考研考博-英語-華北電力大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-華北電力大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Ⅵ.(Jurisprudence)

Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.Iwasquiteclear,asGreenberg’sdiscussionreveals,aboutwhatImeantbyit,andsotherealquestioniswhetheranyoneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication.Greenberg,however,makesthesurprisingclaimthatnooneissocommitted.RecognizingthatDworkinisonepossibletargetoftheRealistcritiqueasIreconstructit,Greenbergclaimsthat“theright-answerthesisisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject.”Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.WhenGreenbergclaimstheFoundationalistaspectofDworkin’stheoryisn’tcentralheisnotmakingaclaimabouttheamountofeffortDworkindevotestodefendingtheright-answerthesis,whichisobviouslysubstantial.Greenberg’srealclaimisthattheDworkinofLaw’sEmpireisnotnecessarilycommittedtotheright-answerthesis.IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.Sofar,thisisjustacomplicatedadmissionthatDworkinacceptsaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication;thebestGreenbergcandoistoassert“thatmostofDworkin’sargumentscouldsucceedconsistentwiththefalsityoftheright-answerthesis.”GreenbergdoesnotshowthatthisisDworkin’sview,anditiscertainlynotDworkin’sviewinhisearlywork,sincethe“retroactivity”objectiontolegalpositivismturns,quiteclearly,onthetruthoftheright-answerthesis.GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.ButnoneofthischangesthefactthattheactualRonaldDworkinholdsatheoryofadjudicationinvolvingtheFoundationalistStorybecauseheholdsaparticularviewaboutlawandmorality.

71.Greenbergpronouncestheuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”.Theauthorrebutthecomment____.

72.Theessenceoftheright-answerthesisisthat___.

73.Fromtheunderlinedsentence,onecanknowthat___.

74.Readingthewholeparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrong?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cynically

B.byfightingback

C.withdisagreement

D.withagreement

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.nooneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication

B.itisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject

C.itisapotent,livingtargetoftheRealistcritique

D.everycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.GreenburgdidnotthinkofJohnMackie

B.JohnMackiegaveuptheright-answerthesis

C.DworkinwasnothappywithJohnMackie

D.JohnMackiedecidedacase,whichreflectsGreenburg’stheory

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theauthorisbasicallyafoundationalistscholar.

B.TheauthorisarguingwithMr.Greenburg.

C.TheauthordoesnotagreewithDworkingtheory.

D.Greenburgmaybecorrectinoneaspect.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】71.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文開頭Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短語“審判理論”是“不尋常的”，恐怕我只能用一個(gè)限定詞來回敬：“審判理論”根本沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法，因此，似乎有通常意義的寫作本身就是“不尋常的”）可知作者是通過提出自己的觀點(diǎn)來反駁格林伯格的觀點(diǎn)，選B選項(xiàng)“通過反擊”；A選項(xiàng)“冷笑”，C選項(xiàng)“與之有分歧”以及D選項(xiàng)“與之協(xié)議”都不符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

72.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“theright-answer”定位到原文Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.（正確答案命題——即每個(gè)案例在法律問題上都有正確答案的想法——將是一個(gè)關(guān)于裁決的基礎(chǔ)主義故事的例子，因此現(xiàn)實(shí)主義批判就有了一個(gè)有力的、活生生的目標(biāo)）可知選D選項(xiàng)“作為一項(xiàng)法律問題，每個(gè)案例都有正確答案”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“沒有人致力于一個(gè)關(guān)于裁決理論的基礎(chǔ)主義故事”，C選項(xiàng)“它是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義批判的一個(gè)有力的、活生生的目標(biāo)”錯(cuò)誤，并不是正確答案命題的本質(zhì)；B選項(xiàng)“這不是德沃金項(xiàng)目的中心”也不能回答正確答案命題的本質(zhì)這個(gè)問題，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到劃線句子部分GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.（格林伯格可能是正確的，人們可以有一個(gè)不同于德沃金的關(guān)于道德本質(zhì)的觀點(diǎn)，并放棄正確答案的論點(diǎn)：約翰?麥凱將是一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)睦?，盡管不是格林伯格心目中的那個(gè)，也不是德沃金會(huì)滿意的）可以判斷出德沃金對(duì)約翰?麥凱不太滿意，選C選項(xiàng)“德沃金對(duì)約翰?麥基不滿意”；A選項(xiàng)“格林伯格沒有想到約翰?麥基”和原文相悖；B選項(xiàng)“約翰?麥基放棄了正確答案的論點(diǎn)”劃線句子未涉及，排除；D選項(xiàng)“約翰?麥基決定了一個(gè)案件，這反映了格林伯格的理論”和原文相悖。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

74.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。閱讀原文可知作者只是在客觀的評(píng)價(jià)各個(gè)學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)，而不是基礎(chǔ)主義方法論者，選A選項(xiàng)“作者基本上是一位基礎(chǔ)主義學(xué)者”；根據(jù)原文Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短語“審判理論”是“不尋常的”，恐怕我只能用一個(gè)限定詞來回敬：“審判理論”根本沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法，因此，似乎有通常意義的寫作本身就是“不尋常的”）可知B選項(xiàng)“作者正在和格林伯格先生爭(zhēng)論”符合原文；由原文IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.（我相當(dāng)同意格林伯格的觀點(diǎn)，即德沃金“最關(guān)心的是確定……法律以一種特定的方式依賴于道德”，“正確答案理論……是他整體法律理論和他關(guān)于道德的觀點(diǎn)的下游結(jié)果”）可知C選項(xiàng)“作者不同意德沃金理論”，作者認(rèn)為德沃金的理論是下游結(jié)果，以及D選項(xiàng)“在某一方面，格林伯格可能是正確的”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.單選題

___,Mr.Wellsisscarcelyinsympathywiththeworkingclass.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Althoughheisasocialist

B.Evenifheisasocialist

C.Beingasocialist

D.Sinceheisasocialist

【答案】A

【解析】考查邏輯關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)Althoughheisasocialist“雖然他是一個(gè)社會(huì)主義者”；B選項(xiàng)Evenifheisasocialist“即使他是一個(gè)社會(huì)主義者”；C選項(xiàng)Beingasocialist“作為一個(gè)社會(huì)主義”；D選項(xiàng)Sinceheisasocialist“因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)社會(huì)主義者”。句意：___，威爾斯先生幾乎不同情工人階級(jí)。本句表達(dá)“雖然他是一個(gè)社會(huì)主義者，但是他不同情工人階級(jí)”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Idon'tthinkheistoblame,（）?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.doI

B.ishe

C.isn’the

D.doeshe

【答案】B

【解析】復(fù)合反意疑問句中,主句是Ithink,Isuppose,Ibelieve,Isuspect,Iimagine等時(shí),對(duì)that從句中主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系提問,所以首先排除選項(xiàng)A和D。還要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移的情況,所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

4.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Hurricanesareviolentstormsthatcausemillionsofdollarsinpropertydamageandtakemanylives.Theycanbeextremelydangerous,andtoooftenpeopleunderestimatetheirfury.

HurricanesnormallyoriginateasasmallareaofthunderstormsovertheAtlanticOceanwestoftheCapeVerdeIslandsduringAugustorSeptember.Forseveraldays,theareaofthestormincreasesandtheairpressurefallsslowly.Acenteroflowpressureforms,andwindsbegintowhirlaroundit.Itisblownwestward,increasinginsizeandstrength.

Hurricanehuntersthenflyouttothestorminordertodetermineitssizeandintensityandtotrackitsdirection.Theydropinstrumentsforrecordingtemperature,airpressure,andhumidity（濕度）,intothestorm.Theyalsolookatthesizeofwavesontheocean,theclouds,andtheeyeofthestorm.Theeyeisaregionofrelativecalmandclearskiesinthecenterofthehurricane.Peopleoftenlosetheirlivesbyleavingshelterwhentheeyehasarrived,onlytobecaughtintremendouswindsagainwhentheeyehaspassed.

Oncetheforecastershavedeterminedthatitislikelythehurricanewillreachshore,theyissueahurricanewatchforalarge,generalareathatmaybeinthepathofthestorm.Later,whentheprobablepointoflandfallisclearer,theywillissueahurricanewarningforasomewhatmorelimitedarea.Peopleintheseareasarewisetostockuponnonperishablefoods,flashlightandradiobatteries,candles,andotheritemstheymayneedifelectricityandwaterarenotavailableafterthestorm.Theyshouldalsotrytohurricane-prooftheirhousesbybringinginlight-weightfurnitureandotheritemsfromoutsideandcoveringwindows.Peoplelivinginlow-lyingareasarewisetoevacuatetheirhousesbecauseofthestormsurge,whichisalargerushofwaterthatmaycomeashorewiththestorm.Hurricanesgenerallylosepowerslowlywhiletravelingoverland,butmanymoveouttosea,gatherupforceagain,andreturntoland.Astheymovetowardthenorth,theygenerallylosetheiridentityashurricanes.

