(新高考)高考英語二輪提分秘籍專題一：閱讀理解（第二講）第四節(jié) 主旨大意題-逆轉(zhuǎn)思維 (含詳解)

21世紀(jì)教育網(wǎng)精品試卷·第2頁（共2頁）第四節(jié)主旨大意題——逆轉(zhuǎn)思維近3年高考主旨大意題題量統(tǒng)計(jì)考綱解讀年份卷別2021202020191.主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。2．主旨大意題分為標(biāo)題類和主題類。(1)標(biāo)題類，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題；(2)主題類，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。新高考卷Ⅰ1段落大意＋1最佳標(biāo)題1文章大意全國(guó)卷Ⅰ(全國(guó)乙卷)1段落大意＋1最佳標(biāo)題1段落大意＋1最佳標(biāo)題1段落大意＋1最佳標(biāo)題全國(guó)卷Ⅱ1最佳標(biāo)題1文章大意＋1最佳標(biāo)題1文章大意＋1最佳標(biāo)題全國(guó)卷Ⅲ1段落大意＋1文章大意＋1最佳標(biāo)題1最佳標(biāo)題主旨大意題主要考查形式有三種：文章大意類、段落大意類及標(biāo)題歸納類。主旨大意題在近三年全國(guó)卷中每套題均有涉及，雖然比重不大，但是難度較高，是大部分學(xué)生容易失分的題目類型，應(yīng)給予足夠的重視，爭(zhēng)取閱讀得滿分。命題方式解題捷徑選項(xiàng)特征1.Thebesttitleofthepassageis________．2．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?3．Thepassageismainlyabout________．4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?5．Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．6．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout？1.首先找出文章的主題句，然后根據(jù)文章主題句確定文章大意。2．如果沒有主題句再尋找全文重復(fù)性強(qiáng)的關(guān)鍵詞或者概括全文。3．解題時(shí)我們可以利用逆轉(zhuǎn)思維，即如果我們作為作者按這個(gè)大意或標(biāo)題寫這一篇文章或這一段文章該寫哪方面內(nèi)容，然后對(duì)比原文和選項(xiàng)，從而做出正確的判斷。eq\a\vs4\al()正確選項(xiàng)特征1．涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。2．范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。3．精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語言表意的程度及色彩。eq\a\vs4\al()干擾選項(xiàng)特征1．以偏概全2.主題過大3．?dāng)嗾氯×x4.無中生有微技能一文章大意題——定位主旨知文意文章大意題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)。eq\a\vs4\al()eq\a\vs4\al(主題句法)解答文章大意題，找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。(1)根據(jù)文體和寫作手法來定位主題句(2)根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來定位主題句轉(zhuǎn)折詞句中如有but，however，infact，actually等時(shí)，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)?？偨Y(jié)詞如therefore，thus，inshort，conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題。疑問句若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答可能是文章的主題。eq\a\vs4\al()eq\a\vs4\al(高頻詞法)全文中無明顯主題句時(shí)，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。eq\a\vs4\al()eq\a\vs4\al(逆向思維法)在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去都十分正確無法選擇時(shí)，試著從選項(xiàng)出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項(xiàng)來寫文章會(huì)有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較，接近的即為正確選項(xiàng)。21世紀(jì)教育網(wǎng)版權(quán)所有【典例1】(2020·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ閱讀B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh－techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild，butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath－relatedPsychologistSusanLevine，anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago，foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income，educationandtheamountofparenttalk，LevineTheresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child－parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot，ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes，”Levinesaidinastatement.21·世紀(jì)*教育網(wǎng)Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould，andabouthalfofthechildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher－incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently，andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However，boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls，andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod.B．Ascientificstudy.C．Awomanpsychologist.D．Ateachingprogram.【分析】第一步讀文章，概括文意：本文介紹了芝加哥大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究，該研究表明，對(duì)于2到4歲的孩子來說，玩拼圖游戲?qū)λ麄兘窈罂臻g技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接觸拼圖游戲的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼圖更復(fù)雜。第二步利用關(guān)鍵詞法定主旨：文章多次出現(xiàn)了researchers，expert，study，findings等詞，主要介紹的是一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究。【來源：21cnj*y.co*m】第三步排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)：選項(xiàng)A、D無中生有曲解文意；選項(xiàng)C以偏概全主次不分。故選B。微技能二段落大意題——首尾兼顧定段意段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思，是對(duì)一個(gè)段落的基本內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段落大意就是用準(zhǔn)確的、簡(jiǎn)練的語言把一個(gè)段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來?！