考研考博-英語-華中科技大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-華中科技大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Workingwiththementallyhandicappedrequiresconsiderable（）ofpatience;andunderstanding.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.means

B.stocks

C.provisions

D.resources

【答案】D

【解析】本題考查名詞辨析題。means“方法；手段”；stocks“股份；庫存”；provisions“規(guī)定；條款”；resources“資源；物力”，此處resourcesofpatience表示“全部的耐心”的意思，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。句意為：與精神上有缺陷的人工作需要拿出所有的耐心和理解。

2.單選題

Inspiteofthe（

）economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.gloomy

B.miserable

C.shadowy

D.obscure

【答案】A

【解析】考查近義詞辨析。gloomy“慘淡”miserable“悲慘的，痛苦的”；shadowy“模糊的”；obscure“晦澀的，不清楚的”。inspiteof表示轉(zhuǎn)折，句子意思為：盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)前景不景氣，但是制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)量略有上漲。選項(xiàng)A符題意。

3.單選題

Heresented（

）towait.Heexpectedtheminister（

）

himatonce.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tobeasked,tosee

B.beingasked,tosee

C.tobeasked,seeing

D.beingasked,seeing

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：他憎恨等待。他希望總理馬上見他。resented后面一般直接接名詞或者動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式；expect后面一般接不定式，所以答案選B。

4.單選題

Thedifferenceintoneandlanguagemuststrikeus,assoonasitisphilosophythatspeaks:thatchangeshouldremindusthatevenifthefunctionofreligionandthatofreasoncoincide.Thisfunctionisperformedinthetwocasesbyverydifferentorgans.Religionsaremany,reasonone.Religionconsistsofconsciousideas,hopes,enthusiasms,andobjectsofworship;itoperatesbygraceandflourishesbyprayer.Reason,ontheotherhand,isamereprincipleorpotentialorder,onwhichindeedwemaycometoreflectbutwhichexistsinusideallyonly,withoutvariationorstressofanykind.Weconformordonotconformtoit;itdoesnoturgeorchideus,notcallforanyemotionsonourpartotherthanthosenaturallyarousedbythevariousobjectswhichitunfoldsintheirtruenatureandproportion.Religionbringssomeorderintolifebyweightingitwithnewmaterials.Reasonaddstothenaturalmaterialsonlytheperfectorderwhichitintroducesintothem.Rationalityisnothingbutaform,anideal.constitutionwhichexperiencemaymoreorlessembody.Religionisapartofexperienceitself,amassofsentimentsandideas.Theoneisaninviolateprinciple,theotherachangingandstrugglingforce.Andyetthisstrugglingandchangingforceofreligionseemstodirectmantowardsomethingeternal.Itseemstomakeforanultimateharmonywithinthesoulandforanultimateharmonybetweenthesoulandallthatthesouldependsupon.Religion,initsintentisamoreconsciousanddirectpursuitoftheLifeofReasonthanissociety.Science,orart,fortheseapproachandfillouttheideallifetentativelyandpiecemeal,hardlyregardingthefoalorcaringfortheultimatejustificationoftheinstinctiveaims.Religionalsohasaninstinctiveandblindsideandbubblesupinallmannerofchancepracticesandintuitions;soon,however,itfeelsitswaytowardtheheartorthings,andfromwhateverquarteritmaycome,veersinthedirectionoftheultimate.

