考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南開(kāi)大學(xué)濱海學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南開(kāi)大學(xué)濱海學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Investigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkey’saggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkey’ssocialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,and,ingeneral,attimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholding,offoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintergroupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinteranimalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevermoreseriousaggression.Whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorder,inthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith________.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkey’sbehavior?

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause________.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto________.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators1theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

D.examiningtheeffectsofcompetitiononmonkey’ssocialbehavior

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

B.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-termaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

C.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

D.Fooddeprivationdecreasestheintensitybutnotthefrequencyofaggressiveincidentsamongmonkeys.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysarepotentiallyaggressive,yettheyliveinsocialunitsthatcouldnotfunctionwithoutcontroloftheiraggressiveimpulses

D.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanother

D.preventaggressivecompetitionforincentivesbetweenthatgroupandanother

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith________.本文作者主要關(guān)注的是________。

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehaviorA.提出了改變猴子社會(huì)行為的新方法

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeysB.比較幾種研究猴子攻擊性的方法

C.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators1theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeysC.討論研究人員關(guān)于猴子間攻擊性的理論的發(fā)展

D.examiningtheeffectsofcompetitiononmonkey’ssocialbehaviorD.考查競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)猴子社會(huì)行為的影響

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】文章第一段講述研究人員對(duì)猴子間的攻擊性很感興趣（struckbymonkey’saggressivepotential），并且展開(kāi)調(diào)查（firstinvestigations）；第二段講述研究人員最初的觀點(diǎn)（Investigatorsinitiallybelieved），這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)在實(shí)驗(yàn)中（experimentslikeSouthwick’s）受到質(zhì)疑（doubted）；第三段講述對(duì)野生動(dòng)物和靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)群體攻擊性的研究（Studies）和得到的證據(jù)（evidence）；第四段解釋研究結(jié)果（Thesestudiesofintruderssuggest）。綜上所述，本文圍繞研究猴子間攻擊性的過(guò)程為中心展開(kāi)討論，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“提出了改變猴子社會(huì)行為的新方法”：文中沒(méi)有提到此新方法，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“比較幾種研究猴子攻擊性的方法”：文中沒(méi)有對(duì)這些方法進(jìn)行比較，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“考查競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)猴子社會(huì)行為的影響”：競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是文章的部分內(nèi)容，不能概括全文，屬于以偏概全。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkey’sbehavior?以下哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最恰當(dāng)?shù)乜偨Y(jié)了文章中缺乏食物對(duì)猴子行為影響的發(fā)現(xiàn)？

A.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.A.缺乏食物會(huì)增強(qiáng)猴子的攻擊性，因?yàn)榧ぐl(fā)攻擊性的最有力刺激之一是對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

B.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-termaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.B.在實(shí)驗(yàn)室環(huán)境中，缺乏食物可能會(huì)增強(qiáng)猴子的長(zhǎng)期攻擊性，但在野生環(huán)境中只會(huì)導(dǎo)致暫時(shí)的增強(qiáng)。

C.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.C.缺乏食物可能會(huì)暫時(shí)增強(qiáng)猴子之間的攻擊性，但也會(huì)導(dǎo)致沖突的減少。

D.Fooddeprivationdecreasestheintensitybutnotthefrequencyofaggressiveincidentsamongmonkeys.D.缺乏食物降低了猴子攻擊事件的強(qiáng)度，但沒(méi)有降低頻率。

