.Ameasureofrealcostsoflaborwouldalsohavetoconsiderworkingconditions.Mostofusspendalmosthalfourwakinghoursonthejobandourwelfareisvitallyaffectedbythecircumstancesinwhichwespendthosehours.

Tomeasurewelfarewewouldneedameasureofchangesintheneedouroutputmustsatisfy.Oneaspect,populationchange,isnowhandledbyconvertingoutputtoapercapitabasisontheassumptionthat,otherthingsequal,twiceasmanypeopleneedtwiceasmanygoodsandservicestobeequallywelloff.Butanindexofneedswouldalsoaccountfordifferencesintherequirementsforlivingasthepopulationbecomesmoreurbanizedandsuburbanized;forthechangesinnationaldefenserequirements;andforchangesintheeffectofweatheronourneeds.Theindexwouldhavetotellusthecostofmeetingourneedsinabaseyearcomparedwiththecostofmeetingthemequallywellunderthecircumstancesprevailingineveryotheryear.

Measuresofneedsshadeintomeasureofthehumanandphysicalenvironmentinwhichwelive.Weallareenormouslyaffectedbythepeoplearoundus.Canwegowherewelikewithoutfearofattack?Wearealsoaffectedbythephysicalenvironment—purityofwaterandair,accessibilityofparklandandotherconditions.Tomeasurethisrequiresaccuratedata,butsuchdataaregenerallydeficient.Moreover,weightingisrequired:tocombinerobberiesandmurdersinacrimeindex;tocombinepollutionofthePotomacandpollutionofLakeErieintoawaterpollutionindex;andthentocombinecrimeandwaterpollutionintosomegeneralindex.Butthereisnobasisforweightingthesebeyondindividualpreference.

Therearefurtherproblems.Tomeasurewelfarewewouldneedanindexofthegoodnessofthedistributionofincome.Thereissurelyconsensusthatgiventhesametotalincomeandoutput,adistributionwithfewerfamiliesinpovertywouldbethebetter,butwhatistheidealdistribution?Evenifwecouldconstructindexesofoutput,realcosts,needs,stateoftheenvironment,wecouldnotcomputeawelfareindexbecausewehavenosystemofweightstocombinethem.

1.Theauthor’sprimaryconcernisto______.

2.Theauthorimpliesthatman-hoursisnotanappropriatemeasureofrealcostbecauseit______.

3.Themostimportantreasonwhyasingleindexofwelfarecannotbedesignedisthat______.

4.AnadequatemeasureofneedmusttakeintoaccountallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

5.Theauthorregardstheideaofageneralindexofwelfareas______.

