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句子成分及基本句型【句子的成分】在英文中句子成分包括:主語、謂語、賓語(直接賓語、間接賓語)、表語、定語和狀語、賓語補足語等。(一)主語:主語是謂語講述的對象,表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰"。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語來充當(dāng)。它在句首。如:Lucyisabeautifulnurse.(名詞作主語)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.(代詞作主語)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.(動名詞作主語)ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.(不定式作主語)Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.(主語從句作主語)(-)謂語說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。謂語(謂語部分里主要的詞)?須是動詞|。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語后面。如:Hisparentsareteachers. (系動詞和表語一起作謂語)Westudyhard. (行為動詞作謂語)Wedon'tfinishreadingthebook. (助動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語)HecanspeakEnglish. (情態(tài)動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語)(三)賓語賓語是動作、行為的對象,由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語來擔(dān)任,它和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。一般放在謂語之后.Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.(名詞作賓語)Shesays(that)sheisill.(賓語從句作動詞賓語)Weoftenhelphim.(代詞作賓語)Helikestoplaybasketball.(不定式作賓語)Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我們喜歡聽音樂。(動名詞短語作賓語)說明1:賓語是及物動詞涉及到的人或物,賓語一般放在及物動詞之后。介詞后面的名詞或代詞或動名詞,稱為介詞賓語。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞常在句中做動詞賓語或介詞賓語。另外,動詞不定式可作動詞賓語;動名詞和賓語從句也可用作動詞賓語。說明2:及物動詞作謂語時,后面要跟賓語。賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象,直接賓語西畫,間接賓語通常是及物動詞的動作所及的人,間接賓語相囚。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語之前。不是所有的及物動詞都可以用雙賓語。有的動詞可以跟。如:give,show(給……看),bring,pass,buy等。如:(1)Ourteachertellsusastory.(2)Thesungivesuslight.注意:間接賓語如果放在直接賓語之后,在表示“人”的間接賓語之前會出現(xiàn)介詞|“to”或“for”間接賓語前加“to”的有:give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise(答應(yīng)),refuse(拒絕)等。間接賓語加“for”的有:make,buy,do,get,play,order(命令),sing,pay等Igivehimabook.Igiveabooktohim.Hewillbuymesomebooks.Hewillbuysomebooksforme.(四)賓語補足語在賓語后面補充說明賓語的動作、狀態(tài)、特征的成分,稱為賓語補足語。名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語以及動詞不定式、分詞等可用作賓語補足語。賓語和賓語補足語稱為復(fù)合賓語。如:Theymakeherhappy.(形容詞)Iseeherdance.(不定式)We'HhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.(名詞)Pleaselethimin.(副詞)Weheardhersingingasong.(分詞短語)(五)表語表語說明主語“是什么”或者“怎么樣”,由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞或短語來擔(dān)任。它的位置在系動詞后面。如:Iamateacher.(名詞)Heisalwayshappy.(形容詞)Theyareontheplaygroundnow.(介詞短語)Itgetscold.(形容詞)‘Be動詞(am,is,are,was,were)系動詞,表保持(keep,stay,remain)表改變(get,become,turn)感官動詞(feel,sound(聽起來),seem/look(看起來),taste(嘗起來),smell(聞起來))如:Itsoundsinteresting.(sound為系動詞,interesting為表語)Weshouldallremaincareful.Remain(為系動詞,careful為表語)(六)定語定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不等式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等。單個詞作定語時,通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前。如:Theblackbikeismine.(形容詞)What'syourname?(代詞)Theymakepaperflowers.(名詞)說明1:當(dāng)定語修飾不定代詞:nothing,anything,everything,something等時,定語在不定代詞后面。如:Itellhimsomethinginteresting. (形容詞interesting作不定代詞something的后置定語)Hehassomethingtodo. (todo為不定式作后置定語)說明2:|短語或從句|作定語時,也放在被修飾的名詞之后。如:TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.(intheroom是介詞短語作theboys的后置定語。)(七)狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等意義,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語來表示。狀語一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。如:Hediditcarefully.(副詞)Weoftenhelphim.(副詞)HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.(介詞短語)WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.(從句作時間狀語)Hesitsthere.(副詞地點狀語)【簡單句的五種基本句型】A.主語+不及物動詞(主謂)如:Thesunrises.太陽升起來。Thecarstopped.小汽車停下來了。rise和stop都是不及物動詞,因此后邊不必加賓語。B.主語+及物動詞+賓語(主謂賓)如:Ilovemycountry.Hehelpsme.Ilikeactionmovies.Ibuyabook.C.主語+系動詞+表語(主系表)如:Herbrotherisadriver.Wefeelhappy.(feel為系動詞,表示感到 )Itgetsdark.天黑了。(get為系動詞,表示變得)Tomlooksill.Tom看上去病了。(look為系動詞,表示看上去,看起來)D.主語+及物動詞+雙賓語(直接賓語、間接賓語)(主謂+宜賓+間賓)如:HegivesTomapresenl.