景鏅?quán)所有：21教育】做題時(shí)要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因?yàn)樗鼈兺w現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因?yàn)槔眠@些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下的主旨判斷，其準(zhǔn)確性更高?！镜淅?】(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ閱讀D)Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.21教育網(wǎng)35．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A．Itsappealtothepublic.B．Expectationsforfuturestudies.C．Itspracticalapplication.D．Scientistswithnewperspectives.【分析】第一步找出段落主旨句：分析可知，最后一段中第一句“Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.”為主旨句。第二步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案：由文章主旨句可知，雖然情商的持續(xù)流行吸引力是可取的，但我們希望這種關(guān)注能引起人們對(duì)情感的科學(xué)和學(xué)術(shù)研究的更大的興趣。又根據(jù)下文的Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.可知，我們希望在未來的數(shù)十年后，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步提供新的視角來研究人們?nèi)绾喂芾硭麄兊纳睢Ｓ纱丝芍?，這些是對(duì)未來研究的期望。故選B。21教育名師原創(chuàng)作品微技能三標(biāo)題歸納題——文章主題定標(biāo)題該類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)(不改變?cè)牡囊饬x和感情色彩)；覆蓋性強(qiáng)(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)；有吸引力(能吸引讀者眼球)。要首先找出文章的主題句，然后根據(jù)文章主題句確定文章標(biāo)題，如果沒有主題句再尋找全文重復(fù)性強(qiáng)的關(guān)鍵詞或者概括全文。eq\a\vs4\al()利用4大技巧解題關(guān)鍵詞法反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，多次重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)就是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞主題句法根據(jù)文章主題句，確定中心詞充當(dāng)標(biāo)題穿珠連串法分析文章細(xì)節(jié)，確定共同點(diǎn)，如同穿珠般，串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點(diǎn)，確定標(biāo)題逆向法根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，考慮其可能內(nèi)容，對(duì)照原文，最相似者為最佳選項(xiàng)eq\a\vs4\al()結(jié)合3大特點(diǎn)解題eq\a\vs4\al()排除3種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)

【典例3】(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ閱讀C)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever－increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地)．In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ．N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.31．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStoryB．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【分析】本文主要講述的是美國(guó)鴨票的故事(TheFederalDuckStampStory)，全文都是圍繞著這個(gè)主旨展開的?！な锥谓榻B了美國(guó)鴨票發(fā)行的背景；·第二段介紹了美國(guó)鴨票發(fā)行的經(jīng)過；·第三段講述了美國(guó)鴨票發(fā)行帶來的種種好處。最后一句“LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.”更是點(diǎn)明了主題。故選A。精做模擬考題(2021·濟(jì)南市高三模擬考試)Facemasksandprotectivesuitscansavelives.Butwhathappensafterpeoplearedoneusingthem?BinishDesai,thefounderofEco－EclecticTechnologiesfromWesternIndia,sawtheimpactbroughtbytherisinguseofanddemandforsingle－usemasksandkitsduetothecoronaviruspandemic,sohecreatedBrick2.0topreventtonsofsingle－usepersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)frombeingthrownawayandendingupinlandfillsorwaterstreams.AlthoughPPEisessentialformedicaluse,itisextremelynecessarytoassessnewalternativesandtoraiseawarenessregardingitsproperuseanddisposal(處理)．AstudypublishedbytheAmericanChemicalSocietysuggeststhat129billionfacemasksareusedmonthlyduringthecoronaviruspandemic,whichcausesgreatenvironmentalpollution.InIndiaalone,over18，000Britishtonnesofcoronavirus－relatedbiomedicalwastewasgeneratedinjustfourmonthsbetweenJuneandSeptember.Thewastewouldtakehundredsofyearstobreakdown,accordingtothemagazineWasteAdvantage.Brick2.0isanewversionofthebrickmadefromindustrialwaste,nowalsoincludingusedfacemasksandprotectivesuits.TheprocessstartswiththecollectionofPPEwastethroughgarbagecansplacedinsmallshopsandapartmentbuildings,witheasyaccessforpeopletothrowawaytheiruseditems.Onceinthefactory，thecollectionsarekeptfor72hoursforsafetyreasons.Thentheyarecleanedandtornintopiecesbeforebeingmixedwithotherwaste.Finally,thematerialisshaped,andoncedry，eachbrickisreadytouse.Itisthreetimesstrongerthanconventionalbricksattwicethesizeandhalftheprice.www-2-1-cnjy-comInacomplexsituationliketheonewearelivinginthesedays,thissolutionisnotonlyrelativelyeasytooperate,butalsoveryachievableintheshortterm,whichcanreallyhelpovercometoday’sglobalenvironmentalchallenges.