初一升初二語法

初中英語講義第一講名詞的數(shù)難點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)：掌握名詞單復(fù)數(shù)以及所有格的形式一、可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式：可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式要在名詞前加“a或an"；復(fù)數(shù)形式是在名詞后加或名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種，規(guī)則變化及其讀音可依照卜.表：當(dāng)名詞為：詞尾變化讀音 例 詞?般情況加s在清輔音后讀/s/chips,jeeps,pats,clocks在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/boys,sharpeners,sofas,drawers以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的單詞力口es/izJwatches,boxes,classes,brushes以字母o結(jié)尾的單詞力IIs或es/z/zoos,photos,bamboos,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞去y變i加es/z/dictionaries,strawberries,以f或fe結(jié)尾的單詞去f或fe變v加es/vz/leaves,wives,halves以th結(jié)尾的詞加s/dz/;/Oz/mouths,paths;months,deaths2.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化①改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母eg.man-men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,goose—geese,mouse-mice②單復(fù)數(shù)同形eg.Chinese-Chinese,deer-deer,fish-fish,sheep-sheep,...③由man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，每個(gè)名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)eg.amandoctor-mendoctors,awomanteacher-womenteachers注意：有些名詞表示一種物體具有不可分割的相同的兩部分，在使用時(shí)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式eg.trousers,clothes,glasses,shorts,scissors,etc;有些名詞從形式上看是復(fù)數(shù)，實(shí)際上是單數(shù)(其后的謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)).eg.maths,phyiscs,politics,news3.不可數(shù)名詞：表示不能計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。他們前面不能用a/an,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞都屬于不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式，但有其特殊用法：同一個(gè)詞,變成復(fù)數(shù)形式，意義不同。eg.food食物一foods各種食物，time時(shí)間times時(shí)代，green綠色一greens青菜有些不可數(shù)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)代指具體的事物eg.hope——hopes希望hardship-hardships艱苦物質(zhì)名詞在表示數(shù)量時(shí),常用某個(gè)量詞+of來表示eg.acupoftea,sevenpiecesofbread,severalbagsofrice,...三、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格是表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系，有兩種表示形式，一種是在名詞后+飛：另一種是用of,表示“……的”。.(1)一般詞的所有格，直接在詞尾+'s。eg.Mr.Mott'srobot,children^clothes(2)以s結(jié)尾的名詞所有格只在詞尾+'eg.teachers,books(3)兩人共有的物體，則在第二個(gè)名詞后+'s;如果分別是兩人所有，則在每個(gè)名詞后面 +飛。eg.LucyandLily'sroom.(指兩人共住?個(gè)房間)Mrs.Green'sandMrs.Brown,sson.(指兩人各自的兒子)(4)表示某具體場所時(shí)，所有格后面的名詞可省略eg.thedoctor's(office)Mr.White's.(1)沒有生命的事物?般用of短語來表示所屬關(guān)系。eg.thewalloftheclassroom，apictureofthebedroom,(2)名詞的的定語較長時(shí)，有生命的事物也可用of短語表示。eg.alongstoryofa5O-year-oldman雙重所有格eg.afriendofhis,thebignoseofTom's有些表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市等無生命的東西的名詞，也可以加's來構(gòu)成所有格。eg.tenminutes'walk,today'snewspaper課題例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！Theygotmuchfromthosenewbooks.A.ideasB.photosC.newsD.stories解析:much是用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞的,ABD三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均是可是名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,C項(xiàng)為不可數(shù)名詞，因此選C.havetwoandthreebottlesofhere.A.orange,orangeB.oranges,orangesC.oranges,orangeD.orange,oranges解析:orange有兩種含義，一種可數(shù)名詞橘子，另一種是不可數(shù)名詞橘汁，此題第一空應(yīng)填可數(shù)名詞，第二空填不可數(shù)名詞，因此選CoEveryeveningMr.Kingtakesatohishome.A.25minutes,walk B.25minute'swalkC.25minutewalk D.25minuteswalk解析：句中的minute應(yīng)該用其復(fù)數(shù)的所有格形式，只而不能+s,因此選A。Anoldwantstoseeyou.A.peopleB.personC.thepeopleD.theperson解析:person與people都有''人”的意思，但用法不同."一個(gè)人'’用"aperson”，“兩個(gè)人”用“twopersons”;people泛指“人們”是集合名詞，表示復(fù)數(shù),thepeople指“人民”,apeople指“一個(gè)民族”.應(yīng)選B。Helpyourselfto.A.chickensandapples B.chickensandappleC.chickenandapple D.chickenandapples解析:chicken可用作可數(shù)名詞指小雞，用作不可數(shù)名詞指雞肉,根據(jù)詞題意應(yīng)理解為雞肉;apple為可數(shù)名詞，故應(yīng)+s,因此選D。Oh,dear.Iforgotthetwo.A.room'snumberB.rooms'numberC.roomnumbersD.rooms'numbers解析:roomnumber房間號碼.room可直接用作定語修飾后面的名詞.類似的還有myphsicsteacher,twobusdrivers等.應(yīng)選C。ShehasbeeninTianjinfortenyears.Tianjinhasbecomehersecond.A.familyB.houseC.homeD.room解析:family指的是家庭或是家庭成員；house指的是房子(住所);room指的是房間;而home指的是家，因此選C.motherscouldn'tgotothemeeting,becausetheyhavegonetoShanghai.A.MaryandPeter'sB.MaryandPeterC.Mary'sandPeterD.Mary'sandPeter's解析：此句中汕ers”是復(fù)數(shù)，表示兩個(gè)人各自的母親，因此應(yīng)選D。LiLeihasbeentomanytimesthismonth.A.heruncleB.heruncle'sC.herunclesD.aunt's解析：此句意為“李雷這個(gè)去她舅舅家多次表示具體場所時(shí)，可省去所有格后面的名詞.因此選B。Heisasuccessasaleaderbuthehasn'tinteaching.A.manyexperiencesB.muchexperienceC.anexperienceD.alotexperience解析:experience作“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，作“經(jīng)歷”講時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞.本句中應(yīng)理解為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”,因此是不可數(shù)名詞，排除AC.又因alotof,lotsof,plentyof只用于肯定句，不用于否定句，因此選B。Aclassmateofwasheretenminutesago.A.youB.yourC.yoursisterD.yoursister's解析：此題考杳名詞的雙重所有格.應(yīng)選D。Agroupofaretalkingwithtwo.A.Frenchmen,GermansB.GermansfrenchmansC.Frenchmans,GermenD.Germen,Frenchmen解析：Frenchman是復(fù)合詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為Frenchmen;German的復(fù)數(shù)為直接在單詞末尾+S,應(yīng)選A.Theteamhavingameeting.A.isB.areC.amD.be解析:leam是一個(gè)集合名詞，即可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義（指整個(gè)小組），也可指小組中的成員（表示復(fù)數(shù)），此題意為后者，因此選B?“Wouldyoulike?”“please?,A.drink.ThreecoffeesB.acupofdrink.CoffeesC.adrink,AcoffeeD.adrink,Threecupsofcoffees解析:drink和coffee是不可數(shù)名詞，可以用…of來表示數(shù)量,eg,ihreecupsofcoffee,當(dāng)前面加a時(shí),則表示“一杯”,因此選C。TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyby,butalsothefleshandbloodofmen.A.earthandstone,millionsofB.earthsandstones,millionsC.theearthandstone,millionofD.theearthsandstones,millions解析：earth是不可數(shù)名詞，因此刪除BD,數(shù)以百萬的應(yīng)為millionsof.因此選A。選擇最佳答案：Lastnight,therewasafoodaccident.Thewereill,butnowerelost.A.child,livesB.children,lifeC.children,livesD.child,life一Thisisaphotoofwhentheywereyoung.一OK,howhappytheybothlooked!A.myfatherandmotherB.mymotherandfathersC.mymother'sandfather'sD.myfather'sandmymotherThenewstudentisin,Gradel\vo.A.ClassThirdB.ThirdClassC.ClassThreeD.ThreeclassTodayisSeptember10th.It'sDay.Let'sgoandbuysomeflowersforourteachers.A.TeachersB.Teachers'C.theTeachers1D.Teacher'sThemarketisn'tfarfromhere.Itrsonlybicycleride.A.halfanhours'B.halfanhour'sC.halfanhourD.anhourandahalf…Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?-,please.A.TwocupofcoffeeB.TwocupsofcoffeC.TwocupsofcoffeeD.TwocupsofcoffeesDuringChristmas,peoplegettogetherandsingChristmassongsfbr.A.funB.wishesC.interestD.thanksSomeareflyingkitesneartheriver.A.childB.boyC.boysD.childsAftertheexam,we'llhaveholiday.A.twoweeksB.two-weeksC.twoweeks'D.twoweek'sTheyarethosebags.Pleaseputthemonthebus.A.visitorB.visitorsC.visitor'sD.visitors*--Howmanyworkersarethereinyourfactory?Therearetwo.A.hundredsB.hundredC.hundredofD.hundredsof—WhatdoyouthinkofthetheM（x）nlightSonatabyBeethoven?Itsoundsreallywonderful.A.subjectB.music C.bookD.animalThereisnotenoughinthecomerforthefridge.A.placeB.roomC.fieldD.groundcomesfromsheepandsomepeoplelikeeatingitA.WoolB.PorkC.MuttonD.MilkIfyoudon'ttakemore,you'llgetfat.A.medicineB.lessonsC.photosD.exerciseMyschoolisabouttwentywalkfromhere.A.minuteB.minutes'C.minutes'sD.minutesMum,Ihavetotellyou!A.agoodnewsB.somegoodnewsC.somegoodnewesD.muchgoodnewsWhichisthetothepostoffice?A.street氏wayC.roadD.address19.1stayedat lastSunday.A.myunclesB.myuncles'C.myuncle'sD.myuncle'sfamilyMathsnoteasytolearn.A.areB.isC.amD.were第二講代詞的用法難點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)：掌握人稱代詞和物主代詞的用法-人稱代詞：人稱代詞是指人的代詞，有性、數(shù)、格的區(qū)別.表示“我”“你”“他”“我們”“你們”“他們”.請看下表：主格賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞I我me我my我的mine我的（東西）you你you你your你的yours你的（東西）數(shù)he他him他his他的his他的（東西）she她her她her她的hers她的（東西）it它it它its它的its它的（東西）復(fù)數(shù)we我們us我們our我們的ours我們的（東西）you你們you你們your你們的yours你們的（東西）they他們them他們their他們的theirs他們的（東西）人稱代詞主格在句中作主語。例如：SheismyEnglishteacher.賓格在句中作賓語。例如：Theydon'twantmetogotherealone.Don'tworry.Icanlookafterher.賓格還可以作賓格。特別是在口語中。例如：—Who,sthat?…It'sme.注意：①人稱代詞we,you,they可以用來表示一般人。例如：Youcannotgointothehallwithslippers.不準(zhǔn)穿拖鞋進(jìn)入大廳。②人稱代的主格作表語，一般都在正中的談話中，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如：Itwashewhotookawaythenecklace.是他拿走了那條項(xiàng)鏈。③人稱代詞she可以用指代祖國、大地、月亮、輪船等。例如：Theshipisleaving.She'sonherfirsttriptoBoston.輪船要起航了。這時(shí)她第一次去波士頓。Weloveourcountry,wehopeshe'llbestrongerandstronger.我們熱愛我們的祖國，我們希望她越來越強(qiáng)大。④It作為人稱代詞時(shí)，可以表示天氣、距離、時(shí)間、環(huán)境等。例如：Itisabout10kilometresfromhere.離這兒大約有10公里。⑤It還可用作形式主語或形式賓語，來代替由不定式，動(dòng)詞的-ing,形式或主語從句構(gòu)成的真正的主語或賓語，以避免句子頭重腳輕。例如：ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.Itisgoodforyoutakingawalkaftersupper.Ifounditdifficulttosleep.⑥英語里當(dāng)主語是并列的幾個(gè)人時(shí)，人稱代詞的排列順序和漢語不同，I在最后，you在最前；但是，當(dāng)受到批評或時(shí)承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)正好相反，I在最前，you在最后。例如：You,heandIareallthewinners.Lileiandyouarewrong.Weshoulddomorefbrtheproject.二.物主代詞：表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞包括名詞性物主代詞和形容詞性物主代詞。（1）形容詞性物主代詞其后必須跟名詞。1）形容詞性物主代詞不能單獨(dú)使用,后面必接名詞，表示所有.如：mypen我的鋼筆yourbag你的書包hisbike他的自行車herdesk她的書桌ilsname它的名字例句：Isthalyourbike?那是你的fl行車嗎？Thoseareourbooks.那些是我們的書。?如果名詞前有形容詞性物主代詞，就不能同時(shí)用冠詞（a,an,the）或指示代詞（this,thal,these,those）修飾此名詞。[iE]Thisismypencil. [誤]Thisismyapencil.

［正］Thisisapencil.［正］Thisisapencil.［誤］Thisisamypencil.（2）名詞性的物主代詞具有名詞的特征，在句中作主語三課堂練習(xí)：一.把小括號的人稱代詞翻譯成英語.Theseare （他們的）flowers..Thosebooksare L他們的）.3.Isthisphoto（你的）？4.1sthis（你的）photo?5.（它的）evesareblue。6. （她）ismymother?7.Theeraserisfor （她）?8.1sthis（她的）bag?9.Isthisbag（她的）？10.1don'tlike_（他們）.11.他們）arelazypupiko.L他們的）shoesareold。.Theoldshoesare L他們的）。.Thispotatois（我的）。15.Thattomatois L你的）?.Thisis（我的）potatoo.Thatis L你的）tomato0.（我們的）Classroomisbigandbrighto.Thebigandbrightclassroomis（我們的）.Hewillcatchupwith（我們）。.Shedidnothit（她自己）.DIYmeans“Doit（你自己）.Weareclever,andwecandoourhomeworkby（我們自己）。四基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)一翻譯.他的畫2.她老師3.它的名字4我的計(jì)算機(jī)5你的貓6她的書包二.單項(xiàng)選擇.ThisisaisLily.A.HisB.SheC.Her D.ItsThisisWangFang.istwelve.A.HisB.SheC.Her D.ItsaisWangHong.A.am;MyB.is;HerC.am;YourD.is;HisLiLeiaboy.isinclass5.A.am;HeB.is;SheC.are;HisD.is;HeIsthecat-friend? Yes,.A.your;itisn't B.he;itisC.your;itis D.her;itisn'tThisisabird.Idon'tknowname.A.its' B.it's C.it D.itsTheycanstudyby.A.them B.theyC.themselvesD.us—What'sthis? It'spencil.

A.mya B.amyC.mytheD.mythinkMrs.Wang.A.he's B.HisC.she'sD.it'sWhat'sthat? isacat.A.ItB.HeC.SheD.You.Thisnewcomputeris,Imustlookafter computer.A.my.mineB.mine,myC.my,myD.mine,mine.Ifsseveno'clockinthemorning.Let's .A.gotobedB.gotoschoolC.togotohomeD.goingtoschool.?It'sten.A.WhatcolourisitB.WhattimeisitA.WhatcolourisitB.WhattimeisitC.Howoldishe14.-IsthisnewbagC.Howoldishe14.-IsthisnewbagD.What'sfiveminusfive?-No,it's .A.his,hisB.his,hersC.yours,myD.hers,yourA.his,hisB.his,hersC.yours,myD.hers,yourTOC\o"1-5"\h\z15.-What'sthetime,please?— .A.It'seight-thirtyfiveB.It'seight-thirty-fiveC.It'seightthirty-five D.It'sthirty-fivepasteight16-IsTomafriendofyours?—Yes,heisafriendof .A.I B.me C.myD.mineTherearehistrousers.Give .A.ittohimB.himitC.themtohimD.himthem第三講、數(shù)詞的分類難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)：掌握基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的用法1.基數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目的詞稱為基數(shù)詞。其形式如下：A.從1——10one.two,three,four.five,six,seven>eight,nine.ten.B.從11——-19eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen.C.從21——99整數(shù)幾十中除twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,eighty為特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其個(gè)位數(shù)形式后添加后綴-ty構(gòu)成。表示幾十幾時(shí)，在幾十和個(gè)位基數(shù)詞形式之間添加連字符21twenty-one76seventy-sixD.百位數(shù)個(gè)數(shù)基數(shù)詞形式加“hundred”，表示幾百，在幾十幾與百位間加上and.101ahundredandone320threehundredandtwenty648sixhundredandforty-eightE.千位數(shù)以上從數(shù)字的右端向左端數(shù)起，每三位數(shù)加?個(gè)逗號“，”。從右開始，第一個(gè)“，”前的數(shù)字后添加thousand,第二個(gè)前面的數(shù)字后添加million,第三個(gè)“，”前的數(shù)字后添加billiono然后一節(jié)一節(jié)分別表示，兩個(gè)逗號之間最大的數(shù)為百位數(shù)形式。2,648twothousandsixhundredandforty-eight16,250,064sixteenmilliontwohundredandfiftythousandsixty-four5,237,166,234fivebillionytwohundredandthirty-sevenmillion，onehundredandsixty-sixthousand*twohundredandthirty-fourF.基數(shù)詞在表示確切的數(shù)字時(shí)，不能使用百、千、百萬、十億的復(fù)數(shù)形式：但是，當(dāng)基數(shù)詞表示不確切數(shù)字，如成百、成千上萬，三三兩兩時(shí)，基數(shù)詞則以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。Therearehundredsofpeopleinthehall.大廳里有數(shù)以百計(jì)的人。ThousandsandthousandsofpeoplecometovisittheMuseumofQinTerra-CottaWarriorsandHorseseveryday.每天有成千上萬的人來參觀秦兵馬涌博物館。Theywenttothetheatreintwosandthrees.他們?nèi)齼蓛傻貋淼搅藙≡骸.表示人的不確切歲數(shù)或年代，用幾十的更數(shù)形式表示。Hebecameaprofessorinhisthirties.他三十多歲時(shí)成為了教授。Shediedoflungcancerinforties.她四十來歲時(shí)死于肺癌。Itwasinthe1960s.那是在二十世紀(jì)六十年代。H.基數(shù)詞的句法功能基數(shù)詞在句中可作主語、賓語、定語、表語、同位語。Thetwohappilyopenedthebox.兩個(gè)人高興地打開了盒子。（作主語）Ineedthreealtogether.我總共需要三個(gè)。（作賓語）Fourstudentsareplayingvolleyballoutside.四個(gè)學(xué)生在外面打排球。（作定語）Wearesixteen.我們是16個(gè)人。（作表語）Theythreetriedtofinishthetaskbeforesunset.他們?nèi)齻€(gè)人盡力想在日落前完成任務(wù)。（作同位語）2.序數(shù)詞型數(shù)詞變歷數(shù)詞II認(rèn)：一、二、三，單獨(dú)記：八去t,九除e,ve要用f替，整十基數(shù)變序數(shù)，先把ty變成tie；要是遇到兩位數(shù)，只變各位就可以。解析口訣：one—Jirst,twoTsecond,three—?third這三個(gè)詞變化特殊，要單獨(dú)記；eight—eighth,nine—>ninth,八去3九去e后再加-th；five—?fifth,twelve—?twelfth,五、十二把ve換成f再加-th；twenty—?twentieth,thirty—thirtieth...整十先把詞尾y改為ie再加-th。兩位數(shù)時(shí)則十位數(shù)用基數(shù)詞，個(gè)位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞，如：twenty-firstA.從第一至第十九其中，one—first,two-second,three—third,five—fifth,eight-eighth,nine—ninth*twelve—twelfth為特殊形式，其它的序數(shù)詞都是由其相對應(yīng)的基數(shù)詞后面添加“th”構(gòu)成。例如：six一sixthnineteen一nineteenth.B.從第二十至第九十九整數(shù)第幾十的形式由其對應(yīng)的基數(shù)詞改變結(jié)尾字母y為i,再加“eth”構(gòu)成。twenty twentieththirty thirtieth表示第幾十幾時(shí)，用幾十的基數(shù)詞形式加上連字符“一”和個(gè)位序數(shù)詞形式一起表示。thirty-first第三H??一fifty-sixth第五十六seventy-third第七十三ninety-ninth第九十九C.第一百以上的多位序數(shù)詞由基數(shù)詞的形式變結(jié)尾部分為序數(shù)詞形式來表示。onehundredandtwenty-first第一百二H1onethousand,threehundredandtwentieth第一千三百二十D.序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式有時(shí)，序數(shù)詞可以用縮寫形式來表示。主要縮寫形式有。first 1stsecond 2ndthird 3rdfourth 4thsixth 6thtwentieth 20thtwenty-third 23rd其中1st,2nd,3rd為特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字后加上th。三數(shù)詞用法1、時(shí)刻表示法.表示幾點(diǎn)鐘用基數(shù)詞加可以省略的o/'clock5:（X）讀作fiveo/'clock或five.表示幾點(diǎn)過兒分，在分鐘后加past,再加小時(shí)fivepastseven七點(diǎn)過五分halfpastsix六點(diǎn)半aquarterpasteight八點(diǎn)過一亥Usevenpasteighi八點(diǎn)過七分3.表示幾點(diǎn)差幾分，在分鐘后面加to,再加小時(shí)tentoeight差十分八點(diǎn)（七點(diǎn)五十分）aquartertotwelve差一刻十二點(diǎn)（H—點(diǎn)四十五分）twentytosix差二十分六點(diǎn)（五點(diǎn)四十分）在日常生活中，常用下列簡單方法表示時(shí)間。以小時(shí)、分種為單位分別讀出數(shù)字。6:31讀作sixthirty-one10:26讀作tentwenty-six14:03讀作fourteenothree16:15讀作sixteenfifteen18:30讀作eighteenthirty23:55讀作twenty-threefifty-five注：時(shí)刻表上的時(shí)間大多采用24小時(shí)表示法，就不需要用a.m.表示上午，p.m.表示下午。2、年月表示法（1.）世紀(jì)可以用定冠詞加序數(shù)詞加世紀(jì)century表示，也可以用定冠詞加百位進(jìn)數(shù)加/飛表示thesixth(6th)century公元六世紀(jì)theeighteenth(18th)century公元十八世紀(jì)theIQOO/'s二十世紀(jì)the1600rs十七世紀(jì)這里，用百位數(shù)整數(shù)表示的世紀(jì)比這一百位阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字本身多一個(gè)世紀(jì)。(2.)年代用定冠詞及基數(shù)詞表示的世紀(jì)加十位整數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式構(gòu)成inthe1930/,s(inthethirtiesofthetwentiethcentury或inthenineteenthirties)在二十世紀(jì)三十年代inthe1860/,s(inthesixtiesofthe19thcentury或intheeighteensixties)在十九世紀(jì)六十年代Inthe1870/*swhenMarxwasalreadyinhisfifties,hefounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia*sohebegantolearnRussian.在十九世紀(jì)七十年代當(dāng)馬克思已經(jīng)五十多歲時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國的形勢很重要，便開始學(xué)習(xí)俄語。.表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期，可以在定冠詞后，年代前添加early,mid-,lateintheearly1920fs在二十世紀(jì)二十年代早期inthemid-1950/,s在二十世紀(jì)五十年代中期(4.)年月日表示法A.年份用基數(shù)詞表示，一般寫為阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，讀時(shí)可以以hundmd為單位，也可以以世紀(jì)、年代為單位分別來讀。1949讀作nineteenhundredandforty-nine或nineteenforty-nine1800讀作eighteenhundred253讀作twohundredandfifty-three或twofifty-three1902讀作nineteenhundredandtwo或nineteenotwo表示在哪一年，一般在年數(shù)前加介詞in,使用year時(shí)，year放在數(shù)詞之前。intheyeartwofifty-threeB.C.在公元前253年但是，通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。B.月份，在哪個(gè)月用介詞in加第一個(gè)字母大寫的月份詞表示。例如：inMay在五月；inJuly在七月。為了簡便起見，月份與EI期連用時(shí)，月份常用縮寫形式表示?？s寫形式除May,June,July外，其它的月份都由其前三個(gè)字母表示，但September除外。January Jan.一月February Feb.二月March Mar.三月April Apr.四月August Aug.八月September Sept.九月October Oct.十月November Nov. H—?月December Dec.十二月注：這里縮寫形式后面加點(diǎn)不能省略，因?yàn)樗潜硎究s寫形式的符號。C.日期用定冠詞the加序數(shù)詞表示。在哪一天要添加介詞on。NationalDayisonOct.1.國慶節(jié)是十月一日。(讀作Octoberfirst)此句也可以表示為NationalDayisonthe1stofOctober.May5五月五日(讀作Mayfifth)也可以表示為thefifth(5th)ofMayMar.1(st)三月?日(讀作Marchfirst或thefirstofMarch)（5）.表示不具體、不確切的時(shí)間，如世紀(jì)、年代、年份、月份時(shí)，用介詞in表示，表示具體確切的某?天用介詞on表示通常情況下moming,afternoon,evening等詞前用介詞in。但是，當(dāng)這些詞前后有一修飾限定的詞作為定語，把它們限定為某一天早晨、下午或晚I：時(shí)，介詞in應(yīng)改為on。這里的修飾限定詞可以是介詞短語、名詞、形容詞、定語從句等。Onacoldmorning?theoldmandiedlonelyinhishouse.在一個(gè)寒冷的早晨，這個(gè)老人孤獨(dú)地死在自己的房子里。IdonftwanttobedisturbedonnightswhenIhavetostudy.我不愿意在我必須學(xué)習(xí)的晚上被打擾。TheaccidenthappenedontheafternoonofJuly7.這次事故發(fā)生在7月7日下午。WearetohaveasmalltestonMondaymorning.