Nevertheless,wemustconfessthatthisreligiouspursuitoftheLifeofReasonhasbeensingularlyabortive.Thosewithinthepaleofeachreligionmayprevailuponthemselves,toexpresssatisfactionwithitsresults,thankstoafondpartialityinreadingthepastandgenerousdraughtsofhopeforthefuture;butanyoneregardingthevariousreligionsatonceandcomparingtheirachievementswithwhatreasonrequires,mustfeelhowterribleisthedisappointmentwhichtheyhaveoneandallpreparedformankind.Theirchiefanxietyhasbeentoofferimaginaryremediesformortalills,someofwhichareincurableessentially,whileothersmighthavebeenreallycuredbywell-directedeffort.TheGreedoracles,forinstance,pretendedtohealoutnaturalignorance,whichhasitsappropriatethoughdifficultcure,whiletheChristianvisionofheavenpretendedtobeanantidotetoournaturaldeath—theinevitablecorrelateofbirthandofachangingandconditionedexistence.Bymethodsofthissortlittlecanbedonefortherealbettermentoflife.Toconfuseintelligenceanddislocatesentimentbygratuitousfictionsisashort-sightedwayofpursuinghappiness.Natureissoonavenged.Anunhealthyexaltationandaone-sidedmoralityhavetobefollowedbyregrettablereactions.Whenthesecome.Therealrewardsoflifemayseemvaintoarelaxedvitality,andtheverynameofvirtuemayirritateyoungspiritsuntrainedinnaturalexcellence.Thusreligiontoooftendebauchesthemoralityitcomestosanctionandimpedesthescienceitoughttofulfill.

Whatisthesecretofthisineptitude?Whydoesreligion,soneartorationalityinitspurpose,fallsoshortofitinresults?Theansweriseasy;religionpursuesrationalitythroughtheimagination.Whenitexplainseventsorassignscauses,itisanimaginativesubstituteforscience.Whenitgivesprecepts,insinuatesideals,orremoldsaspiration,itisanimaginativesubstituteforwisdom—Imeanforthedeliberateandimpartialpursuitofallfood.Theconditionandtheaimsoflifearebothrepresentedinreligionpoetically,butthispoetrytendstoarrogatetoitselfliteraltruthandmoralauthority,neitherofwhichitpossesses.Hencethedepthandimportanceofreligionbecomesintelligiblenolessthanitscontradictionsandpracticaldisasters.Itsobjectisthesameasthatofreason,butitsmethodistoproceedbyintuitionandbyuncheckedpoeticalconceits.

1.Asusedinthepassage,theauthorwoulddefine"wisdom"as（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,sciencediffersfromreligioninthat（

）.

4.Theauthorstatesthatreligiondiffersfromrationalityinthat（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,thepursuitofreligionhasprovedtobe（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thepursuitofrationalitythroughimagination.

B.anunemotionalsearchforthetruth.

C.apurposefulandunbiasedquestforwhatisbest.

D.ashort-sightedwayofpursuinghappiness

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Religionseeksthetruththroughimagination,reason.Initssearch,utilizestheemotions.

B.Religionhasprovedanineffectivetoolinsolvingman’sproblems.

C.Scienceseeksapiecemealsolutiontoman’squestions.

D.Thefunctionsofphilosophyandreasonarethesame.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itisunawareofultimategoals.

B.itisunimaginative.

C.itsfindingsareexactandfinal.

D.itresemblessocietyandart.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.itreliesonintuitionratherthanreasoning.

B.itisnotconcernedwiththeultimatejustificationofitsinstinctiveaims.

C.ithasdisappointedmankind.

D.ithasinspiredmankind.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.imaginative

B.aproviderofhopeforthefuture

C.ahighlyintellectualactivity

D.ineffectual

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。最后一段指出:宗教是通過想象來追逐理性，當(dāng)它解釋事件或闡明原因時(shí)，以虛構(gòu)的想象來取代科學(xué)，當(dāng)它訓(xùn)誡，暗示理想或者重塑抱負(fù)時(shí)，以想象代替智慧——智慧的意思是指有意識(shí)而又公正的追求一切好東西。故選C。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。參照第一段的第4句話，“不論我們是否遵循理性，它不會(huì)催促或責(zé)備我們，除了以事物的本來面目和比例揭示各種事物而自然而然的激起我們的感情，它并不需要我們付出任何感情?！奔蠢硇允欠歉星榈?。因此A項(xiàng)“宗教通過想象力尋求真理，而理性的探索卻運(yùn)用感情”是不正確的。

3.細(xì)節(jié)題。參考第一段倒數(shù)第二句話:(宗教)無視目的，也不管其本能的目標(biāo)是否最終證明正確,故選A。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。參考第一段中:宗教的掙扎與不斷變化的力量似乎促使人追求某種永恒的東西，它似乎追求靈魂的最終和諧以及靈魂與靈魂所依賴的一起事物之間的永恒的和諧。因此D項(xiàng)(它激起人類情感)正確。

5.態(tài)度方向。第二段指出：我們得承認(rèn)宗教追求理性生活一直是流產(chǎn)了（很失敗）。故選D項(xiàng)(無效)。

5.單選題

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA，“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.’’