問題1選項

A.refuteargumentsforaposition

B.makeaproposalanddefendit

C.showdefectsinaproposal

D.reviewliteraturerelevanttoaproblem

問題2選項

A.ignorestheconditionsunderwhichtheoutputisgenerated

B.failstotakeintoconsiderationtheenvironmentalcostsofproduction

C.isnotaneffectivemethodforreducingunemployment

D.wasneverintendedtobeageneralmeasureofwelfare

問題3選項

A.thecostassociatedwithproducingtheindexwouldbeprohibitive

B.considerableempiricalresearchwouldhavetobedoneregardingoutputandneeds

C.anyweightingofvariousmeasuresintoageneralindexwouldbeinherentlysubjective

D.accuratestatisticsoncrimeandpollutionarenotyetavailable

問題4選項

A.changeeffectsonpeopleoftheweather

B.differencesinneedsofurbanandsuburbanpopulations

C.changingrequirementsforgovernmentalprogramssuchasdefense

D.accessibilityofparklandandotherpremises

問題5選項

A.anunrealisticdream

B.animportantcontribution

C.afuturenecessity

D.adesirablechange

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一句即本文的主旨句“Itwouldbeenormouslyconvenienttohaveasingle,generallyacceptedindexoftheeconomicandsocialwelfareofthepeopleoftheUnitedStates.（如果有一個單一的、普遍接受的指標(biāo)，用以衡量美國人的經(jīng)濟和社會福利，那將是極其方便的。）”，作者在文章中主要分析的是該論點的不可行性，所以A選項“反駁某一立場的論點”符合題意。B選項“提出建議并為之辯護”；C選項“顯示提案中的缺陷”；D選項“回顧與問題相關(guān)的文獻”。因此A選項正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Wewouldneedanindexofrealcostsincurredinproduction,becausewearebetteroffifwegetthesameoutputatlesscost.Useofjustman-hoursforwelfareevaluationwouldunreasonablyimplythattoincreasetotalhoursbyraisingthehoursofeightwomenfrom60to65aweekimposesnomoreburdenthanraisingthehoursofeightmenfrom40to45aweek,oreventhanhiringoneinvoluntarilyunemployedpersonfor40hoursaweek.Ameasureofrealcostsoflaborwouldalsohavetoconsiderworkingconditions.（我們需要一個指數(shù)，用于測量生產(chǎn)涉及的實際成本，因為如果我們用較低成本獲取同樣的產(chǎn)值，這說明我們更富有。用工時來衡量福利狀況是不合理的，這意味著：將8名婦女每周的總工時從60小時提高到65小時，與將8個男人每周的工時從40小時提高到45小時，或甚至雇用一個非自愿失業(yè)的人每周工作40小時，增加的負(fù)擔(dān)是一樣的。要計算實際的勞動力成本，還要考慮工作條件。）”由此可知作者認(rèn)為工時不是衡量實際成本的適當(dāng)方法，因為工作條件也應(yīng)該被考慮到，所以A選項“忽略了輸出生成的條件”符合題意。B選項“沒有考慮生產(chǎn)的環(huán)境成本”；C選項“不是減少失業(yè)的有效方法”；D選項“從來不是用來衡量福利的一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。因此A選項正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第四段“Measuresofneedsshadeintomeasureofthehumanandphysicalenvironmentinwhichwelive...Butthereisnobasisforweightingthesebeyondindividualpreference.（測量‘需求’最終會轉(zhuǎn)化為測量我們生活的人類環(huán)境和自然環(huán)境……但是，這些測算結(jié)果除個人的偏好以外沒有其他基礎(chǔ)。）”由此可知，我們可以分別測量各種指標(biāo)，并最終將這些測算結(jié)果合成一個綜合指標(biāo)，但是，作者在本段最后一句指出，這些測算結(jié)果除個人的偏好以外沒有其他基礎(chǔ)，所以C選項“任何將各種衡量方法納入一個綜合指數(shù)的權(quán)重本身都是主觀的”符合題意。A選項“與生產(chǎn)指數(shù)相關(guān)的成本將是令人望而卻步的”；B選項“必須對產(chǎn)出和需求進行大量的實證研究”；D選項“關(guān)于犯罪和污染的準(zhǔn)確統(tǒng)計數(shù)字尚未可用”。因此C選項正確。

24.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Butanindexofneedswouldalsoaccountfordifferencesintherequirementsforlivingasthepopulationbecomesmoreurbanizedandsuburbanized;forthechangesinnationaldefenserequirements;andforchangesintheeffectofweatheronourneeds.（但測量‘需求’要考慮下列因素：隨著人口的城市化和市郊化，人們對生活的不同要求；國防需要的變化；天氣變化對我們的需求的影響。）”，由此可知A選項“天氣變化對人們的影響”；B選項“城市和郊區(qū)人口需求的差異”；C選項“政府項目（如國防）需求的變化”都正確，第四段提到“Wearealsoaffectedbythephysicalenvironment—purityofwaterandair,accessibilityofparklandandotherconditions.Tomeasurethisrequiresaccuratedata,butsuchdataaregenerallydeficient.（我們還受到物理環(huán)境的影響，水和空氣的純度，公園土地的可達性等條件。要衡量這一點需要準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)，但這些數(shù)據(jù)通常是不足的。）”，所以D選項“公園用地和其他場所的可達性”不正確，因此該題應(yīng)選D選項。

5.作者意圖題。最后一段指出“Evenifwecouldconstructindexesofoutput,realcosts,needs,stateoftheenvironment,wecouldnotcomputeawelfareindexbecausewehavenosystemofweightstocombinethem.（即使我們能設(shè)計出測量產(chǎn)量、實際成本、需求、環(huán)境狀況的各種指數(shù)，我們也計算不出福利指數(shù)，因為我們?nèi)狈Π阉鼈兙C合在一起的權(quán)重體系。）”，由此可知作者認(rèn)為福利總指數(shù)的概念并不能被實現(xiàn)，因此A選項“不切實際的夢”符合題意。B選項“是一項重要貢獻”；C選項“未來的必需品”；D選項“理想的變化”。因此A選項正確。

12.單選題

Togreatacclaim,WangYing-laiandhisteamattheInstituteofBiochemistryinShanghaiannounced,in1965,thattheyhadsynthesizedbiologicallyactiveinsulin.SimilarresearchwasbeingconductedinlabsintheUnitedStatesandacrossEurope,butWang’sdiscoverywaswellinadvanceofhisrivals,andusheredinaneweraofsyntheticproteins.Thisexample,unfortunately,istheexceptionratherthantheruleforChinesescience.Chinahasalongwaytogotoberecognizedasaleadingscientificcountry,butrapidprogressisbeingmade.