(雙賓語) 他給湯姆一件禮物。Mothermakeanewdressforme.(雙賓語) 媽媽為我做了一件衣服。E.主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語(主+謂+賓+賓補)如:TheycallherMary.(賓補)他們叫她Mary。Wemakeourclassroomcleanandtidy.(賓補) 我們使我們的教室干凈而整齊。Healwaysmakesuslaugh.(賓補)他總使我們笑。一、典型例題寫出劃線部分的句子成分。Lilyiscleaningthedesknow.Hergardenisthebestinourtown.LiuMingisthirteenyearsold.Ilikethisbookverymuch.ThegirlonthebluebikeisJane'ssister.Shedidn'tcometomypartybecauseshewasill.WangPingdoeshishomeworkcarefully.WewillgototheChildren'sPalaceonceaweek.Theyareintheclassroom.Itsoundsgood.HjsnameisPaul.Wealwaysgotoschoolearly.二、課后練習(xí)(一)挑出下列句中的賓語Mybrotherdoesn'tdohishomework.ABCDTOC\o"1-5"\h\zPeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.ABC D(3)Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.AB CDHowmanynewwordsdoyoulearn?ABCDSomeofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?A B CD(二)挑出下列句中的表語Theoldmanisfeelingverytired.ABC DWhyisheworriedaboutJim?ABCDTheleaveshaveturnedyellow.ABCDSoonTheyallbecomeinterestedinihesubject.ABCDSheisthe-rsttolearnaboutit.ABCD(三)挑出下列句中的定語TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.AB CDWhalisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.ABCDTOC\o"1-5"\h\z@Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.ABC DThemandownstairswastryingtosleep.ABCD(四)挑出下列句中的賓語補足語Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.AB C DHeasksherlolake(heboyoulofschool.ABC D(3)Shefinditdifficulttodoihework.ABCDTheycallmeLilysometimes.ABCDIsawMr.Wanggelonthebus.ABC D(五)挑出下列句中的狀語Thereisabigsmileonherface.ABCDEverynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA BCD(3)HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.ABC DThemanonthemotorbikeistravelingtofast.A B CDWiththemedicineboxunderherarm.MissLihurriedoff.A BCD(六)劃出句中的直接賓語( )和間接賓語()?Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Doesheleaveanymessageforme?主語從句subjectclause一、主語從句的連詞分三類(1)從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句 (that/whether)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句:引導(dǎo)詞that無含義/在句中不做成分/不可以省。That引導(dǎo)主語從句通常用it作形式主語。例如:你想獲得獎牌看起來是不可能的。Thatshesurvivedtheaccidentisamiracle.(改為it形式主語)她在事故中幸免于難簡直是奇跡。whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句:whether有含義(是否)/在句中不做成分/不可以省。我們明天是否在戶外開晚會要看天氣而定。Whethersheiscomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.她來或者不來無關(guān)緊要。(2)用連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句在由連接代詞who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中,其連接代詞在句中起名詞性作用,擔(dān)當(dāng)一定成分.例如:你所需要的是更多的訓(xùn)練。Whateverwedoistoservethepeople.我們無論做什么都是為人民服務(wù)。注:whatever/whoever的功用whatever,whoever在主語從句中不含疑問意義。它引導(dǎo)主語從句,并在從句中作主語、賓語、表語等。whatever=anythingthat;whoever=anyonewho。要注意和whatever,whoever弓I導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的區(qū)另h如:Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Whoeverbreaksthelaw,heshouldbepunished.(3)用連接副詞when,where,why,how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(其連接副詞有含義,在句中作狀語。)例如:Whereweshouldleaveitisaproblem.Whentheywillcomehasn'tbeenmadepublic.二、it作形式主語的主語從句有時為了考慮句子平衡,通常在主語從句處使用形式主語it,而將真正的主語從句移至句末。這分四種情況:(1)對于以連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句,通常用形式主語it替代主語從句:<a>Itis+名詞+從句Itisafactthat...事實是 ;Itisgoodnewsthat 是好消息;Itisaquestionthat 是個問題;discommonknowledgethat 是常識類似的名詞還有:apity;awonder;agoodthing;nowonder;surprise等。鯨不是魚是一個常識。ItisnosurprisethatBobshouldhavewonthegame.(不奇怪)<b>Itis+形容詞+從句Itisnecessarythat...有必要 ;Itisclearthat...很清楚 ;Itislikelythat...很可能 ;Itisimportantthat...重要的是 類似的形容詞還有:strange;natural;obvious;true;good;wonderful;possible;unlikely;quite;unusual;certain;evident;worth-while;surprising;interesting;astonishing,etc.Itseemsobviousthatwecannotgoonlikethis.(明顯的是我們不能再這樣繼續(xù)下去)你有必要掌握電腦<c>Itis+過去分詞+從句Itissaidthat...據(jù)說 ;Itisreportedthat...據(jù)報道 ;Ithasbeenprovedthat...已證明 ;Itmustbeprovedthat...