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.

1.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin（）.

2.Theword“gizmos”(Line2，Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan（）.

4.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso（）.

5.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction

B.thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry

C.theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork

D.theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork2.Theword“gizmos”(Line2，Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans（）.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.programs

B.experts

C.devices

D.creatures3.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan（）.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery

B.interactwithhumanbeingsverbally

C.havealittlecommonsense

D.respondindependentlytoachangingworld4.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso（）.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.makeafewdecisionsforthemselves

B.dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention

C.improvefactoryenvironments

D.cultivatehumancreativity.5.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare（）.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure

B.abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately

C.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation

D.bestusedinacontrolledenvironment

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：人類的創(chuàng)造性最初表現(xiàn)在_________。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“Humaningenuity”和“initially”可以定位到文章第一段開頭Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring，burdensome,orjustplainnasty.（從人類產(chǎn)生智慧初期至今，人們一直在設(shè)計(jì)越來越巧妙的工具來應(yīng)付那些危險(xiǎn)的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是骯臟的工作。），可知，C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)明工具以處理困難和危險(xiǎn)的工作”，符合題意。由于講的是最初的創(chuàng)造力，因此可以排除A選項(xiàng)“用機(jī)器來創(chuàng)作科幻小說”，B選項(xiàng)“制造業(yè)對(duì)機(jī)器的廣泛使用”和D選項(xiàng)“精英人士對(duì)危險(xiǎn)和枯燥的工作的巧妙的處理”。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是C選項(xiàng)。

2.詞義辨析題。題干：?jiǎn)卧~“gizmos”（第二段第一行）最有可能的意思是_________。由題干定位到文章第二段第一句話Asaresult，themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.（由此引起的結(jié)果是，現(xiàn)代世界已經(jīng)充斥著越來越多的智能____，盡管我們幾乎都注意不到它們，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞力。），然后作者提及到了“工廠機(jī)械手”、“自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)”以及“機(jī)器人駕駛員”等等。由此我們可以認(rèn)定這些設(shè)施都是對(duì)“gizmo”的舉例和解釋。而這幾樣?xùn)|西具有一個(gè)共同的特征，即它們都是“工具”。相比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有C選項(xiàng)“設(shè)備”最合適。A選項(xiàng)“程序”，B選項(xiàng)“專家”和D選項(xiàng)“生物”，均不符合題意。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是C選項(xiàng)。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：根據(jù)本文，現(xiàn)在超越人類能力范圍的是設(shè)計(jì)一種能________的機(jī)器人。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段最后一句話wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.（我們現(xiàn)在還沒法設(shè)計(jì)出能有足夠的常識(shí)去應(yīng)付一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)世界的機(jī)器人。），因?yàn)樵摼渲械摹癲ynamic”就是“動(dòng)態(tài)的、變化的”意思，因此我們可以判定選項(xiàng)D“對(duì)一個(gè)變化的世界獨(dú)立應(yīng)付”是可以目前不能做到，D選項(xiàng)符合題意。而C選項(xiàng)“有一些常識(shí)”，是可以做到的。第二段末尾提到therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy（已經(jīng)有一些機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)可以進(jìn)行精確到亞毫米的腦部和骨骼手術(shù)。），可知A選項(xiàng)“完成諸如腦手術(shù)這樣的精細(xì)的工作”，是可以做到的，排除。第二段第三句話Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction（我們的銀行業(yè)務(wù)是在自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)完成的，它們會(huì)機(jī)械地、禮貌地感謝我們的服務(wù)。），所以現(xiàn)在的機(jī)器人例如自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)可以進(jìn)行口頭交流，B選項(xiàng)“與人類進(jìn)行口頭交流”，排除。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是D選項(xiàng)。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：除了減少人類勞動(dòng)，機(jī)器人還能夠_________。尋找機(jī)器人還能夠從事什么工作，這就需要對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較，尋找答案。A選項(xiàng)提到機(jī)器人能夠?yàn)樽约鹤鰩讉€(gè)決策，通過“decision”這個(gè)單詞可以定位到第三段第一句話Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves.（但是如果機(jī)器人要進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段，他們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行，并且至少能夠獨(dú)立地做一些決定。），這句話表明，目前機(jī)器人還不能獨(dú)立做一些決定，所以A選項(xiàng)排除。通過第三段第二句話Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror（雖然我們知道如何讓機(jī)器人去糾正一個(gè)特定的錯(cuò)誤），可知，B選項(xiàng)“通過人類干預(yù)處理一些錯(cuò)誤”，符合題意。由最后一段第二句話Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.（他們已經(jīng)制造出能夠在受控的工廠環(huán)境中識(shí)別出一毫米以內(nèi)的機(jī)器誤差的機(jī)器人。），可知機(jī)器人是受環(huán)境控制的，所以C選項(xiàng)“改善工廠環(huán)境”不正確。D選項(xiàng)“培養(yǎng)人的創(chuàng)造性”，機(jī)器人的性能應(yīng)該是由人培養(yǎng)的，所以D選項(xiàng)的說法不正確。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是B選項(xiàng)。

