高中全部英語語法課件

第一章時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)一.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在WritewritesAmIswritingarehaswrittenhaveHasbeenwritinghave過去wroteWaswritingwereHadwrittenHadbeenwriting將來ShallwritewillShallbewritingWillShallhavewrittenwillShall

havebeenwritingwill過去將來ShouldwritewouldShouldbewritingWouldShouldhavewrittenwouldShouldhavebeenwritingwould1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1）表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常/反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作/存在的狀態(tài)

信號(hào)詞：often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday,onceaweek等Eg；

我一般/經(jīng)常/通常/6點(diǎn)起床。門是關(guān)著的。我每天下午去游泳。2）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可用來表示主語的特征，性格，能力，客觀事實(shí)/普遍整理，表示安排好/計(jì)劃好的將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Eg；他喜歡吃魚。太陽東升西落。(rise,set)展會(huì)星期六開，下個(gè)星期五結(jié)束。3）還可以用來表示如電影的劇情介紹，新聞標(biāo)題，小說章節(jié)題目，圖片解說等。

2.一般過去式1)表示過去發(fā)生的而現(xiàn)在已結(jié)束的情況，也可以表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，或表示客氣的。詢問。

信號(hào)詞：yesterday，lastweek,justnow,in1999,ago(帶有ago),when引導(dǎo)的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語從句。Eg；我昨天晚上上床很遲。3天前天氣不是很熱。我們小時(shí)候一起去學(xué)校。4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1)說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或表示為將來安排好的活動(dòng)和事件，常用的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)o,come,start,stay,leave,arrive,flyEg;老師正在講課。她正在過來。2）與always,constantly,repeatedly等連用表示不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。Eg；你總是把鑰匙忘在家里。5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1）過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。（信號(hào)詞為句中的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語。）atthattime,while,justas等Eg；WhileIwasworking,mywifewaslookingafterthebaby.2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來表示背景。Eg；Thesunwassettingandthewindwasblowing.6.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)1）什么叫將來進(jìn)行時(shí)？Eg；我明天這個(gè)時(shí)候正在家里看電視。7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

表示過去某時(shí)間發(fā)生與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，或開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，不能和表示過去的副詞連用，常和下列明確表示過去和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系的短語和結(jié)構(gòu)連用。如：before，already，yet，recently，never，sofar，uptonow,Itisthefirst(second)time…,Itis(hasbeen)…since等Eg;我的作業(yè)已經(jīng)完成了。他退休已經(jīng)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。8.過去完成時(shí)過去某一時(shí)刻已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。常用的句型Nosooner…than,hardly/rarely/scarcely…when從句中常用一般過去式，主句中用過去完成時(shí)Eg；Hehadhardlygotupwhenthetelephonerang.Ihadnosoonerbeganmyspeechthanhegottohisfeetandaskedforleave.過去完成時(shí)表示過去的過去。

HehasleftBeijingforalongtime.(×)HehasbeenawayfromBeijingfor…Hisfatherhasdiedfortenyears.(×)Hisfatherhasbeendead…第二章從句主句（mainclause；principalclause）即句子的主體，能單獨(dú)使用或出現(xiàn)的句子。從句（surbordinateclause）是復(fù)合句里的一個(gè)句子成分。它不能獨(dú)立成句，但是它也有自己的主語部分和謂語部分。就是句子一樣，所不同的是，它必須由一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞來引導(dǎo)。從句的種類：名詞性從句（主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句，同位語從句）,副詞性從句（狀語從句),形容詞性從句（定語從句）。4)whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句whether在句子中不承擔(dān)任何的句子成分。作‘是否’講，引導(dǎo)主語從句的語序用陳述句。位于句首時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)主語從句，位于句中可與if互換。WhetherTomwillcomeisuncertain.Itisnotknownwhether/iftheywillcometoday.5)用哪一個(gè)“wh-”詞取決于從句中缺少或所需要的句子成分。Whatheneedsisthatbook.WhenTomwillcomebackisnotknown.6）-ever引導(dǎo)的主語從句whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever,比what,who,whom,when,where等語氣強(qiáng)烈。WhateverIhaveisyours.Whoeveristiredmayrest.連接代詞，連接副詞和復(fù)合詞引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，本身有詞義，在從句中充當(dāng)主語，賓語，表語，定語，或狀語等。從句的語序用陳述句語序。Whatheneedsisabook.WhenJackwillcomeisnotknown.主語從句需注意的問題(1)主語從句中用陳述語序WhatsheisafraidofistheirtakinghertoParis.(Whatissheafraidof…Wrong)(2)主語從句后謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)Thattheyhaven’tphonedisstrange.(3)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句中，that不可被省略Thatpricewillgoupiscertain.what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別what引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that則不然。例如：1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.What在此引導(dǎo)主語從句,又做said的賓語That只起連接作用,不做成分1.Whereshallwespendtheholidayisn’tdecided.2.Youhavemadeamistakeisafact.3.Thatiscertainthatwecanwin.4.Nomatterwholeavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.weshallThatyouhaveItisWhoever改錯(cuò)練習(xí)否定的轉(zhuǎn)移：若主句謂語動(dòng)詞為think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。如：

Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.Roderickdon’tbelievethatamancansurviveinthecityforamonthwithonlyamillionpoundbank-noteinhispossessionIdon’tsupposeyouwillfinishtheworktoday.Ihopehewon’tgiveup.賓語從句注意點(diǎn)：注意！It作形式賓語：

it常可以放在動(dòng)詞think,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作為形式賓語.結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+hear/think..+it+adj./n.+賓語從句Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.Wethinkitimportantthateverystudentshouldobeyschoolrules.Whether,if以及whether,if和that動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中whether和if可以通用，但介詞后的賓語從句只用whether,不用if.Heaskedwhether/ifIwouldattendthemeeting.Hewasworryingaboutwhetherhehadhurtherfeelings.⑤賓語從句的語序從句中用陳述語序。HeaskedmehowmuchIpaidforthebook.CanyoutellmehowIcangettothebusstop?特殊疑問詞做主語時(shí)，次序不能再變化。Pleasetelluswhowillgiveusatalkthisafternoon?Idon’tknowwhathashappenedtoher.特殊疑問詞+doyouthink(suppose,believe,imagine…)+陳述句語序的從句（插入語句式）Whodoyouthinkisthebeststudentsinourclass?WhydoyouthinkMarywasinsuchahurry?1.--Whatdidyourparentsthinkaboutyourdecision?--Theyalwaysletmedo___IthinkIshould.A.whenB.thatC.howD.what2.--Couldyoudomeafavor?--Itdependson____itis.A.whichB.whicheverC.whatD.whatever3.Thewayhediditwasdifferent_____wewereusedto.A:inwhichB:inwhatC:fromwhatD:fromwhich1.可接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be,look,remain,seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that不可省略。表語從句表語從句是在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句,放在系動(dòng)詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語從句”。Thefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.ThefactisthatIdon’tknowEnglishatall.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwaswhatwedidthismorning.2.because,why及that引導(dǎo)表語從句，表示因果的不同。另外,常用的還有thereasonwhy…isthat…和Itisbecause…等結(jié)構(gòu)。Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.--Hewasabsentfromthemeetingyesterday.--Thatwasbecausehewasseriouslyill.Thereasonwhyheislateforschoolisthathemissedthebus.(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果)(強(qiáng)調(diào)原因)5.連接副詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句如:when,where,how,whyThisiswhereLuXunoncelived.Thetroubleiswhenhe’llcometohelpus.6.asif/asthough引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)通常置于seem,look,sound之后Itsoundedasthoughsomeonewascrying.ItlooksasifHenryisthebestmantodothejob.Exercises:ChoosethebestanswerCanyoutellme

therailwaystation?A.howIcangettoB.howcanIgettoC.whereIcangettoD.wherecanIgetto2.Heaskedme

hisstory.A.IlikedB.didyoulikeC.whetherIlikeD.ifIliked3.Timtoldhisteacherthathe

bornin1986.A.wasB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeen4.Acomputercanonlydo

youhaveinstructedittodo.A.howB.afterC.whatD.when5.Motheraskedthekid

withhistoycar.A.whatthematterwasB.whatwasthematterC.whatthematterisD.whatthematteris6.Shetoldmethatshe___youinLondonayearbefore.A.hadmetB.metC.wouldmeetD.hasmet7.Thisdependson

theweatherwillbefine.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD.how8.Parentsaretaughttounderstand