必須指出 類似的過去分詞還有:known;estimated;expected;believed;thought;hoped;noted;discussed;required;decided;suggested;demanded;madeclear;foundout,etc.例如:據(jù)說很多人在這次地震中喪生了Itissaidthatmanypeoplewaskilledintheearthquake.<d>Itseems(happened/appears/doesn'tmatter/makesnodifference/occurred.?.)that…主語從句不可提前Itmakesnodifferencewhetherhewillattendthemeetingornot.(他是否參加會議都無關(guān)緊要)ItdoesnotmatterIhatifImissedmyirain.(我有沒有錯過火車都不重要)IlhapDenedthatIsawhimyesterday.(我昨天碰巧碰到他)(2)對于以連接代詞(副詞)引導(dǎo)的主語從句,可以使用形式主語代主語從句,也可直接在句首使用主語從句:Whethertheywouldsupportuswasaproblem.他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。(改寫)(3)對關(guān)系代詞型whal引導(dǎo)的主語從句,通常直接將主語從句放在句首。如:Whatweneedismoney.我們需要的是錢。WhatIwanttoknowisthis.我想知道的就是這一點。有時也可將助用形式主語。如:Itisclearenoughwhalhemeanl.他是什么意思很清楚。(4)如果句子是疑問句,則必須用帶形式主語it的結(jié)構(gòu):Isittruethatheisthegirl'sfather?他是那女孩的父親,是真的嗎?Howisitthatyouarelateagain?你怎么又遲到了?四、連詞that的省略問題引導(dǎo)主語從句的連詞that有時可省,有時不能省,其原則是:若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句直接位于句首,則that不能省略;若that引導(dǎo)的主語從句位于句末,而在句首使用了形式主語it,則that可以省略:Thatyoudidn^gotothetalkwasapity.很遺憾你沒去聽報告。(that可省/不可省)Itwasapity(that)youdidn'tgotothetalk.很遺憾你沒去聽報告。(that可省/不可?。╈柟烫嵘?makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever.Itworriedherabitherhairwasturninggrey.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for.Whenandwhyhecamehereyet.A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotknown4.isnoreasonfordismissingher.A.BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB.OwingtoafewminuteslateC.ThefactthatshewasafewminuteslateD.Beingafewminuteslate.Tomlikedtoeatwasdifferentfrom.A.That...thatyouhadexpectedB.What...thatyouhadexpectedC.That...whatyouhadexpectedD.What...whatyouhadexpected.wegoswimmingeverydayusalotofgood.A.If...doB.That...doC.If...does D.That...doestBobdrivesbadly.A.thinksthatB.isthoughtwhatC.thoughtthatD.isthoughtthatt'suncertaintheexperimentisworthdoing.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.how.theboydidn'ttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Which.wecan'tgelseemsbetterthanwehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what.youdon*tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whethere'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where13.isgoingtodothejobwillbedecidedbythePartycommittee.A.ThatB.WhyC.HowD.Who.wellfinishtranslatingthebookdependsonthetime.A.WhenB.WhyC.WhatD.That.hewon*tgothereiscleartoallofus.A.HowB.WhatC.WhyD.This.thehousewillbebuiltwillbediscussedattomorrow'smeeting.A.IfB.WhereC.ThatD.Whatoucomeornotisuptoyou.A.WhatB.IfC.WhyD.Whetherakesmistakesmustcorrectthem.A.WhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.Anybodyeamwillwinthematchisamatterofpublicconcern.A.WhichB.ThatC.IfD.Howeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who賓語從句TheObjectClause賓語從句的概念:賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語。句子結(jié)構(gòu):主句+連詞(引導(dǎo)詞)+賓語從句I know him.(簡單句)主語 謂語 賓語Iknowwhoheis.(復(fù)合句)主語謂語連詞從句主語 從句謂語主句 賓語從句一、連詞(引導(dǎo)詞).當(dāng)賓語從句是陳述句時(包括肯定句和否定句),連詞由ihal引導(dǎo),因為ihal在從句中不作任何成分,也沒有任何具體意思,因此在口語或非正式文體中常省略?LinTaofeels(that)hisownteamisevenbetter.?她說她不會參加下個星期天的運動運。。Jimthought(that)thetrainwaslikeabigmovingparty.Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.注:在主句為動詞be加某些形容詞(如sorry,sure,afraid,glad等)作表語時,后面所跟的省略thal的從句也可算是賓語從句?I'msorry(that)Idon'lknow.。We'resure(that)ourteamwillwin.?I'mafraid(that)hewon'lpasstheexam..當(dāng)賓語從句是一般疑問句時,由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)(口語中常用if),因為if/whether翻譯成:“是否",具有一定的意義,所以不能省略?Lily想要知道她奶奶是否喜歡這個手包。?Let'sseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.Sheaskedmeif/whethershecouldborrowthesebooks.?Iwonderwhether/ifsherememberedtocomeearlier.只用whether不用if的情況:放在句首時 Whetherhewillcomeisnotsure.放在be等系動詞之后Theproblemiswhetherhewillcome.放在介詞后 Heisthinkingaboutwhetherhehasshutthedoor.和ornot連用Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.whethertodoIamnotsurewhethertoaccepthisinvitation.3.當(dāng)賓語從句是特殊疑問句時,由連接代詞(what,who,whom,which,whose)或連接副詞(when,where,how,why)引導(dǎo),因為連接代詞或連接副詞在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分,具有一定的意義,所以不可以省略。? 你知道他剛剛說什么了嗎??Idon'trememberwhenwearrived.? 1askedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.?Pleasetellmewho/whomwehavetosee.Doyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?帶how的詞組也都可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句CouldyoutellushowmuchitcoststoflytoHainan??Couldyoutellushowlongthemeetingwilllast?Pleasetellushowmanystudentsthereareinyourschool?Canyoutellushowoldhisbrotheris?Pleasetellushowsoonyouwillbeready.二、時態(tài).如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進行時,現(xiàn)在完成時),從句的時態(tài)可根據(jù)實際情況而定任何一種時態(tài)。。1knowheliveshere.?Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.

?Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow..如果主句是過去的時態(tài)(包括一般過去時,過去進行時),那么從句的時態(tài)一定要用相對應(yīng)的過去的某種時態(tài)(包括一般過去時,過去進行時,過去將來時,過去完成時)?Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenit.3.當(dāng)從句是客觀真理,定義,公理,定理時用一般現(xiàn)在時。。Theteachersaidthatthesuntravelsaroundtheearth.(1)IhearthatJimIhearthatJim(1)IhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJimIhearthatJim(be)anEnglishteachernow.(cook)dinnertomorrow.(sing)apopularsongnow.(be)totheGreatWalltwice.(play)basketballwhenhisfathercameback.(2)HewillgotoHongKong.---HesaidthathetoHongKong.Heissick.---Hesaidthathesick.Heisreadingabook.Hesaidthatheabook.Hehasfinishedhiswork.--Hesaidthathehiswork三、語序賓語從句的語序用陳述語序:連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分Whenwillhegotothelibrary?Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.Hisbrotheraskswhenwillhegotothelibrary.Whatdoeshewanttobuy?Idon'tknowwhathewantstobuy.Idon'tknowwhatdoeshewanttobuy.Whoarewegoingtomeet?Canyoutellmewhowearegoingtomeet?Canyoutellmewhoarewegoingtomeet?DoesheknowFrench?Wewanttoknowif/whetherheknowsFrench.Wewanttoknowif7whetherdoesheknowFrench.WilltheygotoCanadainsummer?They'renotsureif/whethertheywillgotoCanadainsummer.They'renotsureif/whetherwilltheygotoCanadainsummer.注意事項1.could/would是委婉語氣,不是過去式,因此賓語從句的時態(tài)根據(jù)實際情況用不同時態(tài)。?Couldyoupleasetellmewhereweshowourtickets?Wouldyouliketoknowwhenhewillcomeback?2.如果主句的謂語動詞是ask時,連詞不可能是that;如果主句的謂語動詞是say時,連詞用thatShesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.Hesaid(that)hewasgoingtotakecareofthechild.HeasksifIlikeplayingthepiano.Youmayaskthemanovertherehowyoucangettothebusstation..連詞if和when在不同從句中的區(qū)別:?Doyouknowifbacknextweek?Ifheback,pleaseletmeknow.A.hecomes,willcome B.willhecome,comesC.hewillcome,comes D.hewillcome,willcome?Idon'lknowwhenhe(come).Ican'lwaithereanymore.Whenhe(come),wouldyoupleaseaskhimtocallme?.連詞+賓語從句=二二連詞+todo?Idon'tknowwhatIshalldonext.===1don'tknow.?Shedidn'tdecidewhichoneshewouldchoose.===Shedidn'tdecide.Pleasetellmewhomyou'11givetheletterto.===Pleasetellme..it可以作為形式賓語it不僅可以作為形式主語,還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾,特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我聽說她下個朋就會結(jié)婚了。。我認(rèn)為每天喝大量開水是有必要的.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上,從句謂語用肯定式。(否定前移的條件是:主句主語時一人稱)?我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。注意:這種句型的反義疑問句,應(yīng)與從句主謂保持一致。?Idon'tthinkthatyoucandoit,??Wedon'tbelievethatthenewsistrue,?.虛擬語氣的運用在表建議:suggest,advise,propose;表要求:demand,desire,request;表決定:decide;表命令:order,command,require;表堅決主張:insist;等動詞后的賓語從句,用(should)+doIsuggestthatyoushouldstudyhard.?Heorderedthatweshouldgooutatonce.賓語從句中that不能省的情況a.當(dāng)主句謂語動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上的賓語從句是,可以省略第一個that,其他不能省Ibelieve(that)youhavedoneyourbestandthatthingswillgetbetter.b.當(dāng)it作形式賓語時Shemadeitclearthatshehadnothingtodowithhim.c.當(dāng)賓語從句前置時?Thatourteamwillwin,Ibelieve.鞏固提升Theyoungmanaskedit'ssummerorwinter.A.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whetherWedon'tknowtheydidit.A.how B.whoC.what D.whichTheteacherasksusJimcancomebackontime.A.that B.if C.when D.whattimeDoesanybodyknowwewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.if B.whereC.whetherD.thatwonderheiscryingnow.A.that B.whyC.howD.whenHaveyoufoundoutwecandoonHainanIsland?A.whatB.howC.if D.whether

Lilysaidshehadfinishedhercomposition.A.if B.thatC.whenD.wheredon'tknowhestillliveshere.A.whereB.whatC.whenD.whetherCouldyoushowme?howcanIgettothestationCouldyoushowme?howcanIgettothestationC.howIcouldgettothestation10.Pleasetellme.whereisthestationD.howIcanreachthestationA.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelikeMysistertoldhimA.whatdaywasitCouldyoutellmewhereweB.whenthetrainarrivedC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyoulivenextweek.A.wouldgoB.togoCouldyoutellmehowmuchA.doitcostA.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelikeMysistertoldhimA.whatdaywasitCouldyoutellmewhereweB.whenthetrainarrivedC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyoulivenextweek.A.wouldgoB.togoCouldyoutellmehowmuchA.doitcostB.doesitcostC.hadtogotoflytoHainan?C.itcostD.willgoD.itcostsThesmallchildrendon'tknow.A.whatistheirstockingsinB.whatisintheirstockingsC.whereistheirstockingsin D.whatintheirstockingsSomeoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee.A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitisCouldyoutellmehowlong?youhaveboughtthewatchyouhavekeptthissciencebookhaveyoubeenawayfromChinahaveyoubeenamemberofGreenerChinaHesaysthatifittomorrow,hefishing.A.willrain,won'tgoB.rained,wasn'tgo C.rains,won'tgoD.rain,willPredicativeClauses表語從句一、定義:在復(fù)合句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。表語從句位于主句的系動詞后。表語從句說明主語是什么或者怎么樣,對主語進行解釋、說明,使主語的內(nèi)具體化。二、表語從句的構(gòu)成一結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動詞+表語從句”This is whyhedidit.主語系動詞 表語從句常見的系動詞分為以下幾種:A.Be動詞類B.表示持續(xù)的系動詞:keep,remain,stayC.感官動詞:look,sound,taste,smell,feelD.表示由一類狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)為另一類狀態(tài):get,become,grow,turn,fall,go,come,runE.表終止的系動詞:prove,turnout,seem,appear三、引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類:(引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞一般不省略。)從屬連詞:that/whether/asif/aslhough/as/because(注:if不引導(dǎo)表語從句)連接代詞:who/whom/whose/which/what連接副詞:when/where/why/how/because.that引導(dǎo)的表語從句Dthat在從句中僅起連接作用,無實際意義,在句中不做任何成分,不能省略。我們的目的是他能意識到自己的錯誤。事實是她就是我們正在找的那個人。ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.Thereasonwasthathewaslateforschool.2)在表“建議,勸說,命令”的名詞idea,suggestion,request,proposal后面的表語從句中,謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”,should可省略Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)startearlytomorrow..whether在表語從句中表是否、究竟、到底,但不充當(dāng)句子的成分。Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.Thequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.Whatthedoctordoubtsiswhethermymotherwillrecoverfromthediseasesoon.關(guān)鍵是我們是否能解決問題。.由asif,asthough引導(dǎo)表語從句,表示好像。句子中的系動詞常用be,look,appear,seem,sound等。常用虛擬語氣,表示不存在的動作或狀態(tài)。Theyoungmanwithlonghairlooksasifhewereagirl.Itseemsasifshehadbeentothemoonmanytimes.看起來好像要下雨。聽起來好像有人在敲門。.as引導(dǎo)表語從句。HelookediustashehadlookedCenyearsbefore.他看起來還與10年前一樣。.because引導(dǎo)表語從句。常用結(jié)構(gòu):This/That/Itis/wasbecause...Myangerisbecauseyouhaven'twrittentomeforalongtime.ThatisbecauseIdon'tlikeEnglish.我想這是因為你做得太多。這是僅僅因為他不認(rèn)識她。.連接代詞what,which,who,whom,whose,wh?ever除在句子中起連接作用外,還可在從句中從當(dāng)主語、表語、定語,且各有各的詞義。Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.Theimportantthingiswhosenameshouldbeputonthetopofthelist.Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。我想問的是誰離開了。.連接副詞where,when,why,how除在句中起連接作用外,在從句中還充當(dāng)時間、地點、方式、原因狀語,本身具有詞義。That'swhereIcan'tagreewithyou.Thisishowtheyovercomethedifficulties.MystrongestmemoryiswhenIattendedanAmericanwedding.這就是他為何沒到這兒來的原因。問題是他是如何做此事的。注意:.當(dāng)主句的主語為reason,或者是由why引導(dǎo)的從句時,與它們相關(guān)的表語從句用that來引導(dǎo),而不能由because引導(dǎo):because引導(dǎo)表語從句時只能用于This/That/Itis/wasbecause...ThereasonwhyIwaslatewasthatImissedthetrain.Iwaslate.It/That/ThiswasbecauseImiesedthetrain..Thatiswhy...