5.作者意圖題。題干：作者使用猴子的例子，為的是說機(jī)器人_________。最后一段提到Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.（但人們看一眼迅速變化的場(chǎng)景就能夠迅速的排除98%的不相干信息，立即把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路邊的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一張可疑的臉。地球上最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)也無法達(dá)到這種能力。），由此可知，機(jī)器人、人工智能，雖然能為人類做很多工作，但與人的大腦智能、感知能力相比，還相差甚遠(yuǎn)。所以C選項(xiàng)“在聚焦相關(guān)信息方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如人類”，描述正確。A選項(xiàng)“被期望復(fù)制人腦內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)”，B選項(xiàng)“能夠立即覺察到不正常情況”，D選項(xiàng)“最適合在受控環(huán)境下使用”，均不是作者舉例子的意圖。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是C選項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

Hisfacegavehim______whenhetoldalie.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.off

B.up

C.away

D.out

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項(xiàng)off“離開，脫掉”，giveoff表示“發(fā)出（光等），長(zhǎng)出（枝、杈等）”；B項(xiàng)up“向上，上漲”，giveup表示“放棄”；C項(xiàng)away“離去，離開”，giveaway表示“贈(zèng)送，喪失，泄露”；D項(xiàng)out“向外，室外”，giveout表示“分發(fā)，發(fā)出”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞hisface“他的面部”和whenhetoldalie“當(dāng)他說謊時(shí)”可知，空格部分表示“泄露”，C項(xiàng)符合語境。句意：他說謊時(shí)，臉上的表情出賣了他。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Thecriticismfromthepublichas（

）thisnovel.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.eclipsed

B.avenged

C.baffled

D.broadened

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：公眾的批評(píng)使這部小說黯然失色。故選A。

8.單選題

Evidence,reference,andfootnotesbythethousandtestifytoascrupulousresearcherwhodoesconsiderablejusticetoafullrangeofdifferenttheoreticalandpoliticalpositions.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.trustworthy

B.intelligent

C.diligent

D.meticulous

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。scrupulous指小心謹(jǐn)慎的。trustworthy可靠的，可信賴的；intelligent聰明的；diligent用功的，費(fèi)盡心思的；meticulous小心翼翼的。選項(xiàng)D與劃線部分意思最為接近。

9.翻譯題

1.Britainalmostmorethananyothercountryintheworldmostseriouslyfacetheproblemofbuildingupwards,thatistosay,ofaccommodatingaconsiderableproportionofitspopulationinhighblocksofflats.