importanteducationistotheirchildren’sfuture.A.thatB.howC.suchD.so

appositiveclause同位語從句Theappositiveclauseisaclauseusedasanappositive.Theclauseisanexplanationtothenounbefore.同位語從句屬于名詞性從句，大多由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)，常常跟在fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark,hope,belief等名詞后面。同位語從句一般用來解釋或說明這些名詞的具體含義或內(nèi)容，在邏輯上表現(xiàn)為同為關(guān)系。同位語從句，即從句在句中作主語或賓語的同位語，是對(duì)句子主語或賓語的解釋、說明。e.g.Weheardthenews

thatourteamhadwon.Thefacthowourteamwonthegameisamystery.Thereasonwhyourteamwonthegameisobvious.上面句子劃紅線的部分在句中作名詞的同位語從句，對(duì)名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。你能找出它們所解釋的名詞嗎？1.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.2.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.3.WordcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.4.Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.ThenewsideaWordthequestion鞏固性練習(xí)：1.Thefact____sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.which2.Thefact____hewassuccessfulproveshisability.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.why3.Thenews____hewaskidnappedsurprisedusgreatly.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.when4.Hissuggestion____themeetingbedelayedwasturneddown.A.whichB.thatC./D.it5.Ihavenoidea____hewillstart.A.whenB.thatC.whatD./6.I'vecomefromthegovernmentwithamessage____themeetingwon'tbeheldtomorrow.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.which

綜合練習(xí)定語從句Attributiveclause放在名詞或代詞后面，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的修飾該名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。一.定語從句的基本定義Theboy

whoisreadingisTom.先行詞關(guān)系代詞Hospitalisaplace

whereadoctorworks.先行詞關(guān)系副詞

關(guān)系代詞

2.

關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，常用的關(guān)系代詞有：關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語，常用的關(guān)系副詞有：二.關(guān)系詞的分類that,which,who,whom,whosewhen,where,why三.關(guān)系代詞的基本用法和注意點(diǎn)1.關(guān)系代詞的基本用法關(guān)系代詞指代的先行詞充當(dāng)從句的成分whowhomwhichthatwhose人人主語、賓語賓語物主語、賓語主語、賓語、表語人或物人或物定語①who指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。Theman

Italkedwithisourteacher.Aperson

stealsthingsiscalledathief.②whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語，可省略。

Theman

InoddedtoisMr.Li.who,whom(who)who(whom)③which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。

Thesearethetrees

wereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder

heisusingismadeinJapan.whichwhich（which）Heistheman

Itoldyouabout.④that指人或物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。Aplaneisamachine

canfly.thatthat(that)⑤whose指人或物,在定語從句中作定語。不可省略。Weliveinahouse

windowsfacesouth.Thisisthelittlegirl

parentswerekilledinthegreatearthquake.whosewhosewhose(1)that和which都可以指物，但以下5種情況只能用that不能用which。①當(dāng)先行詞中有人又有物時(shí)。如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersons

thattheyaretalkingabout?2.關(guān)系代詞用法注意點(diǎn)

只能用that不能用which的5種情況②當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞等時(shí)。如：③當(dāng)先行詞被等修飾時(shí)。如：all,one,few,little,no,some,any,everything,nothing,nobody,noneonly,just,very,right,lastThisisall

thatIwantfromtheschool.ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingforthesedays.④當(dāng)先行詞被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：TheTVtoweristhehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthiscity.⑤當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：Thefirstlesson

thatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.(2)that和who都可以指人，但下面兩種情況，多用who。用who不用that的情況①先行詞為all,anyone,one,ones等時(shí)。如：All

whoheardthenewswereexcited.②先行詞為those,he和people時(shí)。如：Those

whowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.He

whodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.(3)whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句注意點(diǎn)①whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，其后應(yīng)緊跟名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語。②whose與它所修飾的名詞一起可以作介詞的賓語。如：Theboss

inwhosedepartmentheworkedhadheardthenews.他工作所在部門的老板已經(jīng)聽說了這個(gè)消息。④whose的先行詞指物時(shí)，可用ofwhich代替，但語序不同，即whose+名詞=the+名詞+ofwhich，或=ofwhich+the+名詞。如：Thenovel

whosetitle

(=thetitleofwhich或ofwhichthetitle)

isRedandBlackisveryinteresting.③whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞既可以指人也可以指物。⑤whose的先行詞指人時(shí)，可用ofwhom代替，但語序不同，即whose+名詞=the+名詞+ofwhom，或=ofwhom+the+名詞。如：Theboy

mother

(=或)

isadoctorismyfriend.whosethemotherofwhomofwhomthemother(4)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須與先行詞保持一致。如：Those

who

areagainsttheplanputupyourhands.Tomisoneofthestudents

who

werepraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Tomistheonlyoneofthestudents

who

waspraisedbytheteacheryesterday.Thescientist

wemetyesterdayisveryfamousintheworld.

(2)Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedress

sheiswearingisnew.

(1)Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.

Wemetheryesterday.鞏固練習(xí)：1.用定語從句合并句子鞏固練習(xí)1：用定語從句合并句子whowhomthat?whichthat?(3)Heisthekindperson.Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.(4)Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.HeisthekindpersonIhaveeverworkedwith.

Thisisthebestfilm

Ihaveeverseen.

whowhomthat?that?1.Thegirl__________isstandingnexttoourteacherisherdaughter.2.Thegirl_________________ourteacheristalkingwithisafamoussinger.3.Thegirl________motherisateachercanspeakEnglish

verywell.4.Ican’tfindthebook____________isborrowedfromthelibrary.5.Ican’tfindthebook________________youlenttome.who/that（who/whom/that)whosewhich/that(that/which)鞏固練習(xí)：2.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空鞏固練習(xí)2：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空1.介詞的選用原則：根據(jù)定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來決定。ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8dollars.ThisisthebookforwhichIpaid8dollars.四.介詞+which/whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句

(2)根據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配來決定。Iremembertheday

onwhichIjoinedtheParty.Irememberthedays

duringwhichIlivedthere.2.當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用whom(指人)或which(指物)，且關(guān)系代詞不能省略。Theman

withyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.Ican’tfindthepen

withIwaswriting.介詞位于關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞的使用whomwhich3.當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句末尾時(shí)，可用which/that(指物),who/whom/that(指人)作從句中介詞的賓語.而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。(whom/who/that)(which/that)Dadisaperson________________Icaneasilytalkto.Isthistheplay___________youweretalkingaboutjustnow?介詞位于句末，關(guān)系代詞的使用4.在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如：Thisisthewatch(that/which)Iamlookingfor.Thebabies(who/whom/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.含介詞的固定搭配動(dòng)詞短語的使用5.先行詞是theway，意為“方式，方法”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞用

Ididn'tliketheway_______________shetalkedtome.

Theway_________________heteachesEnglishisinteresting.（that/inwhich）（that/inwhich）先行詞為theway，關(guān)系詞的使用that/inwhich或省略。五.關(guān)系副詞when,where和why的用法關(guān)系副詞的基本用法關(guān)系副詞指代的先行詞充當(dāng)從句的成分when表時(shí)間的名詞/名詞詞組時(shí)間狀語where表地點(diǎn)的名詞/名詞詞組地點(diǎn)狀語why表原因的名詞原因狀語用關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)，先行詞指時(shí)間，when在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，when可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Istillremembertheday

when(=onwhich)IfirstcametoNanjing.Myfatherwasbornintheyear

when(=inwhich)WorldWarⅡbrokeout.1.when用關(guān)系副詞where時(shí)，先行詞指地點(diǎn)，where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，where可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Thisisthefarm

where(=onwhich)weworkedwhenwewereyoung.Theschool

where(=inwhich)hismotherteachesisinthewestofthecity.2.where用關(guān)系副詞why時(shí)，先行詞指原因，why在定語從句中作原因狀語，why可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：Thereareseveralreasons

why(=forwhich)theboysshouldbepunished.Tomcouldn’tgivetheteacherthereason

why(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.3.why4.關(guān)系副詞的用法注意點(diǎn)(1)當(dāng)先行詞為time，表示“次數(shù)”時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞that或省略。如：Thisisthefirsttime

(that)thepresidenthasvisitedthecountry.(2)當(dāng)point,situation,case等詞作先行詞表示“情況，境地，場(chǎng)合”等意思時(shí)，其后常由where引導(dǎo)定語從句，where在句中作狀語。如：Canyouthinkofasituation

wherethisphrasecanbeused?鞏固練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空1)October1,1949wastheday______(________)Chinawasfounded.2)Beijingistheplace______(__________)Icame.

3)Isthisthereason____(________)hedidn’twanttoseeme?

whenonwhichwherefromwhichwhyforwhich

4)Isthistheroom______(________)wewerelivinglastwinter?5)Thedaysaregone_____(____________)weused“foreignoil”.6)

Yesterday,wehadameeting______(________)wediscussedmanyproblems.

whereinwhichwhenduringwhichatwhichwhere對(duì)比練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空1.Theroom___________________heoncelivedisstillthere.

Theroom___________________Ihavetocleaneverydaybelongstomymother.where/inwhich(that/which)對(duì)比練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空2.Iwillneverforgettheday_______________

Imetyou.Iwillneverforgettheday______________wespenttogether.when/onwhich(that/which)Thereason_____________Idon’tknowisknowntohim.(that/which)why/forwhich3.Thereason________________Idon’tknowthethingisthatIwasnotthereatthattime.六.非限制性定語從句1.非限制性定語從句的定義非限制性定語從句是對(duì)被修飾部分進(jìn)行附加說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之間的關(guān)系比較松散，因此常用逗號(hào)隔開。Mywatch,whichisveryold,stoppedagain.2.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別(1)限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明確。主從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開。而非限制性定語從句則不然。試比較：ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveread.Thisisagoodbook,whichiseasytounderstand.(2)限制性定語從句的先行詞總是一個(gè)名詞或一個(gè)代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，也可以是部分或整個(gè)主句的意思。此時(shí)，一般用關(guān)系代詞as或which引導(dǎo)。(4)在非限制性定語從句中，不能省略關(guān)系代詞，而在限制性定語從句中則可以。(3)限制性定語從句可以用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)，而非限制性定語從句則不能。(5)關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí)，介詞前可以有被介詞短語所修飾的詞。如：(6)在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞還可以作介詞的賓語。Hehastwodaughters,theelderofwhomismarried.Heisill,inspiteofwhichhekeepsonstudying.3.關(guān)系代詞as,which引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別(1)as和which都可指主句的整個(gè)意思，而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句一般置于主句之后。如：Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsroundtheearth.(2)as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那樣asiswellknown=asisknowntoall眾所周知aswehadexpected正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣asoftenhappens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述asismentionedabove正如上面提到的

定語從句練習(xí)同位語從句與定語從句區(qū)別1.從詞類上區(qū)別

同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定內(nèi)涵的名詞，而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或是整個(gè)主句。Hetoldmethenews

thathewouldcomehomefromaboardsoon.Wordcamethathehadbeenabroad.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)出國了。Ourteamhaswonthegame,whichmadeusveryhappy.我們的隊(duì)贏了,這讓我們很高興。(同位語從句)(定語從句)

2.從性質(zhì)上區(qū)別

定語從句是從句對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇；而同位語從句是從句對(duì)前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一步的說明和解釋，屬于名詞性從句的范疇。如:Thenews

that

ourteamhaswonthegameistrue.