與thatisbecause...1)Thariswhy...(why引導(dǎo)表語從句)=Thatisthereasonwhy...(why引導(dǎo)定語從句)Thatiswhyshefailedtopasstheexam.Thatisthereasonwhyshefailedt。passedtheexam.2)Thatiswhy…指各種原因所造成的后果,Thatisbecause…指原因或理由Iwasangry.Thatisbecausehedidn'tunderstandme.Thaliswhyhegotfiredfromthatfirm.3.Thereason(why.../for...)is/wasthat 的原因是 ThereasonforhisabsenceisthathegotuplateThereasonwhyheisabsentisthathegotuplate.四、表語從句引導(dǎo)詞注意事項.that引導(dǎo)表語從句時不能省..if不能引導(dǎo)表語從句..除that外的所有引導(dǎo)詞都有自己的意義。.除that,whether外的所有引導(dǎo)詞都須在從句中充當(dāng)相應(yīng)的成分鞏固提升Thal's thePartycalledonustodo.A.whyB.whatC.howD.thatThereasonis heisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.Whether.Thatis theyseparated.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whereJaneisnolonger shewasfouryearsago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.whenThequestioniswewillhaveoursportsmeetnextweek.A.thatB.if C.whenD.whetherThereasonwhyhefailedishewastoocareless.A.becauseB.thatC.forD.becauseofGoandgetyourcoat.It'syouleftitA.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethereTheproblemistotaketheplaceofTedA.whocanwegetB.whatwecangetC.whowecangetD.thatwecangetWhatIwanttoknowishelikesthegiftgivenbyus.A.thatB.if C.whetherD.不填ThereasonisImissedthebus.A.thatB.whenC.why D.what.Theproblemishehasenoughtime.A.if B.whether C./D.thathereallymeansishedisagreeswithus.A.What...that B.That...whatC.What...whatD.That...what她不能理解越來越少的學(xué)生對她的課不感興趣。我告訴他的是我會給他找個好劇本。定語從句AttributiveClauses一、定義:修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先儂之后。二、結(jié)構(gòu):先行詞+關(guān)系詞+句子.先行詞:被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。.關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用:A、引導(dǎo)定語從句;B、代替先行詞;C、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。三、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句who指人,在定語從句中作主語。正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.whom指人,在定語從句中做賓語,??墒÷浴rLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。老師經(jīng)常表揚的那個女孩是我們的班長。注意:關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中??捎脀ho來代替,也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.Which指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語,做賓語時常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.制造計算機的那家公司離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。Thehouse_whichisbythelakelooksnice.他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。That指人時,相當(dāng)于who或whom;指物時,相當(dāng)于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略。每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達一百萬。我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒?Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.Whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語??煞g出【......的】我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學(xué)家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。注意:指物時,常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替:一Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.--Theclassroomthedoo。ofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.--Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?—Doyoulikethebookihecovoiofwhichisyellow?四、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校很出名。Tomorrowrilbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.Tomorrowrilbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我將把你要的雜志帶來。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.這是我昨天跟他打臺球的男孩。我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩?。我工作的那家公司的?jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。注意:1.含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開,介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。TOC\o"1-5"\h\zThisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.( )ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.( )Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.( )Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.( ).