2.ItissaidthattheEnglishmanobjectstothistypeofexistence,butifthecaseissuch,hedoesinfactdifferfromtheinhabitantsofmostcountriesoftheworldtoday.

3.Inthepastourownblocksofflatshavebeenassociatedwiththelower-incomegroupsandtheyhavelackedtheobviousprovisions,suchascentralheating,constanthotwatersupply,electricallyoperatedliftsfrombottomtothetop,andsoon,aswellassuchdetailsaseasyfacilitiesfordisposalofdustandrubbishandstorageplacesforbabycarriagesinthegroundfloor,playgroundsforchildrenonthetopofthebuildings,anddryinggroundsforwashing.

4.Itislikelythatthedisputeregardingflatsversus(對(duì)，對(duì)抗)individualhouseswillcontinuetorageonforalongtimeasfarasBritainisconcerned.

5.Thosewhoopposethebuildingofflatsbasetheircaseprimarilyontheassumptionthateveryoneprefersanindividualhomeandgarden.Theyalsoignorethehighercostofprovidingfullservicestoascatteredcommunityandthecostinbothmoneyandtimeofthejourneystowork.

【答案】1.英國(guó)幾乎比世界上其他任何國(guó)家都更加需要嚴(yán)肅對(duì)待建筑物向高空發(fā)展的問題，也就是說，要在很高的公寓樓里面容納下人口總數(shù)的一大部分的問題。

2.據(jù)說英國(guó)人反對(duì)這種居住方式，但是倘若情況如此的話，那么英國(guó)人確實(shí)不同于今天世界上大多數(shù)國(guó)家的居民。

3.過去，我們的住宅小區(qū)和低收入人群相聯(lián)系，它們?nèi)狈σ恍┍仨氃O(shè)施，比如中央供暖設(shè)備、穩(wěn)定的熱水供應(yīng)、貫通上下的電梯等等。還有一些細(xì)節(jié)之處，如灰塵和垃圾的簡(jiǎn)單處理設(shè)施，一樓的嬰兒車存放處，樓頂?shù)膬和螛穲?chǎng)，以及衣服的晾曬場(chǎng)地。

4.就英國(guó)而言，關(guān)于公寓與私人住宅的爭(zhēng)論很可能會(huì)持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。

5.那些反對(duì)建公寓的人所根據(jù)的主要理由是，他們認(rèn)為每個(gè)人都想擁有單獨(dú)的住宅和花園。他們還忽視了為分散的社區(qū)提供全面服務(wù)的較高成本，以及上班路上的金錢和時(shí)間成本。

10.單選題

I.Jurisprudence

ManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000,theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore:“Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.”

Thousandsofotherexamplescouldbecited.TheRuleofLawisseenasafragilebutcrucialideal,andonethatisappropriatelyinvokedwhenevergovernmentstrytogettheirwaybyarbitraryandoppressiveactionorbyshort-circuitingthenormsandprocedureslaiddowninacountry’slawsorconstitution.Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.

Iwouldliketoconsidertheroleofthisidealingeneraljurisprudence,thatis,intheconceptualworkthatwedoinlegalphilosophywhenwetrytoexplainwhatlawis.Iamgoingtoarguefortwopropositions:IshallarguethatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawandourunderstandingoftheconceptoflawoughttobemuchmorecloselyconnectedthantheyareinmodernjurisprudence;IshallarguealsothatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizenotjustthevalueofsettled,determinaterulesandthepredictabilitythattheymakepossible,butalsotheimportanceoftheproceduralandargumentativeaspectsoflegalpractice.

Ishallargue,moreover,thatthesetwopropositionsareconnected.ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflawwhenweunderstandtheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemesthanwhenweseeitpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.TheproceduralaspectoftheRuleofLawhelpsbringourconceptualthinkingaboutlawtolife;andanunderstandingoflegalsystemsthatemphasizesargumentinthecourtroomasmuchastheexistenceandrecognitionofrulesprovidesthebasisforamuchricherunderstandofthevaluesthattheRuleofLawcomprisesinmodernpoliticalargument.

51.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTcorrect?

52.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTanabuseoftheRuleofLaw?

53.Accordingtothe3rdparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

54.Whichstatementiscorrectaccordingtothe4thparagraph?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.JusticeStevensdidnotagreewiththemajorityoftheJustices.

B.Theyear2000wasayearwherePresidentialelectionwasheld.

C.TheJusticesknewwhotheloserwasintheelection.

D.Ateverystageofthedebate,theRuleofLawwasinvoked.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.LettingthecourtdecidethefinalresultofthePresidentialelection.

B.Arrestingsomeonewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess.

C.Agovernmentagencygivingorderstocourtsforspecificcases.

D.Puttingsomeoneintojailwithoutatrialbycourt.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thescholars’understandingoftheRuleofLawiscorrect

B.theunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizeboththesubstantiveandproceduralaspects

C.whenpeopletrytoexplainwhatlawis,theytalkabouttheRuleofLaw

D.lawsaresettled,determinaterules

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.OneshouldlookattheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemes.

B.TheRuleofLawshouldbeseenpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.

C.ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflaw.

D.UnderstandingoflawsbothasrulesandasthoseusedincourtroomshelpstounderstandtheRuleofLaw.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】51.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段theRuleofLawwasinvokedateachstageonallsidesofeveryissue,culminatinginthefamousdissentbyJusticeStevensinBushv.Gore（每一個(gè)階段，每個(gè)問題的各方都援引了《法治》，最終以大法官史蒂文斯在布什訴戈?duì)柊钢刑岢龅闹愖h告終），結(jié)合法律知識(shí)，此處的異議是指案外人對(duì)執(zhí)行標(biāo)的提出不同的意見，而不是大法官史蒂文斯不同意大多數(shù)人的意見，A選項(xiàng)“法官史蒂文斯不同意大多數(shù)法官的意見”和原文不符，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“辯論的每一階段都援引了《法治》”符合原文；第一段ManyreaderswillrememberthatduringtheelectoraldebacleinFloridain2000…（許多讀者會(huì)記得2000年佛羅里達(dá)選舉失敗時(shí)的情形……）可知2000年正在進(jìn)行總統(tǒng)選舉，B選項(xiàng)“2000年是總統(tǒng)選舉舉行的一年”符合原文；第一段Althoughwemayneverknowwithcompletecertaintytheidentityofthewinnerofthisyear’sPresidentialelection,theidentityoftheloserisperfectlyclear.ItistheNation’sconfidenceinthejudgeasanimpartialguardianoftheRuleofLaw.（盡管我們可能永遠(yuǎn)無法完全確定今年總統(tǒng)選舉的贏家是誰，但輸家的身份是非常清楚的。這是國(guó)家對(duì)法官作為法治公正監(jiān)護(hù)人的信任）可知C選項(xiàng)“法官們知道誰是選舉中的失敗者”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

52.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“anabuseoftheRuleofLaw”定位到原文第二段Interferingwiththecourts,jailingsomeonewithoutlegaljustification,detainingpeoplewithoutanysafeguardsofdueprocess,manipulatingtheconstitutionforpartisanadvantage—alltheseareseenasabusesoftheRuleofLaw.（干涉法庭、在沒有法律依據(jù)的情況下監(jiān)禁某人、在沒有正當(dāng)程序保障的情況下拘留人、為黨派利益操縱憲法——所有這些都被視為對(duì)法治的濫用）可知A選項(xiàng)“讓法院決定總統(tǒng)選舉的最終結(jié)果”，B選項(xiàng)“在沒有任何正當(dāng)程序保障的情況下逮捕某人”，D選項(xiàng)“未經(jīng)法庭審判就把某人關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄”屬于對(duì)《法治》的濫用，A選項(xiàng)屬于為黨派利益操縱憲法，法院不能直接決定總統(tǒng)選舉的結(jié)果。C選項(xiàng)“針對(duì)特定案件向法院下達(dá)命令的政府機(jī)構(gòu)”不屬于原文所提到的對(duì)《法治》的濫用。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