46.Theeyeofthehurricaneis（）.

47.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

48.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

49.Thelow-lyingareasrefertothoseregionsthat（）.

50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamethodofprotectingone’shousefromahurricane?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thepowerfulcenterofthestorm

B.thepartthatdeterminesitsdirection

C.therelativelycalmcenterofthestorm

D.thecenteroflowpressure

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Astormsurgeisadramaticincreaseinwindvelocity.

B.Ahurricanewatchismoreseriousthanahurricanewarning.

C.Fallingairpressureisanindicatorthatthestormisincreasinginintensity.

D.Itissafetogooutsideoncetheeyehasarrived.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.HowtoAvoidHurricanedamage

B.ForecastingHurricanes

C.ThedangerousHurricane

D.AtlanticStorms

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.closetothegroundlevel

B.one-storeyflat

C.flathouses

D.neartothelowestlevelofhurricane

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.takingoutheavythings

B.movinginlight-weightfurniture

C.equippingthehousewithstones

D.coveringwindowsHurricanesareviolentstormsthatcausemillionsofdollarsinpropertydamageandtakemanylives.Theycanbeextremelydangerous,andtoooftenpeopleunderestimatetheirfury.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】46.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。從第三段倒數(shù)第二句Theeyeisaregionofrelativecalmandclearskiesinthecenterofthehurricane.（颶風(fēng)眼是颶風(fēng)中心相對(duì)平靜和晴朗的天空區(qū)域）可知C項(xiàng)“風(fēng)暴相對(duì)平靜的中心”正確。A項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)大的風(fēng)暴中心”與文意相反，排除；B項(xiàng)“決定其方向的部分”文中未提及；D項(xiàng)“低壓中心”定位到原文第一段可知低壓中心是颶風(fēng)形成前的表現(xiàn)，故錯(cuò)誤。

47.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。從最后一段倒數(shù)第三句Peoplelivinginlow-lyingareasarewisetoevacuatetheirhousesbecauseofthestormsurge,whichisalargerushofwaterthatmaycomeashorewiththestorm.（生活在低洼地區(qū)的人們明智地撤離他們的房屋，因?yàn)轱L(fēng)暴潮是一股巨大的水流，可能會(huì)隨著風(fēng)暴上岸。）可知stormsurge是指水而不是風(fēng)，所以A項(xiàng)“風(fēng)暴潮是風(fēng)速的急劇增加?！辈徽_。根據(jù)最后一段開頭的描述，颶風(fēng)可能登陸時(shí)先在一個(gè)較大的可能范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行hurricanewatch,然后在可能著陸點(diǎn)hurricanewarning，可以看出hurricanewarning比hurricanewatch更嚴(yán)重,所以B項(xiàng)“颶風(fēng)監(jiān)視比颶風(fēng)警報(bào)更嚴(yán)重。”不正確。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Peopleoftenlosetheirlivesbyleavingshelterwhentheeyehasarrived,onlytobecaughtintremendouswindsagainwhentheeyehaspassed.（當(dāng)風(fēng)眼來臨時(shí)，人們?nèi)绻叱龇块g會(huì)被風(fēng)眼過去后的大風(fēng)吹死），所以說在風(fēng)眼來臨時(shí)走出房間是不安全的）D項(xiàng)“風(fēng)眼來臨，出去是安全的”也不正確。通過排除法可知只有C項(xiàng)“氣壓下降表明風(fēng)暴的強(qiáng)度在增加”正確。

48.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。閱讀全文，分別講了颶風(fēng)的形成、颶風(fēng)的預(yù)報(bào)、面對(duì)颶風(fēng)的防范措施、颶風(fēng)的消亡，C項(xiàng)“危險(xiǎn)的颶風(fēng)”可以作為標(biāo)題概括文章內(nèi)容。A項(xiàng)“如何避免颶風(fēng)的破壞”；B項(xiàng)“颶風(fēng)預(yù)報(bào)”；D項(xiàng)“大西洋風(fēng)暴”都只涉及到文章的一個(gè)方面。