【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。新冠肺炎疫情導(dǎo)致防護(hù)服、口罩等一次性醫(yī)療防護(hù)垃圾日增，造成了嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染隱患。Eco－EclecticTechnologies的創(chuàng)始人BinishDesai看到了商機(jī)，他回收這些醫(yī)療垃圾，用作磚頭的原料，制成的磚頭強(qiáng)度大、價(jià)格低。1．WhydidDesaicreateBrick2.0?A．TorecyclethePPEwaste.B．Toreduceproductioncost.C．Toprotectwaterresource.D．Topreventseriousdisease.答案A[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段尾句中的“sohecreatedBrick2.0to...orwaterstreams.”可知，Desai制作磚頭2.0旨在將一次性個(gè)人防護(hù)垃圾回收再利用，故A項(xiàng)正確。]2．WhatdothefiguresinParagraph2indicate?A．Thestudylackssufficientevidence.B．Thepandemicisdifficulttocontrol.C．Thedemandforfacemasksisindecline.D．Theenvironmentisfacingseverechallenges.答案D[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二、三句可知，該段提及的數(shù)據(jù)說明一次性醫(yī)療防護(hù)垃圾日增，造成了嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染隱患。故D項(xiàng)正確。]3．WhatismainlydiscussedaboutBrick2.0inParagraph3?A．Itsfunction. B．Itsadvantage.C．Itsmaincharacteristic. D．Itsproductionprocess.答案D[段落大意題。通讀第三段可知，該段中的“Theprocessstartswith...Then...Finally”說明了磚頭2.0的生產(chǎn)過程，故D項(xiàng)正確。]4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．InnovationneverendsB．EnvironmentalissuescountC．TransformwasteintotreasureD．Defendyourlifewithfacemasks答案C[主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了印度西部的Eco－EclecticTechnologies的創(chuàng)始人BinishDesai回收利用防護(hù)服、口罩等一次性醫(yī)療防護(hù)垃圾，用作磚頭的原料，制成強(qiáng)度大、價(jià)格低的磚頭。據(jù)此可知，“變廢為寶”最適合作為本文標(biāo)題，故C項(xiàng)正確。]2·1·c·n·j·y挑戰(zhàn)外刊閱讀Whilethenovelcoronavirus(新冠病毒)outbreakforcedmanyChinesetostayathome,theycontinuedonlineconsumptionandturnedtonewformsofentertainment,whichisprovidingpowertotheChineseeconomy.【來源：21·世紀(jì)·教育·網(wǎng)】Althoughtheepidemic(傳染病)hadahugeimpactontheservice，manufacturingandtradesectors,especiallyconsumerindustriessuchastourism,cateringandentertainment,italsobenefitedindustriessuchase－commerce,onlinegamesandentertainment,aswellasmedicalservices.【出處：21教育名師】Sincemanypeoplehavecontinuedonlineshoppingathome,thedeliverysectorhasremainedbusy.OnlinefooddeliveryplatformssuchasMeituanDianpinghaveintroducedspecialservicesforuserstopickuptheirfoodincontainerswithoutface－to－facecontactswithdeliverymen.TheStatePostBureauofChinareportedthatChina’spostalindustrycollected81.25millionparcelsfromJanuary24to29(in2020),ayear－on－yearincreaseof76.6percent.Inthesameperiod,itdelivered78.17millionparcels,up110.34percentyearonyear.Besidesshoppingonline,manypeoplealsoenjoyedplayinggamesandwatchingvideosandlivestreamingathomeduringthefestival.DatashowsthatHonorofKings,oneofitsvideogameproducts,receivedaround2billionyuanfromitsgameplayersonJanuary24,2020,theLunarNewYear,upfrom1.3billiononthesamedaylastyear.Industriessuchasonlineentertainmentcangreatlybenefitduringtheepidemiccontrolasmanypeoplestayathome.Thecateringindustrymayalsoshifttoaninnovative(創(chuàng)新的)mode,wherefoodcookedincentralkitchensisdeliveredtooutlets(零售)oronlineordersforsale.Traditionalindustrieswillneedtofurtherimprovequalitytodealwiththedifficultperiod.(FromBeijingReview)【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。新冠疫情暴發(fā)后，云購(gòu)物、云辦公、云學(xué)習(xí)等方式不斷出現(xiàn)，這些不斷衍生、形態(tài)各異的線上產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)逐漸受到大眾的青睞。如此背景下催生的“宅經(jīng)濟(jì)”以破竹之勢(shì)暴發(fā)了。21*cnjy*com1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”meaninParagraph1?A．Thenewviruses.B．TheChinesestayingathome.C．Theconsumerindustries.D．Thenewformsofentertainment.答案B[代詞指代題。根據(jù)第一段第一句可知，由于新冠疫情，很多中國(guó)人不得不宅在家里，即“他們”指的是宅在家的中國(guó)人，因此選B。]2．Whyweretheconsumerindustriesaffectedhugely?2-1-c-n-j-yA．Peoplepreferredonlineservices.B．Peoplecouldnotbenefitfromtheconsumerindustries.21*cnjy*comC．Peopleworkingintheseindustriesgotsick.D．Peoplewerenotallowedtogooutdoorstospendmoney.答案D[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句及第三段第一句，可知因?yàn)橐咔榈脑颍藗儾坏貌淮诩抑幸揽烤W(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)，即無法外出消費(fèi)，因此選D。]3．WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A．Manypeopleenjoyedonlineconsumptionduringthisperiod.B．MorepeoplelikedtoplaygamesontheLunarNewYear.C．HonorofKingshelpedthecompanyearnalot.D．Shoppingonlineisthemostpopular