53.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段IshallarguealsothatourunderstandingoftheRuleofLawshouldemphasizenotjustthevalueofsettled,determinaterulesandthepredictabilitythattheymakepossible,butalsotheimportanceoftheproceduralandargumentativeaspectsoflegalpractice.（我還認(rèn)為，我們對(duì)《法治》的理解不僅應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)既定的、確定的規(guī)則的價(jià)值和它們使之成為可能的可預(yù)測(cè)性，而且還應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)法律實(shí)踐的程序和辯論方面的重要性）可知作者認(rèn)為對(duì)《法治》的理解還應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)體和程序兩個(gè)方面，選B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)法治的理解應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)體和程序兩個(gè)方面”，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“法律是既定的，確定的規(guī)則”不符合原文，原文只是說不僅應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)既定的，確定的規(guī)則，不能過度推測(cè)出法律是既定的，確定的規(guī)則；A選項(xiàng)“學(xué)者們對(duì)法治的理解是正確的”和C選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)人們?cè)噲D解釋什么是法律時(shí)，他們談?wù)摰氖欠ㄖ巍钡谌挝瓷婕?，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

54.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第四段ItismucheasiertograsptheconnectionbetweentheRuleofLawandtheconceptoflawwhenweunderstandtheRuleofLawatleastpartlyintermsofproceduralandargumentativethemesthanwhenweseeitpurelyintermsofdeterminacyandpredictability.（當(dāng)我們至少部分地從程序性和辯論性的主題來理解《法治》時(shí)，要比單純地從確定性和可預(yù)見性來理解法治時(shí)，更容易理解法治與法律概念之間的聯(lián)系）可知選A選項(xiàng)“人們應(yīng)該至少?gòu)某绦蚝娃q論主題的角度看《法治》”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“法治應(yīng)該純粹從確定性和可預(yù)見性的角度來看待”和原文相悖，以及C選項(xiàng)“更容易把握法治與法律概念之間的聯(lián)系”不完整；第四段andanunderstandingoflegalsystemsthatemphasizesargumentinthecourtroomasmuchastheexistenceandrecognitionofrulesprovidesthebasisforamuchricherunderstandofthevaluesthattheRuleofLawcomprisesinmodernpoliticalargument.（而對(duì)法律制度的理解，既強(qiáng)調(diào)法庭上的辯論，也強(qiáng)調(diào)規(guī)則的存在和承認(rèn)，為更豐富地理解法治在現(xiàn)代政治辯論中所包含的價(jià)值提供了基礎(chǔ)）可知同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)法庭上的辯論和規(guī)則的存在能幫助對(duì)法律制度的理解，而對(duì)法律制度的理解為了豐富地理解法治在現(xiàn)代政治辯論中所包含的價(jià)值提供了基礎(chǔ)，D選項(xiàng)“將法律理解為規(guī)則和法庭上使用的規(guī)則有助于理解《法治》”和原文有偏差，排除。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

These99pearlsandjewelsareworthalotofmoney,（

）andcollectively.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.individually

B.independently

C.irrespectively

D.separately

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)individually“單獨(dú)的，單個(gè)的”；B選項(xiàng)independently“獨(dú)立的，自立的”；C選項(xiàng)irrespectively“無關(guān)地，不考慮地”；D選項(xiàng)separately“分別地；分離地”。填入一個(gè)意義與collectively“全體地”相反的副詞做狀語，individually“單獨(dú)的，單個(gè)的”最合適，句意為：這99顆珍珠和寶石，單個(gè)和加在一起，都值很多錢。故答案選A。

12.單選題

Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thewoman’searningsovertheyears.