49.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】語義推測(cè)題。題干low-lyingareas是指地勢(shì)低平的地區(qū)，A項(xiàng)“接近地面”；B、C是指一層平房，D項(xiàng)“接近最低級(jí)別的颶風(fēng)”。所以只有A項(xiàng)符合。

50.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。從第三段第六行Theyshouldalsotrytohurricane-prooftheirhousesbybringinginlightweightfurnitureandotheritemsfromoutsideandcoveringwindows.（他們還應(yīng)嘗試從外部帶入輕巧的家具和其他物品并遮蓋窗戶，以防颶風(fēng)襲擊他們的房屋）可知將輕的家具、物品帶入房?jī)?nèi)，蓋住窗戶是預(yù)防颶風(fēng)的措施，所以B和D正確，其中也暗含了選項(xiàng)A“取出重物”，因?yàn)閷⑤p的物品放入房?jī)?nèi)也就意味著將重的物品帶出房間，所以A也符合。C選項(xiàng)文中未提及。

5.單選題

Youarenotallowedtotakeasecondjob（）youremployergivesyoupermission.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.unless

B.solongas

C.otherwise

D.whereas

【答案】A

【解析】連接詞的運(yùn)用。unless“除非,如果不”;solongas“只要”;otherwise“否則,不然”;whereas“然而,鑒于,反之”。句意:除非你的雇主允許,否則你不能從事第二份工作。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

6.翻譯題

我的導(dǎo)師是亞裔美國(guó)人，嗜煙好酒，脾氣暴躁。但他十分欣賞亞裔學(xué)生勤奮與扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，也特別了解亞裔學(xué)生的心理。因此，在他實(shí)驗(yàn)室所招的學(xué)生中，除有一名來自德國(guó)外，其余5位均是亞裔學(xué)生。他干脆在實(shí)驗(yàn)室的門上貼一醒目招牌：“本室助研必須每周工作7天，早10時(shí)至晚12時(shí)，工作時(shí)間內(nèi)必須全力以赴?！边@位導(dǎo)師的嚴(yán)格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所待的3年半中，共有14位學(xué)生被招進(jìn)他的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，最后博士畢業(yè)的只有5人。

【答案】MysupervisorisofAsianorigin.Heisaddictedtoalcoholsandcigarettes,withairritabletemper.Nevertheless,hehighlyappreciatestheindustryandthesolidfoundationalknowledgeofAsianstudentsandhasaparticularlykeeninsightintowhatAsianstudentshaveontheirmind.Hence,ofallthestudentsrecruitedintohislaboratory,exceptforoneGerman,theotherfivewereallfromAsia.Heevenputaneye-catchingnoticeonthedoorofhislab,whichread,“Alltheresearchassistantsofthislaboratoryarerequiredtowork7daysaweek,from10:00a.m.to12:00p.m..Nothingbutworkduringtheworkinghours.”Thissupervisorisreputedontheentirecampusforhisseverityandharshness.Duringthe3andahalfyearsthatIstayedthere,atotalof14studentswererecruitedintohislaboratoryandonly5ofthemstayeduntiltheygraduatedwiththeirPh.D.degrees.

7.單選題

Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beputoff

B.wasputoff

C.shouldputoff

D.istoputoff

【答案】A

【解析】句意:我們都贊成你關(guān)于推遲討論的提議。

語法題?？疾閟hould的用法。名詞proposal(提議，建議)引導(dǎo)的同位語從句應(yīng)該用should(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形。而且，discussion與putoff之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此A項(xiàng)符合正確表達(dá)。