ModernscientificresearchdidnotbegininChinauntiltheearlytwentiethcentury.ThefoundingoftheAcademiaSinicaanditsassociatedresearchinstitutesin1928signifieditsbeginning,butitsactivitywasseriouslydisruptedbyintermittentwarsandpoliticalturmoil.Sciencehashadlittlechancetotakehold.

Now,giventhesoundnessoftheChineseeconomy,thesteadyincreaseinthegovernment’sfundingforbasicandappliedresearch,andthegeneralappreciationoftheimportanceofscientificdevelopment,thetimehascomeforChinatomakeitspresencefeltontheinternationalresearchstage.

IhavehelpedtobuildseveralacademicprogramsinChinaduringthepasttwodecades,andInowbelievethattheremainingobstaclestoChineseresearchinstitutionsachievingexcellenceareculturalratherthaneconomic.

Authorityversuscreativity

TheConfuciantraditionofrespectingcustomsandhierarchyhascastalongshadowovermodernChina.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformityinthepastdecadeshavehamperedthecreationofanenvironmentthatfostersindividualcreativity.Deferencetoauthorityandtoexistingparadigmsisamajorbarriertoscientificbreakthrough.

ScienceeducationinChinaisextensiveandrigorous,andhaswonuniversalpraise.Butittakesmorethanthistocultivatescientists;studentsshouldbeinspiredtopursueknowledgeitself,andahabitofraisingquestionsneedstobefostered.Challengestoexistingevidence,hypothesesandconcepts,howeverI,oughttobeencouragedandseriouslyaddressed.

Respectforauthoritiesandthespiritofconformityleavetheirmarkonthestyleofscientificresearchaswell.ResearchprogramsinChinaoftencloselyfollowexistinglinesofresearchintheWest,usingsimilarparadigms.Thisoftenleadstocompetitionatadisadvantage.

ColleaguesinChinaoftencomplainthattheirresultsarenotappreciated,whereassimilarworkperformedinWesterncountriesispublishedinhigh-profilejournals.

Strengtheningtheuniquenessoftheirworkwillincreaseitsvisibility,aswillimprovingitspresentation.AttheInstituteofNeuroscienceinShanghai,wegiveregularscientific-writingclasses,usingdraftsofmanuscriptstoillustratehowtoimproveclarityandprecision.

Theseskillsareimportant,butultimatelyitisconfidenceandskillinattackingimportantproblemsattheforefrontofsciencethatwillleadtomajordiscoveriesandinternationalrecognition.

CriticalscientificexchangeisrarelyseeninChina,especiallyinpublic.YetopenandfrankdialogueisurgentlyneededtomakescientificconferencesinChinanotjustfriendlygatheringsbutintellectualeventsthatstimulateideas.UnduecourtesymaybeindispensableformaintainingtheConfucianorderinatraditionalChinesefamily,butitisdetrimentaltoresearchinstitutions.Onewaytoovercomethismightbefortheorganizersofscientificmeetingstobeginwiththestatementthatcriticalornegativecommentsaretobetakenasconstructiveinputs.

Theattitudetowardscritiqueisalsorelevanttothesubmissionofscientificpaperstointernationaljournals.Criticalcommentsbyrefereesmayatfirstglanceseemunfairorhostile.Researcherswouldbenefitfromamorepositiveapproach:itisoftenusefultoreflectuponthecommentsandthengobacktothelaboratorybench,ratherthansendingthepaperimmediatelytoadifferentjournalwithoutmuchimprovement.Forexample,investigatorsfromtheInstituteofNeurosciencehavemadegreateffortstoimprovethequalityoftheworkuponrejectionoftheirpapers,andthisapproachhasbeenrewardedbyamarkedincreaseinthenumberofpublicationsinhigh-qualityjournalsinthepastfewyears.

31.ThefindingofWangandhisteamis______thatofotherresearchersaroundtheworld.

32.WhatmarkedupthestartofscientificresearchinChina?

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whichmainlyhindersChinesescientistsfromindividualcreativity?