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞fooddeprivation定位到第二段倒數(shù)一、二句，該處講到“減少空間或不給猴子喂食（withholding），只能暫時(shí)增強(qiáng)（temporaryincreases）猴子群體內(nèi)部的攻擊性。事實(shí)上（Indeed），缺乏食物不僅沒(méi)有增強(qiáng)攻擊性（failedtoincreaseaggression），而且在某些情況下實(shí)際上導(dǎo)致了攻擊頻率的降低（decreasedfrequenciesofaggression）?！?，結(jié)合第三段第一句“對(duì)極端缺乏食物條件下的野生動(dòng)物的研究同樣表明（likewiserevealed），饑餓的猴子幾乎沒(méi)有剩余的能量用于攻擊性互動(dòng)（littleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction）?！?，可知缺乏食物可能會(huì)在短期增強(qiáng)攻擊性，但會(huì)導(dǎo)致沖突減少，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“缺乏食物會(huì)增強(qiáng)猴子的攻擊性，因?yàn)榧ぐl(fā)攻擊性的最有力刺激之一是對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”：對(duì)應(yīng)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的激勵(lì)作用開(kāi)始受到懷疑（themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubted）”，可知這里的激勵(lì)作用受到質(zhì)疑，不是真實(shí)的，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“在實(shí)驗(yàn)室環(huán)境中，缺乏食物可能會(huì)增強(qiáng)猴子的長(zhǎng)期攻擊性，但在野生環(huán)境中只會(huì)導(dǎo)致暫時(shí)的增強(qiáng)”：缺乏食物在長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，會(huì)降低攻擊性，對(duì)于野生環(huán)境同樣適用，屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“缺乏食物降低了猴子攻擊事件的強(qiáng)度，但沒(méi)有降低頻率”：對(duì)應(yīng)第二段最后一句“缺乏食物在某些情況下實(shí)際上導(dǎo)致了攻擊頻率的降低（decreasedfrequenciesofaggression）”，可知降低了攻擊頻率，屬于反向干擾。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause________.這篇文章表明，猴子社會(huì)行為的研究人員對(duì)猴子的攻擊性行為特別感興趣，因?yàn)開(kāi)_______。

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeysA.攻擊性是猴子最常見(jiàn)的社會(huì)行為

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroupB.為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)決定了猴群中的社會(huì)秩序

C.mostmonkeysarepotentiallyaggressive,yettheyliveinsocialunitsthatcouldnotfunctionwithoutcontroloftheiraggressiveimpulsesC.大多數(shù)猴子具有潛在的攻擊性，然而，它們生活在社會(huì)群體中，如果不控制它們的攻擊性沖動(dòng)，社會(huì)群體就不能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

D.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthemD.大多數(shù)猴子是群居的，但它們經(jīng)常對(duì)進(jìn)入已存在的社會(huì)群體的新來(lái)者進(jìn)行攻擊

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞interestedinaggressivebehavior定位到第一段第一句，該處講到“研究猴子社會(huì)行為的研究人員一直被猴子的潛在攻擊性（monkey’saggressivepotential）以及隨之而來(lái)的對(duì)其攻擊性行為進(jìn)行社會(huì)控制的需要（needforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior）所吸引（struck）”，可知研究人員猴子的攻擊性行為感興趣的原因是，它們具有潛在的攻擊性，并且需要控制攻擊沖動(dòng)，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“攻擊性是猴子最常見(jiàn)的社會(huì)行為”：文中沒(méi)有提到猴子最常見(jiàn)的社會(huì)行為是攻擊性行為，屬于無(wú)中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)決定了猴群中的社會(huì)秩序”：文中沒(méi)有提到為了得到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)決定了猴群中的社會(huì)秩序，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)猴子是群居的，但它們經(jīng)常對(duì)進(jìn)入現(xiàn)有的社會(huì)群體的新來(lái)者進(jìn)行攻擊”：對(duì)應(yīng)第三段倒數(shù)第二句“引發(fā)攻擊的最有效刺激之一（mostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggression）是將入侵者引入一個(gè)有組織的群體”以及第四段第二句“當(dāng)一只新動(dòng)物進(jìn)入一個(gè)已存在的社會(huì)組織時(shí)，新來(lái)者會(huì)遇到更嚴(yán)重的攻擊（thenewcomermeetsevermoreseriousaggression）?！保芍@是在說(shuō)猴子在什么時(shí)候最具有攻擊性，而不是研究人員對(duì)猴子的攻擊性感興趣的原因，屬于偷換概念。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto________.從文章中可以推斷出，為了________，在一群猴子中建立和維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序必不可少。

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroupsA.防止猴子走失并加入其他群體

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembersB.控制群體成員的攻擊性行為

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanotherC.防止一個(gè)群體被另一個(gè)群體控制

D.preventaggressivecompetitionforincentivesbetweenthatgroupandanotherD.防止不同群體之間為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)而激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞socialorder定位到第四段第一句，該處講到“必須建立社會(huì)秩序以控制動(dòng)物之間的關(guān)系（controlinteranimalrelationships）”，結(jié)合該段第三句“在第二種有社會(huì)制度的情況下，群體中的動(dòng)物則會(huì)圍攻新來(lái)者，從而在開(kāi)始便將新來(lái)者驅(qū)逐出現(xiàn)有的社會(huì)群體（initiallyexcludingthenewanimal）。”，可知建立和維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序是為了不讓猴子加入外部族群，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“控制群體成員的攻擊性行為”：屬于無(wú)中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“防止一個(gè)群體被另一個(gè)群體控制”：文中沒(méi)有提到群體之間的控制，屬于無(wú)中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“防止不同群體之間為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)而激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”：文中沒(méi)有提到群體之間因?yàn)楠?jiǎng)勵(lì)而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，屬于無(wú)中生有。

2.單選題

Thatyoungwomantherewas

ashopassistant;sheisnowamanagerinoursupermarket.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.before

B.preliminarily

C.formally

D.formerly

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。Before“以前，過(guò)去”；preliminarily“初步地”；formally“正式地”；formerly“以前，原來(lái)”。句意：那個(gè)女人之前是店員；現(xiàn)在成了一家超市的經(jīng)理。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.單選題

Willyouplease（）thisarticletoseeifthereisanymisprint?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.lookup

B.goover

C.dwellon

D.workout

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。lookup“查閱，拜訪(fǎng)”；goover“復(fù)習(xí)，仔細(xì)檢查”；dwellon“詳述，細(xì)想”；workout“解決，算出，鍛煉”。根據(jù)下半句的內(nèi)容“看看是否有打印錯(cuò)誤”，可知應(yīng)該是仔細(xì)檢查一下這篇文章，所以選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

4.單選題

Asfarastherankandpositionisconcerned,anassociateprofessoris（

）aprofessor,thoughtheyarealmostequallyknowledgeable.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.rankedbelow

B.adjacentto

C.inherentto

D.subjectto

【答案】A

【解析】考察形容詞短語(yǔ)辨析。rankedbelow低于……，在……之下；adjacentto與……相鄰；inherentto固有的；subjectto使服從，使遭受，受制于……。句意：就職稱(chēng)地位高低而言，副教授低于教授，盡管他們幾乎具備同等的學(xué)問(wèn)知識(shí)。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

5.單選題

（）dullhemaybe,heiscertainlyaverysuccessfultopexecutive.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Although

B.Whatever

C.As

D.However

【答案】D

【解析】考查讓步狀語(yǔ)的連接詞。修飾形容詞dull的詞必須為副詞，although和as是連詞，后面接句子，因此排除A和C；whatever后面接名詞，因此排除B。howeverdullhemaybe表示不管他有多遲鈍，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Musicistheresultofthoughtintheformofattitude.Thereisnoonewayofthinking,sincemen’svaluesareasscatteredanddissimilarasindividualmenthemselves.Ifblackmusiccanbeseenastheresultofcertainattitudes,certainspecificwaysofthinkingabouttheworld,thenmybasichypothesisaboutmusicisunderstood.Theblackman’smusicchangedasthechanged,reflectingshiftingattitudesorconsistentattitudeswithinchangingcontexts.Itiswhythemusicchangingseemsmostimportanttome.

WhenjazzfirstbegantoappearontheAmericansceneduringthetwenties,inoneformoranother,itwasintroducedinmanyinstancesbywhiteAmericans.Yetitsoriginalconceptionanditsmostvitaldevelopmentweretheresultofcertainattitudes,orexperientialideas,attributabletotheAfro-Americanculture.Jazzasplayedbywhitemusicianswasnotthesameasthatplayedbyblackmusiciansnorwasthereanyreasonforittobe.Themusicofthewhitejazzmusicianwas,atitsmostprofound,alearnedart.

Theblues,forexample,whichItaketobeanindependentblackmusic,waspracticallyignoredinpre-jazzwhiteAmericanculture.Bluesisanextremelyimportantpartofjazz.However,thewayinwhichjazzutilizestheblues“attitude”providedamusicalanalogythewhitemusiciancouldunderstand,andthushecouldarriveatastyleofjazzmusic.Thewhitemusicianunderstoodthebluesfirstasmusic,butseldomasanattitude,sincetheattitudeofthewhitemusicianwasnecessarilyquiteadifferentone.Andinmanycases,itwasnotconsistentwiththemakingofjazz.

Thus,thetrumpets(小號(hào))ofBixBeiderbeckeandLouisArmstrongwereverydissimilar.Thewhitemiddle-classboyfromIowawasaninbornintellectualandhadanemotionallifethatwasbasedonhisconsciousorunconsciousdisapprovalofmostofthecustomofhisculture.Ontheotherhand,Armstrongwas,intermsofanemotionalmodel,anhonoredpriestofhisculture.Hewasnotrebellingagainstanythingwithhismusic.TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety:Beiderbecke,becauseofhisisolationanddeparturefrommassculture;andArmstrong,becauseofthesocio-historicalseparationoftheblackmanfromtherestofAmerican.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheunderlyingideaofthepassage?

2.WhatistherelationshipbetweenbluesandjazzinAmericanculture?

3.Thetoneoftheauthor’sdiscussionofthebluesis______.

4.TheauthorimpliesthatthekindsofmusicproducedbyBeiderbeckeandArmstrongdiffergreatlybecause_______.

5.InwhichofthefollowingwereBeiderbeckeandArmstrongsimilar?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Duetoenvironmentalinfluences,themusicofblackandwhiteartistsmustbeverydifferent.

B.Duetoitsresultofthought,Mackartists’musiccanbelearnedbywhitemusicians.

C.Becausejazziscreatedoninspiration,itisdifficultformusicianstocopyeachother.

D.Becausemusichassocialsignificance,itsinfluenceonblackwhiterelationsshouldnotbeunderestimated.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.JazzplacesmoreemphasisonAfro-Americanculturethandoestheblues.

B.JazzchangestheattitudesofwhitemusicianstowardAfro-Americanculture.

C.Jazzisbasedonthebluesattitude,butexpressedincomprehensiblemannerstowhitemusicians.

D.Jazzmustbeunderstoodinordertobeplayed,whereasthebluesmustbelearned.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.indifferent

B.appreciative

C.curious

D.uncertain

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theattitudesofblacksandwhitesasreflectedintheirmusicaredifferent

B.Beiderbecke’sintellectualismheldbackhisdevelopmentasamusician

C.rebellionactedasadestructiveforceonBeiderbecke’sperformance

D.ArmstrongwaswellestablishedasaperformerbutBeiderbeckewasnot

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theattitudestheybroughttotheirmusic.

B.Theirabilitytoreflectotherculturesintheirmusic.

C.Theirseparationfrommassmusic.

D.ThepositionstheycametoholdinAmericansociety.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Theblackman’smusicchangedasthechanged,reflectingshiftingattitudesorconsistentattitudeswithinchangingcontexts.Itiswhythemusicchangingseemsmostimportanttome.（黑人音樂(lè)的改變反映了在變化的環(huán)境中態(tài)度的改變或態(tài)度的一致。這就是為什么音樂(lè)的變化對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是最重要的。）”，并且最后一段作者又對(duì)比了BixBeiderbecke和LouisArmstrong不同的原因主要是成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境不同，由此可知該文章主要講的是黑人和白人藝術(shù)家的音樂(lè)由于環(huán)境的影響肯定是非常不同的，所以A選項(xiàng)“由于環(huán)境的影響，黑人和白人藝術(shù)家的音樂(lè)肯定是非常不同的”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“由于思想的結(jié)果，Mack藝術(shù)家的音樂(lè)可以被白人音樂(lè)家學(xué)習(xí)”文章沒(méi)有提到；C選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)榫羰繕?lè)是靈感創(chuàng)造的，所以音樂(lè)家們很難相互模仿”兩個(gè)分句之間不構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系；D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)橐魳?lè)有社會(huì)意義，它對(duì)黑人和白人關(guān)系的影響是不可低估的”文章沒(méi)有提及。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Bluesisanextremelyimportantpartofjazz.However,thewayinwhichjazzutilizestheblues‘a(chǎn)ttitude’providedamusicalanalogythewhitemusiciancouldunderstand,andthushecouldarriveatastyleofjazzmusic.”（布魯斯是爵士樂(lè)非常重要的一個(gè)部分，然而，爵士樂(lè)所運(yùn)用的布魯斯“態(tài)度”是白人音樂(lè)家能理解的，這樣他才創(chuàng)造了爵士樂(lè)），所以C選項(xiàng)“爵士樂(lè)是基于布魯斯的態(tài)度，但以白人音樂(lè)家可以理解的方式表達(dá)”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“爵士樂(lè)比布魯斯更強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)黑人文化”；B選項(xiàng)“爵士樂(lè)改變了白人音樂(lè)家對(duì)美國(guó)黑人文化的態(tài)度”和D選項(xiàng)“爵士樂(lè)必須理解才能演奏，而布魯斯必須學(xué)習(xí)”文章都沒(méi)有提及。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.作者意圖題。被問(wèn)到作者意圖題時(shí)，最好回到原文查看作者在提到該事物時(shí)所使用詞的感情色彩。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段，作者提到布魯斯時(shí)的詞有：independent，extremelyimportantpartof等褒義詞，所以可知他對(duì)布魯斯持贊賞態(tài)度，所以B選項(xiàng)“贊賞的，欣賞的”更能體現(xiàn)作者的態(tài)度。A選項(xiàng)“漠不關(guān)心的”；C選項(xiàng)“好奇的”；D選項(xiàng)“不確定的，沒(méi)有信心的”均不符合題意，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段結(jié)尾“Thewhitemusicianunderstoodthebluesfirstasmusic,butseldomasanattitude,sincetheattitudeofthewhitemusicianwasnecessarilyquiteadifferentone.Andinmanycases,itwasnotconsistentwiththemakingofjazz.（白人音樂(lè)家將布魯斯作為音樂(lè)來(lái)理解，而很少作為一種態(tài)度來(lái)理解，因?yàn)榘兹说膽B(tài)度和黑人是不同的。在很多情況下，這與爵士樂(lè)的發(fā)展并不一致。）”，由此可知A選項(xiàng)“黑人和白人的態(tài)度反映在他們的音樂(lè)中是不同的”說(shuō)法正確。B選項(xiàng)“貝德貝克的知性主義阻礙了他作為音樂(lè)家的發(fā)展”文中沒(méi)有提到；C選項(xiàng)“叛亂對(duì)貝德貝克的表現(xiàn)起到了破壞性的作用”是指貝德貝克和阿姆斯特朗的不同之處，不是原因；根據(jù)文章最后一段“TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety...（令人難以置信的諷刺之處在于他們都處在美國(guó)社會(huì)上層建筑的相似位置……）”可知他們都是公認(rèn)的表演者，因此D選項(xiàng)“阿姆斯特朗是公認(rèn)的表演者，但貝德貝克不是”說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章最后一段“TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety...（令人難以置信的諷刺之處在于他們都處在美國(guó)社會(huì)上層建筑的相似位置……）”由此可知他們?cè)诿绹?guó)社會(huì)的地位相同，所以D選項(xiàng)“他們?cè)诿绹?guó)社會(huì)中的地位”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“他們對(duì)音樂(lè)的態(tài)度”是他們的不同點(diǎn)；B選項(xiàng)“他們?cè)谝魳?lè)中反映其他文化的能力”和C選項(xiàng)“他們與大眾音樂(lè)的分離”文章沒(méi)有提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Manynovelsthatattempttothemirrortheworldarereally（