8.單選題

Withalltheseartsandpursuitsofpracticallife,theintellectualbusinessofthinking—ofsuchthinkingatleastasiscommontomostmen—andofcommunicatingthought,hasasortofaffinityandresemblance.For,unquestionably,itisoneamongthemanyproblemsofphilosophytoestablishawiseeconomyandprudentstewardshipofthatever-shiftingmassofincomingandoutgoingthoughtswhichmakeupourintellectualestateandproperty.Andthisisthemorenecessarythegreaterarethetreasuresofthoughtpossessedbyourage.For,inthehighlyrapidinterchangeofandtrafficinideas,whichiscarryingon,thereceiptsanddisbursementsarenotalwaysdulybalanced.Thereismuchcause,therefore,tofearlestathoughtlessandlavishdissipationofthenoblestmentalendowmentsshouldbecomeprevalent,orafalseandbaselesscredit-systeminthoughtspringupamidanabsolutedeficiencyofasolidandpermanentcapitalsafelyinvestedinfundamentalideasandlastingtruths.Asforthesecondsimile:Ishould,byallmeans,wishtogainavictory,notindeedforyou,butwithyou,oversomeofthemanyerrorsandmanysemblancesofthought,whichare,however,butcheatsandcounterfeitswhichdistractthemindsofthepresentgeneration,disturbtheharmonyoflife,andbanishpeaceevenfromtheintellectualworld.Andasrespectsthethirdillustration:Ishouldindeedrejoiceashaving,inagreatmeasure,attainedmyobject,ifonlyIshallsucceedindirectingyourattentiontosomestarinthehigherregionofintellect,whichhithertowaseithertotallyunknown,or,atleast,neverbeforefullyobserved.Butaboveall,Ithinkitnecessarytoobservefurther,thatinthesamewayasphilosophylosessightofitstrueobjectandappropriatematter,wheneitheritpassesintoandmergesintheology,ormeddleswithexternalpolitics,soalsodoesitmaritsproperformwhenitattemptstomimictherigorousmethodofmathematics.InthemiddleofthelastcenturyscarcelywastheretobefoundaGermanmanualforanyofthesciencesthatdidnotapethemathematicalstyle,andwhereeverysinglepositioninthelongarrayofinterminableparagraphsdidnotconcludewiththesolemnactofdemonstrativephraseology.Butitisalsowellknownthatthephilosophywhichwaspropoundedinthisinappropriateformandmethodwascrammedfoilof,nay,rather,washardlyanythingmorethanatissueofarbitrary,nowforgotten,hypotheses,whichhavenotbroughttheworldatallnearertothetruth—notatleasttothattruthwhichphilosophyisinsearchof,andwhichissomethinghigherthanamereexampleofaccuratecomputation.Andeveninthepresentday—although,indeed,theapplicationismadeinaverydifferentwayfromformerly—Germanphilosophyisanythingbutfreefromthosealgebraicformularies,inwhichallthings,eventhemostopposite,admitofbeingcomprisedandblendedtogether.But,beitasitmay,thiselaboratestructureofmechanicaldemonstrationcanneverproduceatrue,intrinsic,andfullconviction.Themethodwhichphilosophyreallyrequiresisquitedifferent,beingabsolutelyinternalandintellectual(Geistige).Asinacorrectarchitecturalstructureitisnecessarythatallitspartsshouldbeinunison,andsuchastheeyecantakeineasilyandagreeably,soineveryphilosophicalcommunication,thesolidsimplebasisbeinglaid,thearrangementofalltheparts,andthecarefulrejectionandexclusionofallforeignmatter,isthemostessentialpoint,bothforinternalcorrectnessandexternalperspicuity.But,intruth,thematterinhandbearsafarcloserresemblanceandaffinitytonaturalobjectswhichliveandgrow,thantoanylifelessedificeofstone;toagreattree,forinstance,noblyandbeautifullyspreadingoutonallsidesinitsmanyarmsandbranches.Assuchatreestrikesthehastyandpassingglance,itformsasomewhatirregularandnotstrictlyfinishedwhole;thereitstands,justasthestemhasshotupfromtheroot,andhasdivideditselfintoacertainnumberofbranches,andtwigs,andleaves,whichlivinglymovebackwardandforwardinthefreeair.Butexamineitmoreclosely,andhowperfectappearsitswholestructure!Howwonderfulthesymmetry,howminutelyregulartheorganizationofallitsparts,evenofeachlittleleafanddelicatefiber!Inthesamewaywilltheever-growingtreeofhumanconsciousnessandlifeappearinphilosophy,wheneveritisnottornfromitsrootsandstrippedofitsleavesbyapretendedwisdom,butisvividlyapprehendedbyatruescience,andexhibitedandpresentedtothemindinitslifeanditsgrowth.

1.Themainpurposeofthearticleis（

）.

2.Whatistheauthor’sconcernasexpressedthroughthefirstmetaphoricexposition?

3.Thesecondconcernoftheauthorrefersto

（

）.

4.Whatisthefunctionoftheauthor’sfrequentusageofrhetoricalfiguresofspeech?

5.Inthepassage,theauthoroutlinesapleafor（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.toclarifythesystemofeconomictheory

B.tosuggestanewsystemofphilosophy

C.tocriticizethesystemofmathematics

D.toillustratethesystematicdialectics

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Randomdisbursementofproposalsandhypothesis.