34.ForChinesescientists,asthispassageshows,whichreasonisnotamongtheonescausingthelowchancesofpublishingresultsinternationally?

35.Whichtypeofattitudeshouldwriterstakewhenreadingcritiquesofpeerreviews?

問題1選項

A.muchbetterthan

B.similarto

C.somehowpoorerthan

D.notalloftheabove

問題2選項

A.WangYing-Laiandhisteam.

B.Confuciusculture.

C.TheestablishmentofAcademiaSinica.

D.Disruptionofintermittentwars.

問題3選項

A.Strongcouragetochallengeauthorityandexistingparadigms.

B.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformity.

C.Chineseeconomy.

D.Thegovernment’sfunding.

問題4選項

A.Westernresearchersdonotappreciatetheirresults.

B.Lackofuniqueness.

C.Uncommontohaveregularscientificwritingcourses.

D.Raretoseecriticalscientificexchange.

問題5選項

A.hostile

B.positiveandthankful

C.indifferent

D.worrisome

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】31.【選項釋義】

31.ThefindingofWangandhisteamis______thatofotherresearchersaroundtheworld.31.王和他的團隊的發(fā)現(xiàn)______世界上其他研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

A.muchbetterthanA.強得多

B.similartoB.相似

C.somehowpoorerthanC.某種程度上不如

D.notalloftheaboveD.以上都不是

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段第二句“美國和歐洲的實驗室也在進行類似的研究，但王的發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先于（wellinadvanceof）他的競爭對手，開啟了合成蛋白質(zhì)的新時代（usheredinanewera）”，從inadvanceof（領(lǐng)先）和usheredinanewera（開啟了新時代）可知，王的團隊的發(fā)現(xiàn)要比世界上其他研究人員的發(fā)現(xiàn)更好，故該題選擇A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項在文中是說其他實驗室的研究類似，并不是發(fā)現(xiàn)類似，屬于張冠李戴；

C、D選項與原文不符，屬于曲解原文。

32.【選項釋義】

32.WhatmarkedupthestartofscientificresearchinChina?32.什么標(biāo)志著中國科學(xué)研究的開始？

A.WangYing-Laiandhisteam.A.王英來和他的團隊。

B.Confuciusculture.B.儒家文化。

C.TheestablishmentofAcademiaSinica.

C.中央研究院的成立。

D.Disruptionofintermittentwars.

D.間斷性戰(zhàn)爭的中斷。

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞scientificresearch定位到文章第二段，從第二句“1928年成立的中央研究院及其相關(guān)研究機構(gòu)標(biāo)志著它的開始”可知，中國科學(xué)研究的開始的標(biāo)志是中央研究院的成立。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項都與原文出處無關(guān)，屬于張冠李戴。

33.【選項釋義】

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whichmainlyhindersChinesescientistsfromindividualcreativity?33.作者認(rèn)為，阻礙中國科學(xué)家個人創(chuàng)造力的主要因素是什么？

A.Strongcouragetochallengeauthorityandexistingparadigms.A.敢于挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威和現(xiàn)有模式。

B.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformity.B.獨裁統(tǒng)治和政治一致性。

C.Chineseeconomy.C.中國經(jīng)濟。

D.Thegovernment’sfunding.D.政府的資助。

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息individualcreativity定位到文章第五段第二句“過去幾十年的專制統(tǒng)治和政治一致性阻礙了培養(yǎng)個人創(chuàng)造力的環(huán)境的創(chuàng)造”，可知，是專制統(tǒng)治和政治一致性阻礙了個人創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項是突破個人創(chuàng)造力阻礙的因素，與題干相反，屬于反向干擾；

C、D選項是當(dāng)前中國科學(xué)發(fā)展良好的因素，與題干無關(guān)，屬于張冠李戴。

34.【選項釋義】

34.ForChinesescientists,asthispassageshows,whichreasonisnotamongtheonescausingthelowchancesofpublishingresultsinternationally?34.對于中國科學(xué)家來說，如本文所述，哪一個原因不是導(dǎo)致在國際上發(fā)表成果的機會低的原因之一？