）oftherealitythattheyrepresent.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.reflections

B.demonstrations

C.illuminations

D.reproductions

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。reflection“反映”；demonstration“示范”；illumination“照明”；reproduction“繁殖”。句意：許多試圖向世界反映現(xiàn)實(shí)的小說(shuō)，都反映了他們所代表的現(xiàn)實(shí)。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

Parentsoftenfacedthe（）betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.junction

B.paradox

C.premise

D.dilemma

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：父母經(jīng)常面臨這樣的

：是做自己認(rèn)為對(duì)孩子發(fā)展有利的事情還是坐視孩子毫無(wú)紀(jì)律的吵鬧和破壞。

junction接合點(diǎn)，會(huì)合點(diǎn)；paradox悖論，自相矛盾的人或事；premise前提，假設(shè)；dilemma困境，進(jìn)退兩難?？崭窈笥小癰etween...and...”，因此這里說(shuō)的是父母在教育孩子時(shí)陷入進(jìn)退兩難的境況，D項(xiàng)dilemma符合句意。

9.單選題

1.Lovehastoppledkings,inspiredpoets,sparkedwars,soothedbeasts,andchangedthecourseofhistory.Itiscreditedforlife'sgreatestjoys,blamedforthemostcrushingsorrows.Andofcourse,it"makestheworldgoaround."

2.Allofwhichisnosurprisetobiologists.Theyknowthatloveiscentraltohumanexistence.Wearenotjustprogrammedforreproduction.Thecapacityforlovingemotionsisalsowrittenintoourbiochemistry,essentialifchildrenaretogrowandtothrive.Andlove'sabsencecanbedevastating.Thelossofaspouseoftenhastensdeathinolderpeople.

3.Lovebeganwithmotherhood.Formammalianyoungtosurvive,mothersmustinvestconsiderabletimeandenergyinthem.Ofcourse,thevaryinggrowthratesofmammalianspeciesrequiresomemotherstoinvestmoretimeandenergythanothers.Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.

4.Withthehelpofoxytocin(achemicalthatfostersthebondbetweenmothersandchildren),dotingmothersareabletocatertotheiroffspring'severywhimandwhimper.Whenfemalesofmostmammalianspeciesgivebirth,theirbodiesarefloodedwithoxytocin,knownsince1906asahormonethatstimulatesuterinecontractionsandallowthebreaststo"letdown"milk.Butoxytocinalsoactsasaneurotransmitter,orchemicalmessenger,thatcanguidebehavior.Withoutit,aewecannotrecognizeherownlamb.Avirginfemaleratgivenashotofoxytocinwillnuzzleanotherfemale'spups,crouchingoverthemprotectivelyasiftheywereherown.

5.Studiesofasmallrodentknownastheprairievole,acuddlyballoffur,whosematingbondoflifelongmonogamywouldputmosthumancouplestoshame,indicateoxytocinmayalsoplayaroleintheheadyfeelingsassociatedwithromance."Youjustcan'timaginehowmuchtimetheseanimalsspendtogether.Prairievolesalwayswanttobewithsomebody,"saysCarter.Thevoles'undyingdevotionistheworknotonlyofoxytocinbutalsoofarelatedhormone,vasopressin.Whensinglemaleandfemaleprairievolesmeet;theycommenceatwo-day-longboutofsexthatreleasesoxytocininthefemale'sbrain,bondinghertothemale,whoprefershismate'scompanyaboveallothers,guardinghisfamilyagainstintruderswithajealoushusband'szeal.