星期一早晨我們將進(jìn)行一次小測驗(yàn)。.序數(shù)詞主:要用作定語，前面般要加定冠詞（或物主:代詞）：Tomistheirsecondson.Theycelebratedthe10thanniversaryofthefoundingoftherepublic.Iwillnevergiveup,notevenonthe1,000thor10,000thtry..有時(shí)前面可以加一個(gè)不定冠詞來表示“再一”，“又一”這樣的意思：We,llhavetodoitasecondtime.ShallIaskhimathirdtime?WhenIsatdown,afourthmanrosetospeak..First,second等有時(shí)可用來表示“第一個(gè)人（批）”“第二個(gè)人”等：ShewasamongthefirsttocomeandsettleinDujiashan.Youwillbethesecondtospeak.6如果數(shù)字較長，序數(shù)詞總避免使用，而且讀的方法也常常簡化：第201房間：Room201第319面：page319第?拖拉機(jī)廠：theNumberITractorWorks第六號車廂：CarriageNo.6南京路1490號：1490NanjingRoad電話號碼55 2347：telephonenumber:55—23477在談編了號的東西時(shí)，我們可以用基數(shù)詞表示順序：thefirstpart partonethethirdsquad squadthreethetwenty-thirdsection—sectiontwenty-three.基數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞。如：一個(gè)五歲的男孩afive-yearwldboy；一座800米長的橋an800-metre-longbridge；女子400米接力girls'400-metrerelayrace。.句型：主語+is+aboul（大約）/over=morethan（超過）/nearly（接近）+具體數(shù)詞+metre（s）/kilometre（s）/kilo（s）long/high/tall/deep/away等。如：長江長6300公里。TheChangjiangRiveris6?300kilometreslong..表示。。。。。十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以用來表示人的歲數(shù)或年代：Heisinhisearlythirties.Hediedstillinhisforties.Thistookplaceinthe1930s.四練習(xí)題（一）、寫出下列數(shù)字的序數(shù)詞：1,2,3,5,9,12,20,34（二）、寫出1—12月份：（三）、選擇填空：.Couldyoutellushowtoreadthenumber18,306,211?A.eighteenmillion,threehundredandsixthousands,twohundredelevenB.eighteenmillion,threehundredandsixthousand,twohundredandelevenC.eighteenmillions,threehundredsixthousands,twohundredsandeleven□.eighteenthousand,threehundredandsix,twohundredelevenhakespearewasbomin。A.1660sB.1660'sC.the1660sD.the1660'ssaidtheyweregoingtohaveholidayoA.atwo-weeks*B.atwo-weekC.twoweeks?D.twoweeksofthearticlesoneducationhavebeenpublished□A.twothirdsB.twothirdC.secondsthreeD.secondsthird.Myfatherlefthomeatabout_0A.sixthirtyB.thirtysixC.thirtytosixD.sixpastthirty.Weallthinkthatthecenturywillbringusmorehopes?A.twenty-firstB.twentieth-firstC.twenty-oneD.twentieth-one. What'syourroomnumber?——IfsoA.The601RoomB.601RoomC.TheRoom601D.Room601. thestudentsusuallysurfontheInternetandgetinformationoA.60percentsofB.60percentC.60percentofD.60percents.Severalnewbooksweresoldoutlastweek。A.ofthousandB.thousandsC.thousandofD.thousand.Whichisright?A.2009,June25B.25thJune,2009CJune25,2009D.June25st,2009.Tomorrowismybirthday?A.sixteenB.sixteenthC.thesixteenthD.thesixteen.Wehavestayedatthisschoolfor。Whichfollowingchoiceiswrong?A.twoandahalfyearsB.twoyearsandahalfC.twoyearsandhalfayearD.bothAandB（四）、寫出下列正確形式：lo九年級2班2o第7排3.515房間4o在二層樓5.2009年2月14日6.50公里長的大橋7o在第46頁8?第一中學(xué)9o四分之三 10.49第四講冠詞的用法難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)：掌握不定冠詞，定冠詞和零冠詞的用法冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞(a,an),定冠詞(the),和零冠詞。一.不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.表示“每一"相當(dāng)于every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.表示“相同”相當(dāng)于thesame Wearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThalboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定詞組中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.二.定冠詞的用法：表示某一類人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.用于世上獨(dú),無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于樂器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示"一家人''或"夫婦"theGreens,theWangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnitedSlates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代inthe1990、11用于表示單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前Hepattedmeontheshoulr.