A.Westernresearchersdonotappreciatetheirresults.A.西方研究人員并不欣賞他們的研究結(jié)果。

B.Lackofuniqueness.B.缺乏獨特性。

C.Uncommontohaveregularscientificwritingcourses.C.定期的科學(xué)寫作課程并不常見。

D.Raretoseecriticalscientificexchange.D.難得看到批判性的科學(xué)交流。

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第四段最后一句“在上海神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所，我們定期開設(shè)科學(xué)寫作課程（regularscientific-writingclasses），用草稿來說明如何提高清晰度和準(zhǔn)確性”，從regularscientific-writingclasses（定期的科學(xué)寫作課程）可知，這并不是中國研究在國際上出版率低的原因。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項均是中國研究在國際上出版率低的原因，屬于反向干擾。

35.【選項釋義】

35.Whichtypeofattitudeshouldwriterstakewhenreadingcritiquesofpeerreviews?35.在閱讀同行評議的評論時，作者們應(yīng)該采取哪種態(tài)度？

A.hostileA.敵意的

B.positiveandthankfulB.積極和感恩的

C.indifferentC.冷漠的

D.worrisomeD.令人擔(dān)心的

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章最后一段第三句提到“研究人員將從一個更積極的方法中（amorepositiveapproach）受益：對評論進行反思（reflect），然后回到實驗室做實驗，而不是立即將論文發(fā)送到不同的期刊，而沒有太多改進”，從中可知，研究人員應(yīng)該用積極和反思的態(tài)度來面對同行的批評，因此該題選擇B項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D選項不符合原文，屬于曲解原文。

13.單選題

Surgicalprocedureshavemanyrisks________inthem.

問題1選項

A.attached

B.lying

C.inherent

D.unseen

【答案】C

【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞辨析。A選項“附加的”；B選項“說謊的”；C選項“內(nèi)在的，固有的”；D選項“看不見的”。句意：手術(shù)步驟本身（）會有很多風(fēng)險。根據(jù)句意我們可以排除B選項；attached一般和介詞to搭配，所以A排除；unseen一般指肉眼看不見的，沒有“潛在的”的意思，代入句子中不符合句意，所以排除D；根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞in，我們應(yīng)該選C。

14.單選題

Acomprehensivemarketsystemshouldbeestablishedto（

）theflowoftalent,fundsandmaterials.

問題1選項

A.suffice

B.necessitate

C.facilitate

D.fabricate

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項suffice“使?jié)M足”；B選項necessitate“使成為必需”；C選項facilitate“促進，幫助”；D選項fabricate“偽造”。句意：應(yīng)該建立完善的市場體系促進人才、資金和物資的流動。選項C符合句意。

15.單選題

Ourteacherwasusuallyverykindsothathissudden（）greatlysurprisedus.

問題1選項

A.heartiness

B.unhappiness

C.harshness

D.uprightness

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項heartiness“熱心；誠實”；B選項unhappiness“不幸?！?；C選項harshness“嚴(yán)厲；嚴(yán)肅”；D選項uprightness“正直”。句意：我們老師平常很和氣，因此突然……起來讓我們大吃一驚。有轉(zhuǎn)折應(yīng)選反義詞匯最為合適，故選C。

16.單選題

Oneoftheseriousproblemsfacingusis（）ofhowtogetmorewaterformantouse.

問題1選項

A.that

B.it

C.which

D.what

【答案】A

【解析】句意:我們面臨的一個嚴(yán)重問題是如何獲得更多的水供人類使用。

語法題?？疾閺木洹？崭窈竺媸莍s的表語，因此后面部分只能是名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)或者從句。這里用that指代前面的problem，故選A。

17.單選題

Ascivilization（）inthedirectionoftechnology,itpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife-food,shelterandclothes.

問題1選項

A.processes

B.precedes

C.proceed

D.exceeds

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A:process“加工，處理”；B:precede“領(lǐng)先”；C:proceed“行進”；D:exceed“超過”。句意：隨著文明朝著科技的方向前進，它改變了生活最基本的要素——食物、住所和衣服。結(jié)合此處題干：朝著科技的方向，判斷出C選項為正確答案。

18.單選題

Icanmeetyouateighto’clock;（

）youcancallforme.

問題1選項

A.incidentally

B.actually

C.alternatively

D.accordingly

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我可以八點鐘跟你見面，或者你也可以來接我。

考查副詞辨析。Incidentally順便,偶然地;actually實際上;alternatively二者擇一地,或者;accordingly因此。故C符合句意。

19.不定項選擇題

Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressiontheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpression:“aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth.”Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenceagainstsociety.Tomakeupforhisoffence,societymustgeteven.Thiscanbedoneonlybydoinganequalinjurytohim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegaldocumentsandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohadcommittedmurder.Thisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbyt