內容說明七宗罪

Theauthordrawstheconclusioninthisargumentthat…..Tobolstertheconclusion,theauthorpointthat/citestatisticstoshowthat…..(What’smore,healsoreasonsthat…)Whilethisargument,admittedly,appearstobeacceptableonitsface,meticulousscrutinyrevealsthattheconclusionisbasedonsomedubiousassumptionsandthelineofreasoningbearscertaininevitablefallacies.Themainproblemsoftheargumentwouldbediscussedrespectively.IntheInthesecond(Finally,evenwhenthearguerjustifiesalltheforegoingassumptions,theconclusionremainstobedoubtfulforitfailstoestablishacausalconnectionbetweenandWithoutevidencetosupportthecausalconnectionbetweenthesetwoeventstheconsiderationisstillunwarranted.)Insum,thisargumentissomewhatdefectiveandhenceisnotreasonableandpersuasiveasitstands.Yet,tosolidifytheargument,theauthormust,attheveryleast,confirmthat….andshouldofferconcreteevidenceaswelltodemonstratethat…..beforemakingthisconclusion.Onlywithmorelogicallineofreasoningcouldthisargument emorethanmerelyanemotionalappeal.one-sidedness,casual…..serveasafittingandverypublic….illustratesthispointasAnotherflawthatsignificantlyunderminesthisargumentisthattheauthorneglectstoindicate…Anotherproblemthatseriouslyweakensthelogicofthisargumentis下面的理由文字中，可能有部分過于羅嗦，大家自己修改吧Posthoc,ergopropter 先因和同時因果都能Theauthorhasbeenengagedin“afterthis,thereforebecauseofthis”ysisinpresumingthatAisthesolecausebehindB./theauthor’ssolutionrestsontheassumptionthatAisthecauseofB..Theonlyreasonprovidedforbelievingthat….can…isthattheformerproceeded/coincidewiththatlatter,andnoadditionalevidencelinkingthetwoeventsisofferedinthisargument,thusleavingthepossibilitythatthetwoeventsarenotcausallyrelatedbutmerelycorrelated.Manyotherprospectivefactorscanbringaboutthesameresult.Forinstance……Inthisargumentunfortunay,whiletemporalprecedence/concurrencesuchasAisoneoftheconditionsrequiredtoestablishacausalrelationshipbetweentwoevents,byitselfitisnotasufficientcondition.ThusitisgroundlesstoattributeBtoA. A這樣－〉Ｂ也這TheauthorcommitsafallacyoffalseogyinassumingthatAwillachieve/have/sufferthesameresultasB,ifA像Ｂ那樣做.NeverthelessthereasoningisquestionablesincesimilaritybetweenAandBmaynotsufficientenoughtosubstantiatethecliam.Forexample,…… (Obviouslythe betweenAandBisnotproved,makingtheogyuntenable.Inotherwords,theremaybecertaindissimilaritythatprecludesthemfromhavingasimilarimpacton….)/AccordinglywecanseethatAandBaresodissimilarthatAisunlikelytoexperiencethesameconsequenceifitadoptsB’sstrategies.False AorB的選擇，只選Ａ或TheauthortakesforgrantedthatAandBaremutuallytwoexclusivealternativesandtherehardlyisanyroomforamiddlegroundwhileofferingnoreasonforimposinganeither-orchoice.NeverthelesstheargumentfailstoruleoutpossibilitiesthatadjustingAandBmightbringaboutbetterresults.Inaddition,themosteffectivesolutionmaycontainamorecomplexoneofotherfactors--suchas..Inanycase,theauthorprovidesnojustificationformutuallyexclusivechoicementionedabove.Hasty 小集合－〉大集 特設－〉廣Misapplied 大范圍－〉小范圍Oneegregiousreasoningflawinthisargumentistheauthor’suseofevidencepertainingtoparticular/generalgroupasthebasisforageneral/particulargroup.Sincethereisnostrongreasontobelievethatthedatadrawnfromparticular/generalisrepresentativeofteral/particulargroup,theevidencecitedisnotsufficienttomakethivalid.Withoutanymoredetails,itisfallacioustoreachanyconclusionatall.Theauthorunfairlypresupposethat小范圍中一個這樣 sufficestoinfer大范圍也這樣，forthereareallkindsofcrucialdifferencesbetween小范圍and大范圍Itisjustlikelythat….Consequentlyforthatmatter,unlessitcanbeshownthat…istypicalofallgeneralgroup,theauthorcannotjustifythis mendationthat….andmoreover,implementingtheauthor’ssuggestionmightamounttopooradvice.Causal 忽略其他導致結果的因Theauthor’slineofreasoningisthat….produce…..However,while…isaseeminglycriticalfactorcontributingtodetermine….,itishardlytheonlysuchfactor.Toestablishageneralcausalrelationshipbetween…and…,otherpossibilitiesthatcouldgeneratethiseffectmustbeconsideredandruledout.Forexample,….csocontributeto…..Lackingamorecomprehensive