三.零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞,物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞,人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.四.綜合練習(xí)題冠詞部分Somepeoplearestillin habitofwritingsillythingsin publicplaces.A.the;the B./;/C.the;/ D./;theAsweknow, knowledgeisamustin internationaltradetoday.A.a;/ B.the;anC.the;the D.Z;theSheis newcomerto chemistrybutshehasalreadymadesomeimportantdiscoveries.A.the;the B.the;/C.a;/ D.a;theTheboyledtheblindmanby armtocross street.A.an;the B.the;theC.the;a D.an;aSometimes weakcandefeat strong.A./;/B.the;theC.the;aD./;the6.Heis youngerofthetwobrothers.A.a B.theC./D.one7. Landto _eastof_ UralsiscallAsia.A.the;theB./;theC./;/D.the;/Takethesechairsaway;theyarestandingin way.A.oneB.aC.theD.thisDoyouknow Frenchfor"hen"?A.aB.anC.theD./likewatching TVandlistento radio.A.the;theB./;/C.the;/D./;theHehastriedtwicebutisaskedtohave thirdtry.A.anotherB.aC.oneD.theThereis "n"intheword“north”.A.anB.aC.theD./summermorning,Ibmgotupearlyandwentfishing.A.AB.OneC.TheD./writerand poetiscomingtogiveusatalkthisafternoon.A.A;a B.The;theC.The;a D.The;/Mr.Brownwaselected headofourcompany.A.aB.theC./D.oneAbookselleris manwhosellsbooks.A.oneB.theC.aD./Jackenjoys musicwhilehisbrotherlikestogoto cinema.A./;/ B.the;theC.the;/ D./;theusuallyhave lunchathomebutyesterdayIhad goodlunchatthatrestaurant.A./;a B.the;/C.the;a D.the;theHesleepsduring dayandworksat night.A./;the B.the;/C./;/ D.the;/Jacksonshavecome,Wecanbeginourpartynow.A.AB.OneC.TheD./pageofthebookismissingand coveristom.A.the;aB.A;theC.the;theD.a;aTheChangjiangRiverisoneof longestriversintheworld.A.theB.aC.manyD./\burtieandmineareof color.A.sameB./C.theD.aIt'susuallyhotin summerhere,butin summerof1992itwasquitecool.A.the;theBJ;/C.the;/D./;the25.Chinahasmanybeautiful A./;/.lakes,including WestLake.B./;theC.the;theD./;a26.Canadaisbetween AtlanticOceanand PacificOcean.A.the;theB.a;aC.the;aD.a;the27.Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor_ abouthishearttrouble.A.adviceB.anadviceC.advicesD.theadvice28.Excuseme,canyoutellmethewayto office?A.theteacher'sB,theteachers'C.teacher'sD.teachers*29.Plasticsisnowusedtotake一—ofwood.A.placeC.theplaceB.aplaceD.thisplace30.Ourteacherenteredtheclassroom, bookin hand.A.a;theB,the;aC.a;aD./;/1-5CACBB6-10BACCD11-15BABDC16-20CDADC21-25BADDB26-30AAACD第五講介詞難點(diǎn)：辨析介詞區(qū)別Lin在 之內(nèi)1）表示地點(diǎn)，表示大地點(diǎn)。She'sinChinawithhermomanddad.她和媽媽爸爸?起在中國。MymotherisanEnglishteacherinauniversityinBeijing.我媽媽是北京?名大學(xué)的英語老師。I'minClassOne.我在一班。Thecamellivesinthedesertandeatsgrass.駱駝住在沙漠里，它以草為生。2)表示時(shí)間，表示在某一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi).Theweatheriscoldinwinter.冬天天氣很冷。3)表示顏色和語言也用介詞in。Doyouknowthegirlinred?你認(rèn)識穿著紅色衣服的女孩么？IcanwritethisarticleinEnglish.我能用英語寫這篇文章。from從 中來comefromIcomefromChinaandI'mChinese.我從中國來，我是中國人。TherearecamelsfromAfrica.駱駝從非洲來。downloadfromIdownloadmusicfromtheInternet.我從網(wǎng)絡(luò)上下載音樂。bedifferentfromLily'shabitsaredifferentfromLinda's.莉莉的習(xí)慣與琳達(dá)的不同。with和，用,與withsb和 人在一起FminClassOnewithDarningandLingling.我與大明和玲玲都是?班的學(xué)生。WouldyouliketogotothecinemawithBettyandme?你愿意與貝蒂和我?起去看電影么？withsth.表示用某種工具Iwritewithmypen,andIseewithmyeyes.我用我的筆寫字，用我的眼睛來看。at在 1)表示地點(diǎn)，主要指小地點(diǎn)。MyfatherisateacheratBeijingInternationalSchool.我爸爸是北京國際學(xué)校的一名老師。Mymotherisadoctoratthehospital.我媽媽是醫(yī)院醫(yī)生。2)表示時(shí)間，主要指時(shí)間的?個(gè)點(diǎn)。