6.Likesomehumanplayboys,maleprairievolesseemtogetakickoutofcourtshipmixedwithdanger.CarterandcolleagueCourtneyDeVriesmadeyoung,unmatedvolesswimforthreeminutesbeforeallowingthemtomeetaprospectivemate.Theexerciseelevatedtheanimals'stresshormones,whicharealsoheightenedbyfear.Butwhilefemalesscurriedoffaftertheswimwithoutbondingtothemalesastheynormallywould,malevolesbondedfasterthanever.

7.Humanbeings—unlikerodents—arenotentirelyslavestotheirhormones.Butthebehaviorofvolesmayholdcluestowhymenandwomensometimesholddivergentviewsofsexandromance.Whilemanywomenprefercandlelightandsweettalk,menaremoreapttowelcomearollinthehayanytime,anywhere.Forsomemen(andsomewomen),sexisespeciallyenticingwhenforbidden.CarterandDeVriessuspectstresshormonescaninterferewithoxytocin'sactioninthebrain,keepingafemalevolefrombonding,andperhapspreventingmostwomenfromfindingdangersexuallyexciting.Vasopressin,incontrast,appearstoworkbetterinthepresenceofcertainstresshormones,possiblymakingdangeranaphrodisiacformanymales.

8.Passionateorplatonic,loveaffectsthewholebody,settingtheheartpounding,makingthestomachdoflip-flops,andofcourse,lightingthelionsonfire.Thesevisceralsensationsaretheworkofthevagusnerve,whichtracesameanderingpaththroughthebody,coordinatingtheactivitiesofinternalorgans,saystheUniversityofMaryland'sStephenPorges.Thevagusferriessignalsbetweenourinnardsandourbrains,conveyinginformationupwardaboutourinternalstateandsendingordersdownfromthebraintotheheart,thestomach,thelungs,andthesexorgans.

9.Withoutthevagus,saysPorges,lovewouldbeimpossible.Onepartofthenerveisevolutionarilyancient,controllingprimitivefunctionssuchassex,hunger,andfear.This"old"vagusrespondstooxytocinandservesasthepathwaybetweensexualorgansandthebrainforfeelingsofbotharousalandsatiationaftersex.ButPorgesarguesthatinmammals,newerbranchesofthevagusalsoconnectemotionalbraincenterswiththeheart,theface,andthevocalequipment,helpingtocoordinatefeelingswithfacialandverbalexpression.

10.Inotherwords,thepoetsandbardswerefightaboutonething.Theheartspeaksthelanguageoflove.AsEnglishpoetW.H.Audenwrote:"Whereloveisstrengthened,hoperestored,inheartsbychemicalaccord.Itmaynotliterallyskipabeatatthesightofone'sdesireorbreakwithsorrow,buttheheart'srhythmsareexquisitelytunedtolove."

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfrompassageaboutelephantseals?

2.Thedifferentloveritualsemployedbymenandwomencouldbeattributedtothepresenceofwhichofthefollowing?

3.WhichofthefollowingcouldbethebestanalogytothevagusnervedescribedinParagraph8?

4.Animalsequippedonlywith"old"vaguscanNOTdowhichofthefollowing?

5.Thepurposeofthelastparagraphisto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thefemalesareirresponsiblemothers.

B.Theiryoungtakelesstimetogrowupthanyoungelephants.

C.Theyhaveashorterlifespanthanelephants.

D.Theyreproducemorerapidlythanelephant.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Oxytocin.

B.Vasopressin.

C.Interactionofoxytocinandvasepressin.

D.Stresshormones.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Ahighwaybetweentwocites.

B.Airrouteslinkingmajorcitiesaroundtheworld.

C.TheWorldWideWeb.

D.CircuitslinkingtheCPUandtheaccessoriesinthecomputer.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Feelhungry.

B.Experiencefear.

C.Feelsexualarousal.