若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom,不可用who,that;關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用which,不可用thato關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whoseoThemanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.( )Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.( )TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.( )TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.( ).“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如:Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地愛著他的父母,他們倆待他都很好。Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.籃子里有好些蘋果,有些已經(jīng)壞了。Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.我們班總共有40個學(xué)生,大多數(shù)來自大城市。Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今為止,他寫了10部小說,其中3部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。五、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句when指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一天。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎?where指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasbom.我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?why指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。我不知道他今天為什么看上去不愉快。注意:關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)常可以用''介詞+關(guān)系代詞''引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如:Fromtheyearrwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學(xué)時,他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive. 他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear. 他為什么拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。六、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句,形式上:限制性定語從句不用逗號“,”與主句隔開。非限制性定語從句用逗號“,”與主句隔開。.意義上:限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語,如刪除,主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。非限定性定語從句只是對先行詞的補充說明,如刪除,主句仍能表達完整的意思。.譯法上:限定性定語從句譯成先行詞的定語:?的''非限定性定語從句通常譯成主句的并列句。限制性定語從句舉例:TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老師告訴我說湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中國是一個歷史悠久的國家。非限制性定語從句舉例:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他媽媽十分地愛他,對他要求很嚴(yán)格。China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中國是1949年成立的,現(xiàn)在正變得越來越強大。LastsummerIvisitedthePeople'sGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.去年夏天,我參觀了人民大會堂,在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會議。注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義:Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,其用法有相同之處,也有不同之處。具體情況是:.as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語,代表前面整個句子。如:Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她結(jié)婚了,這是很自然的事。Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很誠實,這一點我們看得出來。.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至還可以分割主句。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外,as常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如:Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.眾所周知,中國是發(fā)展中國家。Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.他是南方人,這一點我們從他的口音可以知道。John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知,約翰是個著名作家。ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon"believe.張華己去過巴黎十多次了,這一點我不相信。注意:當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時,關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如:Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.湯姆老是遲到,這使得老師很惱火。Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.這些桌子是金屬的,這使得這些桌子很重。.當(dāng)先行詞受such,thesame修飾時,關(guān)系詞常用as。如:Pveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。注意:當(dāng)先行詞受thesame修飾時,偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句,但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如:SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore..以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由inwhich或that引導(dǎo),而且通常可以省略。Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。Idon'tli

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