B.Aconfusionofalgebraicformularies.

C.Anunwarrantedlossofappropriatereference.

D.Violationofintellectualpropertyrights.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.avariegatedsetoffallacies

B.acantankeroustypeofpessimism

C.unqualifiedquackery

D.theproliferationofmetaphysics

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Definition.

B.Clarification.

C.Exemplification.

D.Illustration.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.rigor

B.topicality

C.reliability

D.flexibility

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:1.主旨大意題。文中提到“itisoneamongthemanyproblemsofphilosophytoestablishawiseeconomy”，這是眾多關(guān)系創(chuàng)建明智經(jīng)濟(jì)體的哲學(xué)問題之一。其中it是指前面的“theintellectualbusinessofthinking”，后續(xù)圍繞哲學(xué)及思想展開闡述，因此B選項(xiàng)“提出一種新的哲學(xué)體系”符合題意。

第2題:2.判斷推理題。作者的第一次metaphoricexposition“隱喻性闡述”出現(xiàn)在“…tofearlestathoughtlessandlavishdissipationofthenoblestmentalendowmentsshouldbecomeprevalent,orafalseandbaselesscredit-systeminthoughtspringupamidanabsolutedeficiencyofasolidandpermanentcapitalsafelyinvestedinfundamentalideasandlastingtruths.”即擔(dān)憂對(duì)最高貴的精神天賦的輕率和奢侈的揮霍會(huì)成為普遍現(xiàn)象，擔(dān)憂由于缺乏可靠的資本安全地投資于重要的思想和永恒的真題，虛假和毫無根據(jù)的信用體系會(huì)涌現(xiàn)出來。所以作者擔(dān)心的是思想天賦的消耗，C選項(xiàng)“不適當(dāng)?shù)膿p失”符合題意。

第3題:3.判斷推理題。文中提到“Asforthesecondsimile:Ishould…wishtogainavictory…oversomeofthemanyerrorsandmanysemblancesofthought”，本句說到，作者希望戰(zhàn)勝思想中的那些錯(cuò)誤和假想。因此A選項(xiàng)“各種錯(cuò)誤的見解”符合題意。

第4題:4.寫作手法題。文中幾處“hasasortofaffinityandresemblance”“Asforthesecondsimile”“andsuchastheeyecantakeineasilyandagreeably”等修辭手法都是為了生動(dòng)說明文中提出的新哲學(xué)體系。因此B選項(xiàng)clarification“說明”符合題意。

第5題:5.作者意圖題。在文中，作者由“Germanphilosophyisanythingbutfreefromthosealgebraicformularies…thiselaboratestructureofmechanicaldemonstrationcanneverproduceatrue,intrinsic,andfullconviction”說到德國(guó)哲學(xué)只是一些代數(shù)公式，這種復(fù)雜的機(jī)械示范永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生真正的、內(nèi)在的、充分的信念。后又說到“Themethodwhichphilosophyreallyrequiresisquitedifferent,beingabsolutelyinternalandintellectual”，哲學(xué)真正需要的方法是與前面提及的德國(guó)哲學(xué)相反的。通過前后文，作者呼吁的是與“機(jī)械示范”相對(duì)的“靈活性”，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.單選題

Astheworld’slargestgrainexporter,theUnitedStateshas（

）powerovertheworldfooddistributionsystem.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.assorted

B.unrivaled

C.compounded

D.intrigued

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。Assorted“各種各樣的”；unrivaled“至高無上的,無敵的”；compounded“復(fù)合的,”intrigued“好奇的，被迷住的”。句意：美國(guó)作為世界上最大的糧食出口國(guó)，對(duì)世界糧食分配系統(tǒng)有著最高的權(quán)利。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

10.單選題

Weshouldalwayskeepinmindthat（）decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.urgent

B.hasty

C.instant

D.prompt

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)urgentadj.緊急的，急迫的；B選項(xiàng)hastyadj.輕率的，草率的，匆忙的；C選項(xiàng)instantadj.立即的，緊迫的；D選項(xiàng)promptadj.敏捷的，迅速的。句意：我們必須謹(jǐn)記倉促的決定常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致痛苦的悔恨。因此本題選擇B項(xiàng)。

11.單選題

（

）,Idonotlikehimasaman.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Iadmirehimasmuchasawriter

B.AsIadmirehimasawriter

C.MuchasIadmirehimasawriter

D.AsmuchIadmireasawriter

【答案】C

【解析】句意:盡管我欽佩他是一名作家，但是我卻不喜歡他這個(gè)人。

語法題?？疾閍s引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。As引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句表示“盡管,即使”時(shí)要使用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):副詞+as+主語+謂語,故選C。

12.單選題

X.PoliticalScience

Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifmore,orfewer,peoplevote?Whatdifferencewoulditmakeifthestatemakespeoplevote?Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation.Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.