B.Thekeytorunningashopatalowcost.

C.Thebusinesssuccessofthewoman’sshop.

D.Thewoman’srelationshipwithothershops.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Keepdownitsexpenses.

B.Improveitscustomerservice.

C.Expanditsbusinessscale.

D.Upgradethegoodsitsells.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyareingreatdemand.

B.Theyaredeliveredfreeofcharge.

C.Theyareverypopularwiththelocalresidents.

D.Theyaresoldatlowerpricesthaninothershops.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Tomaintainfriendlyrelationshipswithothershops.

B.Toavoidbeingputoutofbusinessincompetition.

C.Toattractmorecustomersintheneighborhood.

D.Tofollowthecustomofthelocalshopkeepers.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】ConversationTwo

M:[5]Yousayyourshophasbeendoingwell.Couldyougivemesomeideaofwhatdoingwellmeansinfactsandfigures?

W:Well,doingwellmeansaveraging1,200poundsormoreaweekforabout7years,makingalmostaquarterofamillionpounds.Anddoingwellmeansyourearningsarerising.Lastyearwedidslightlyover50,000andthisyearwehopetodomorethan60,000.Sothat’sgoodifwecontinuetorise.

M:Nowthat’sgrowthonearningsIassume.Whataboutyourexpenses?

W:Yes,that’sgrowth.Theexpensesofcoursegoupsteadily.Andsincewe’vemovedtothisnewshop,theexpenseshaveincreasedgreatlybecauseit’samuchbiggershop.SoIcouldn’tsayexactlywhatourexpensesare.There’ssomethingintheregionof6or7thousandpoundsayear,whichisnothigh—commerciallyspeaking,it’sverylow.[6]Andwetrytokeepourexpensesaslowaswecan.

M:[7]Andyourpricesaremuchlowerthanthesamegoodsinshopsroundabout.Howdothelocalshopkeepersfeelabouthavingashopdoingsowellintheirmidst?

W:Perhapsalotofthemdon’trealizehowwellwe’redoingbecausewedon’tmakeapointofpublicizing.Thatwasalessonwe’velearnedveryearlyon.Wewereveryfriendlywithalllocalshop-keepersandwehavebeentomentiontoalocalshopkeeperhowmuchwehavemadethatweek.Hewasveryunhappyandneverasfriendlyagain.Sowemakeapointofneverpublicizingtheamountofthemoneywemake.Butwe’reonverygoodtermswithalltheshops;noneofthemhaveevercomplainedthatwe’reputtingthemoutofbusinessoranythinglikethat.Ithinkit’sanicefunnyrelationship.[8]Maybeiftheydidknowwhatwemade,perhapstheywouldn’tbesofriendly.

5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】題目問說話者主要談?wù)摰氖鞘裁?？在錄音開頭，男士就問女士能否用事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)來說明她的店鋪經(jīng)營(yíng)良好。接下來女士從盈利、開支、與其他店主之間的關(guān)系三方面進(jìn)行闡述。C選項(xiàng)“女士店鋪的成功經(jīng)營(yíng)”最能概括對(duì)話的主要內(nèi)容，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“這些年女士的收入”和D選項(xiàng)“女士與其他店鋪的關(guān)系”雖然在錄音中有提及，但只是女士在講述其店鋪經(jīng)營(yíng)時(shí)的一些具體方面，并不是對(duì)話的主題，因此可排除；B選項(xiàng)“低成本經(jīng)營(yíng)店鋪的關(guān)鍵因素”在錄音中并沒有信息提及。

6.Whatdoesthewomansayhershoptriestodo?

【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題目問女士說她的店鋪試圖做什么？男士問到女士店鋪的開支時(shí)，女士提到其店鋪在該地區(qū)一年要支出6000至7000英鎊，但其實(shí)并不算多，接著還說他們會(huì)盡可能降低開支（wetrytokeepourexpensesaslowaswecan）。A選項(xiàng)“降低其開支”是對(duì)錄音原文的同義替換，因此正確