D.Faciallyexpressemotions.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.indicatethatpoetsandbardsaremostcapableofexpressinglove

B.implythatloveisexpressedthroughtheheartratherthroughthefaceorthevoice

C.givesupporttothestatementthatnewerbranchesofvagusconnecttheemotionalbraincenterstotheheart,thefaceandthevocalequipment

D.drawaconclusionbasedonthefactsinthepreviousparagraph

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干中的elephantseals可定位到文章第三段中，由Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.（一只海象在拋棄它的幼仔之前只給它喂奶了幾個(gè)星期；其他物種，包括大象、一些靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物，特別是人類(lèi)，多年來(lái)一直在關(guān)注他們的幼仔）可知B選項(xiàng)“海象的幼仔比小象花更少的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)大”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由文章第七段中的CarterandDeVriessuspectstresshormonescaninterferewithoxytocin'sactioninthebrain,keepingafemalevolefrombonding,andperhapspreventingmostwomenfromfindingdangersexuallyexciting.Vasopressin,incontrast,appearstoworkbetterinthepresenceofcertainstresshormones,possiblymakingdangeranaphrodisiacformanymales.（Carter和DeVries懷疑壓力荷爾蒙會(huì)干擾大腦中的后葉催產(chǎn)素，阻止雌性田鼠與雄性結(jié)合，可能同樣導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)女性認(rèn)為危險(xiǎn)并不具有性吸引力。相反，后葉加壓素與壓力荷爾蒙則產(chǎn)生不同的效果，可能促使多數(shù)男性認(rèn)為危險(xiǎn)具有性吸引力）可知壓力荷爾蒙與不同的激素結(jié)合，在男性和女性身上會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的效果，因此選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干：以下哪項(xiàng)可能是第8段所述迷走神經(jīng)的最佳類(lèi)比？

由文章第八段中的Thevagusferriessignalsbetweenourinnardsandourbrains,conveyinginformationupwardaboutourinternalstateandsendingordersdownfromthebraintotheheart,thestomach,thelungs,andthesexorgans.（迷走神經(jīng)在內(nèi)臟和大腦之間傳遞信號(hào)，將身體內(nèi)部狀態(tài)向上傳遞給大腦，再將大腦指令傳遞給心臟、胃、肺以及性器官）可知D選項(xiàng)“連接CPU和計(jì)算機(jī)附件的電路”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第九段中的Onepartofthenerveisevolutionarilyancient,controllingprimitivefunctionssuchassex,hunger,andfear.（迷走神經(jīng)的一部分從人類(lèi)進(jìn)化初期就出現(xiàn)，控制著性、饑餓和恐懼等原始功能）可知迷走神經(jīng)不包括面部表情，因此選D。

5.主旨大意題。由文章最后一段第一句Inotherwords（換句話(huà)說(shuō)）可知本段是對(duì)上一段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，由第九段最后一句ButPorgesarguesthatinmammals,newerbranchesofthevagusalsoconnectemotionalbraincenterswiththeheart,theface,andthevocalequipment,helpingtocoordinatefeelingswithfacialandverbalexpression.（但Porges認(rèn)為，在哺乳動(dòng)物中，迷走神經(jīng)的新分支也連接大腦情感中心與心臟、臉部、發(fā)聲器官、幫助協(xié)調(diào)感覺(jué)與面部和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)）可知C選項(xiàng)“支持一種說(shuō)法，即迷走神經(jīng)的新分支將大腦情感中心與心臟、面部和發(fā)聲器官連接起來(lái)”符合題意。

10.單選題

Storesgivenpermissiontosellfireworksallyearwillneedalicensewhichlocalauthorities______willbeabletorefuseandifnecessary.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.revolve

B.revolt

C.revoke

D.revive

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)revolve“使……旋轉(zhuǎn)”，B項(xiàng)revolt“反抗”，C項(xiàng)revoke“撤回”，D項(xiàng)revive“使復(fù)興”。根據(jù)句子意思“獲得全年銷(xiāo)售煙花許可的商店將需要一份許可證，如果必要，地方當(dāng)局將有權(quán)……該許可證?！笨赏茰y(cè)，空格部分表示“吊銷(xiāo)，撤銷(xiāo)”，C項(xiàng)最符合。句意：獲得全年銷(xiāo)售煙花許可的商店將需要一份許可證，如果必要，地方