Ourresultssupportawell-knownpropositionadvancedbyArendLijphartinhis1996presidentialaddresstotheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.ForLijphart,classbias—“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence...notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens...andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”—isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentativesanddeterminingpolicy.Lijphartcontendsthat“l(fā)owvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout...andunequalparticipationspellsunequalinfluence”,andthatcompulsoryvotingis“thestrongestofalltheinstitutionalfactors”initspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout.

Despiteitsnormativeimportanceandpracticalrelevanceinpolicydebates,rigorousempiricalscrutinyofLijpharf’sclaimhasbeenlimited.Numerousscholarshaveinvestigatedtheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariables.Mostofthesestudies,however,facemethodologicalshortcomingsbecausetheyarebasedonrelativelysimplecross-sectionalregressionwithoutaconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference,orbecausetheyrelyoninstrumentalvariablesbasedonexogenous“shocks”toturnout(e.g.weatherevents)thatarenotrelevanttohowthelevelofvoterturnoutinfluencedbywhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatoryaffectselectoralandpolicyoutcomes.

Tworecentstudiesaddressthesemethodologicalconcerns.Fowler(2013)estimatesthecausaleffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotinginAustraliaonelectionoutcomesandpensionspending.Similarly,Bechtel,Hangartner,andSchmid(2013)examinetheeffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotingintheSwisscantonofVaudontheresultsoffederalreferendums.Bothstudiesuseanimportantchangeinthevotingruleasleverageforcausalinference,effectivelyexaminingthecounterfactualquestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknowthatthispaperistodiscuss___.

2.Mr.ArendLijphartholdsthefollowingviewbut___.

3.Theweakpointofthestudiesabouttheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariablesisthat___.

4.WhichstatementaboutthestudiesofFowlerandBechtel,Hangartner,andSchmidisNOTtrue?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.normativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizens

B.policydebatesinavarietyofcountries

C.whethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality

D.thephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenhaveequalweightinvoting

B.Classbiasisthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy

C.Lowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout

D.Compulsoryvotinghasitspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theyarerelativelysimple

B.theyrelyoninstrumentalvariables

C.theydonotdistinguishwhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatory

D.thereisnoconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarebothpublishedin2013.

B.Theybothexaminedtheinfluenceofcompulsoryvotingonelectionoutcomes.

C.Theyaddressthemethodologicalconcerns.

D.Theybothexaminethequestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.（為了解決這一問題，本文著重研究強(qiáng)制投票現(xiàn)象——強(qiáng)制公民參與的法律要求。具體來說，通過關(guān)注委內(nèi)瑞拉廢除強(qiáng)制投票的罕見案例，我們研究強(qiáng)制投票是否減少了收入不平等）可知選C選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)制投票是否減少了收入不平等”，原文所說的是強(qiáng)制公民參與的法律要求而不是D選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)制投票現(xiàn)象”；第一段Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation（這些問題是關(guān)于民主國(guó)家中公民權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)范辯論的中心，也是各種國(guó)家中關(guān)于國(guó)家應(yīng)該采取何種行動(dòng)來鼓勵(lì)選舉參與的當(dāng)代政策辯論的中心）是為了引出下文，并不是文章討論的主要內(nèi)容，A選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于公民權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)范性辯論”錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“不同國(guó)家的政策辯論”不符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Mr.ArendLijphart”定位到第二段ForLijphart,classbias—“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence...notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens...andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”—isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.（利吉哈特認(rèn)為，階級(jí)偏見——“代表和影響的不平等……不是隨機(jī)分布的，而是系統(tǒng)地偏向于更有特權(quán)的公民……反對(duì)弱勢(shì)公民”——是民主的核心“未解決的困境”）可知A選項(xiàng)“在民主國(guó)家，每個(gè)公民的偏好在投票中都有同等的權(quán)重”錯(cuò)誤，根據(jù)原文Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentativesanddeterminingpolicy.（這一論點(diǎn)的規(guī)范基礎(chǔ)