Igelupathalfpastseveninthemorning.我早上七點(diǎn)半起床。Iusuallydomyhomeworkathomeandattheweekend.我通常周末在家里寫作業(yè)。begoodat擅長于 Iamgoodatreadingandwriting.我擅長讀寫。behind在 后面Theclassroomsarebehindtheoffices.教室在辦公室后面。Thelibraryisnexttotheclassrooms.圖書館緊挨著教室。infrontof在 前面TheyareinfrontofTonyandDarning.他們在托尼和大明前面。Thegymisabuildinginfrontoftheoffices.體育場在辦公室前面。for為了……Thankyoufbryouremail.謝謝你的郵件。Wcoftenmakeabirthdaycakeforhisbirthday.我們通常為了他的生日準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)生日蛋糕。I'mateacherandIusemylaptopformylessons.我是一名老師，我經(jīng)常用筆記本電腦備課。on在上，在時(shí)1）表示時(shí)間，表示具體的一天。WouldyouliketogotoafootballmatchonSunday?你愿意周日看足球賽么？IwasbomonJan,1st,1992.我出生于1992年1月1日。2）表示地點(diǎn)onthefarm在農(nóng)場上ontheplayground在操場上talkto與 談?wù)揥ehaveabreakandItalktomyfriends.我們有一個(gè)課間休息，我和我的朋友們聊天。goto去Helikesfilmsandheoftengoestothecinema.他喜歡電影，他經(jīng)常去電影院。welcometo歡迎到 WelcometoBeijingZoo.歡迎到北京動(dòng)物園來。listento聽Theyalwayslistentomusic.他們經(jīng)常聽音樂。connect toPleaseconnectthemonitortothecomputerfirst.請先把顯示器和電腦主機(jī)連在一起。11.bySheusuallybuysCDsbyherfavoritesingers.她經(jīng)常買她最喜歡歌手的CD盤.課題練習(xí)：一.用介詞填空。L__thetheatre2._Beijing3._thecinema4. thefarm5.__school (5._home7._thepark8._thelibrary9._thestadium1O._199411.—November12._15:0013.___Sundaymorning14._6:3015._Monday16._January17._May,1 18._mybirthday19. weekend 20._May,1,2006theplayground22. mybirthdayparty二.選擇最佳答案。TheplanearrivedatLondonairportWednesday.A.onB.at C.in D.forWhatdoyouusuallydoChristmas?A.on B.at C.in D.forThefirstclassbegins8o'clockthemorning.A.at/on B.at/in C.on/in D.on/onWewillbeinNanjingTuesdayThursday.A.on/through B.on/to C.from/to D.onJtillWewillhaveafootballmatchthisSaturdayafternoon..A.on B./ C.in D.forHecametoseeyoutheeveningofMay10th.A.in B.at C.on D.forThesupermarketisstillopenmidnight.A.at B.on C.till D./Daysarelongersummerthanwinter.A.in/in B.in/on C.from/to D.to/inChildrengetpresentsChristmasandtheirbirthday.GrannyiscomingforlunchChristmasday.A.at/on/on B.on/on/on C.at/in/atD.in/on/in10.NewYear'sEvepeopleusuallydon'tgotobeduntilmidnight.

LTomandPaulusuallywatchTVweekends.A.at B.in C.for D./Hesaidthathewouldmeetus thecinema.A.in B.at C.on D.ofTherearemanybeautifulbirdsthetree.A.on B.at C.inD.besidesLucyiswaitingNo.3busstopherfather.A.for/for B.for/at C.at/forD.at/atDoyouoftenlistentheprogramtheradio.A.to/of B.to/in C.to/on D.on/toCanyoutellmethewayShanghaiZoo?A.to B.at C.for D.towardsThankyouyourcoming.A.to B.of C.by D.forMrLiisgoingtohelphimhisChinesethisafternoon.A.with B.on C.by D.atLetmeintroduceheryou.A.with B.on C.to D.forTomhasmadefriendsmanyChinesestudents.A.with B.to C.by D.amongCanyoufindouttheanswerthesequestions?A.of B.for C.to D.withDon'tforgettobringyourtextbookyou.A.inBafterC.withA.inBafterC.withD.to23.Canyousingthissong English?A.with B.inC.byD.for24.Whoistheboy bluetrousers?A.in B.onC.withD.at25.Don'tread thesun.It'sbad_ youreyes.A.under/of B.in/towardsC.in/forD.under/for26.Howmanystudentsgotoschool. foot?A.by B.in C.onD.with27.1willmakeatrip Europethissummer.A.for BtoCwithD.ofMymothersendapostcard meeveryyear.A.to B.for C.by D.withLet'smakeacakeDarning;helikescakes.A.to B.for C.by D.withTherearelotsofanimalsthegrassland.A.at B.on C.in D.by介詞辨析Lal,inon的用法表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at。例如：atsixo'clock,atnoon,atmidnight。衣示在某個(gè)世紀(jì)，某年，某月，某個(gè)季節(jié)以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上時(shí)，用in。例如：intheninettenthcentury,in2002.inmay,inwinter,inth