我們隊(duì)贏了那場(chǎng)比賽的消息是真的。(同位語從句,補(bǔ)充說明news到底是一個(gè)什么消息)Thenews

that

hetoldmeyesterdaywastrue.昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)消息是真的。(定語從句,news在從句中作told的賓語)3.從引導(dǎo)詞及其在句子中的成分上區(qū)別有些引導(dǎo)詞如how,whether,what可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句,但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。如:Thatquestionwhetherweneedithasnotbeenconsidered.我們是否需要它這個(gè)問題還沒有考慮。(同位語從句)引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，在從句中一般作主語或賓語(指物時(shí)還可以用which代替)，并且作賓語時(shí)常常省略，that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用，不充當(dāng)任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which來代替。如:Theorderthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroupswasreceivedyesterday.我們應(yīng)派幾個(gè)人去幫別的幾個(gè)小組的命令昨天收到了。(同位語從句,是對(duì)order的具體解釋that雖不作成分,但不能省略)Theorderthatwereceivedyesterdaywasthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.我們昨天收到的命令是我們應(yīng)該派幾個(gè)人去幫助別的幾個(gè)小組。(定語從句,是名詞order的修飾語,that在從句中作received的賓語,可以省略)Thenewsthatwehadsuccessfullysentupanothercommunicationsatellitespreadthroughouttheworld.2.That’sthebestpieceofnewsI’veheard.3.I’venohopethatmyparentshavebeenexpectingtome.判斷下列哪些含有同位語從句，哪些含有定語從句。定語從句定語從句同位語從句4.Isthereanyhopethathewillbehomeat7:30?5.Thepossibilitythatyoureferredtodoesn’texistatall.6.Thefactthatwetalkedaboutisveryimportant.7.ThereisastrongpossibilitythatwemaybeinFranceforthenextweek.定語從句定語從句同位語從句同位語從句六、that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別：同位語從句定語從句語法角度（that功能)連詞關(guān)系代詞連接作用連接作用不充當(dāng)成分充當(dāng)成分（主賓）語義角度（與前面名詞關(guān)系）同位關(guān)系所屬關(guān)系說明名詞具體內(nèi)容限定名詞范圍邏輯上主表關(guān)系修飾與被修飾關(guān)系That省略角度一般不能省略作賓語時(shí)可以省略不可用which指物時(shí)可用which替比較：1.Weexpressedthehope(that/which)theyhadexpressed.（定語從句）WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.（同位語從句）2.Thenews(that/which)hetoldmejustnowistrue.（定語從句）ThenewsthatIhavepassedtheexamistrue.（同位語從句）3.Theadvice(that/which)hegavewassupportedbyusall.（定語從句）4.Theadvicethatwe(should)setoutatoncewassupportedbyusall.（同位語從句）狀語從句在復(fù)合句中用從句表示狀語稱作狀語從句。它可以用來修飾謂語，定語或狀語，或是整個(gè)句子。

1.AdverbialClausesofTime:（時(shí)間狀語從句）DifferentKindsofAdverbialClauses:

2.AdverbialClausesofReason(原因狀語從句）

3.AdverbialClausesofConditions(條件狀語））

4.AdverbialClausesofPlace(地點(diǎn)狀語從句）

5.AdverbialClausesofPurpose(目的狀語從句）

6.AdverbialClausesofResult（結(jié)果狀語從句）

7.AdverbialClausesofComparison（比較）

8.AdverbialClausesofConcession(讓步）

9.AdverbClausesofManner(方式狀語從句)1、時(shí)間狀語從句：引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞有：when,while,as,whenever,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas,once…等引導(dǎo)。如：

Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforcedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons.Ithasbeen15yearssinceheleft.I’lltellhimthenewsassoonasIseehim.

Onceyouhavegotusedtoit,youwilllikeit.Iwaitedtillhehadfinishedhiswork.注意：（1）when,as,whilewhen即可引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，又可引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作。它可以表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。如：WhenIwasaboy,IusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.（同時(shí)）

Whenthelessonwasover,webeganourwriting.（從句動(dòng)作在前）as引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，側(cè)重主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Isawyoursisterasshewasgettingonthebusyesterday.Hesangashewalked.While：指的是“在某一時(shí)間里”，“在…期間”，從句里的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的，它也強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作的同時(shí)發(fā)生，往往側(cè)重主句和從句動(dòng)作的對(duì)比。如：

WhilehewasinLondon,hestudiedmusic.

WhilewewerewatchingTV,hewaswritingacomposition.while也可做并列連詞，表示對(duì)照的意思。如：Heistallwhilehisbrotherisshort.當(dāng)when,as,while表示“在…一段時(shí)間里”，主從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，可以換用。如：

While(When或As)wewerediscussing,Mr.Smithcamein.（2）如果when和before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后，有時(shí)不能譯成“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”和“在…之前”，而要譯成“就”、“才”、“這時(shí)”等。如：ThestrugglelastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthemansawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.IwaswalkinginthestreetwhenIsawhim.(3)bythetime,eachtime,everytime,immediately,themoment,theinstant,theminute,soonafter,shortlyafter都可以作為連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語。如：

Bythetimehewasfourteen,hehadtaughthimselfadvancedmathematics.

Eachtimehecame,hewouldcallonme.Youmustshowhiminimmediatelyhecomes.IrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.(4)till和until①如果主句謂語動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞，通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到…為止”。如：Iworkedtill(until)hecameback.②如果主句謂語動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞，則用否定式的主句表示“直到…才”。如：Ididn’tgotobeduntil(till)hecameback.③放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)一般用until。如：Untilhereturns,nothingcanbedone.（5）時(shí)間狀語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞不能用任何一種將來時(shí)，只能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)表示將來時(shí)。2、地點(diǎn)狀語從句：通常由連詞where和wherever引導(dǎo)。如：Gobackwhereyoucamefrom.