ysisofthecauses,itispresumptuousfortheauthortoattributeBtoA./Withoutaccountingforthesepotentialfactors,theauthorconcludestoohastilythat…Allthingsare （相對于一件事情 theauthortakesforgrantedthat…willremain/haveremainedthesameatdifferenttimes/locations.Inthisargument,howeveritisnotclearthatwhether可能變化的東西Itislikelythatthecurrentconditionsarewhollydistinctforeverypossiblereason.Asaresult,becausetheauthorfailstoinvestigateorevenconsiderotherpossibletransformations,theconclusionishighly.Onesidedness Theauthorreliesonthedubioussuppositionthat…can…withoutsacrificingthe….Thelineofreasoningfailstoconsiderthebenefits…mightbringaswellastheharm..mightoccur.Infact,(這個決定的壞處)Afterassessingthesituationmorecomprehensively,itmayturnsoutthattheadvantagesfaroutweightheSincethereasoninglacksacompleteysisofthecondition,theforecastof…cannotbetakenseriouslyAppealto 沒有表明支持A就說A是不對的，沒有A是對TheauthorassumesthatallthepeopleunhappywithAAwillcomplainaboutit/didnotcomplainweresatisfiedwithAA.Nonetheless,theevidencedemonstratedisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusion.Itisentirelypossiblethat….Withoutmoreconcreteinformationabout…theauthor’sassumptionthat…isquestionable.Doubtfulsurvey/informationtooThestatisticalevidenceintheargumentissomewhatproblematicsincethepollcitedbytheauthoris,however,describedinthevaguestpossibleterms:nodetailssuchasthathowthepollwasconductedandwhorespondedhavebeenindicated.Considerifthousandsofpeoplearesurveyedbutonlyseveralrespond,thentheresultsareworthlessasevidencefor……Therefore,lackingtheserelevantinformationitisnotpossiblytoassesswhetherthisisthecaseaed.Vestedinterest回應者的既得利Wehavestrongreasonstoquestiontheneutralityandcreditabilityofthesurveymadeby…whomayhavevestedinterest,andthereforeisinclinedtomanipulatethefigurestohisownadvantage.STUDY必.theauthorunjustifiablyreliesonthestudiesthatcorrelate…and…forhedoesnotprovideanyevidencetoconfirmthereliabilityofthestudies.Whiletheexpression“studiessuggest”mightappeartolendcredibilitytothesestatement,thisexpressionisvagueenoughtoactuallyrendertheclaimsworthless,intheabsenceofanyinformationaboutthem.Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.ThelineofthereasoningisthatbecauseAoccurredbeforeB,theformereventisresponsibleforthelatter.(TheauthorusesthepositivecorrelationbetweenAandBtoestablishcausality.However,thefactthoincideswithBdoesnotnecessarilyprovethausedB.)Butthisisfallaciousreasoningunlessotherpossiblecausalexplanationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.Forexample,perhapsCisthecauseoftheseeventsorperhapsBiscausedbyD.Insufficient-Theevidencetheauthorprovidesisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusiondrawnfromit.Oneexampleislogicallyunsoundedtoestablishageneralconclusion(Thestatisticsfromonlyafewrecentyearsarenotnecessarilyagoodindicatoroffuturetrends),unlessitcanbeshownthatA1isrepresentativeofallA.Itispossiblethat....Infact,infaceofsuchlimitedevidence,theconclusionthatBiscompley第三宗罪:錯誤類比(basedona ogy)<橫向TheargumentrestsontheassumptionthatAisogoustoBinallrespects.Thisassumptionisweak,sincealthoughtherearepointsofcomparisonbetweenAandB,thereismuchdissimilarityaswell.Forexample,A...,however,B....Thus,itislikelymu oredifficultforBtodo....allthingsareequal<縱向Theauthorcommitsthefallacyof“allthingsareequal”.Thefactthathappenedtwoyearsagoisnotsoundevidencetodrawaconclusionthat. Theauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatthebackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttimesoratdifferentlocations.However,itisnotclearinthisargumentwhetherthecurrentconditionsatAAarethesameastheyusedtobetwoyearsago.Thusitisimpossibletoconcludethat....Either-OrTheauthorassumesthatAAandBBaremutuallyexclusivealternativesandthereisnoroomforamiddleground.However,theauthorprov