Whereveryougo,youmustwritetoyourparents.

Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.

Wherethereistoomuch,thepoisonandwastemaydogreatharmtothethingsaroundus.3、原因狀語從句：通常由連詞：because,as,since,nowthat引導(dǎo)。區(qū)別是:because：表示“因?yàn)椤保苯佣鞔_的原因和理由，語氣最強(qiáng)，why提問的句子，一般都用because回答。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill.since：表示“既然”，語氣比because弱。Sinceyouarehere,youmustdoit.as：表示“因?yàn)椤闭Z氣比because輕，引導(dǎo)從句可放主句前也可放主句后。Youneedn’tgowithme,asyouarebusy.AsIwasafraid,Ihidmyself.nowthat意思與since相似，表示“既然”。

NowthatyouareinHighSchool,youwillprobablyspendmoreinreading.

Nowthatalltheguestshavearrived,let’shaveourdinner.注意：①在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句，只能用because引導(dǎo)，不可用as或since，如：Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tgowithus.②because可以引導(dǎo)表語從句,而as,since不可以，這時(shí)狀語一般都是it,this,thatIt’sbecauseheistoolazy.③for也表示“因?yàn)椤保遣⒘羞B詞，它連接的不是狀語從句，語氣比較強(qiáng)。Itmustbemorning,forthebirdsaresinging.4、目的狀語從句：通常由that,sothat,inorderthat,so…that,lest,incase（以防、免得）等引導(dǎo)：Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchtheearlybus.Shemarriedhimsothatshemighttendandcomforthim.Iexplainedagainandagainincaseheshouldmisunderstandme.lest(以免，免得),forfearthatIhidthebooklest(=forfearthat)heshouldseeit.※目的狀語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞常含有may(might),can(could)should,will等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。5、結(jié)果狀語從句：由that,sothat,so…that,such…that引導(dǎo)：Itwasverycold,sothattheriverfroze.Thebookissowrittenthatitgivesaquitewrongideaofthefacts.Thereweresomanypeople(=suchalotofpeople)intheroomthatwecouldnotgetin.

Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.6、條件狀語從句:由if,unless,aslongas(=solongas)(只要),incase(that)(如果，萬一)等引導(dǎo)：

Ifplasticsandrubberareburned,theygiveoffpoisonousgases.Unlessyouworkhard,youwillfail,Youcangoout,aslongas(solongas)youpromisetobebackbeforeeleven.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutthat.注意：條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來時(shí)，只能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或過去時(shí)態(tài)表示將來時(shí)。7、方式狀語從句：由連詞：as,asif,asthough引導(dǎo)：Theteachertoldthestudentstodoashedid.Leaveitasitis.Heheardanoise,asifsomeonewasbreathing.Isawthemanlookingabouthimasifhewishedtoimpressuponhismindeverything.asif和asthough意義和用法大致一樣，引導(dǎo)的從句多用虛擬語氣，但也可用陳述語氣。HetreatsmeasifIwerehisownson.Hewalkedasifheweredrunk.

8、比較狀語從句：由連詞as…as,notso(as)…as,than等引導(dǎo)：Ihopeitwasasgoodastheoneyoulentme.Actuallytheoceanfloorarealmostasirregularastheexposedlandarea.Noonecanbemorefitforhisofficethanheis.Hecan’trunsofastasshe.注意：“the+比較級(jí)(接從句)，the+比較級(jí)(接主句)，這一句型也歸在比較狀語從句內(nèi)。如：

Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.

Theharderwework,thehappierwefeel.9、讓步狀語從句：由though,although,as(雖然盡管),evenif,eventhough,wh-ever,nomatter-wh,whether引導(dǎo).whateverwhoeverwhicheverwheneverwhereverhoweverwh-evernomatterwhonomatterwhatnomatterwhichnomatterwhennomatterwherenomatterhownomatterwh-

Thoughheisold,yetheisactive.

Althoughmostofthepeopleagreed,somewerenotwillingtoaccepted.

Proudasthenoblesare,heisafraidtoseeme.Wewouldn’tloseheartevenifweshouldfailtentimes.Whenever(=nomatterwhen)youcallonme,youarealwayswelcome.Wherever(nomatterwhere)youwork,youcanalwaysfindtimetostudy.Taketheoneyoulikebest,whichever(nomatterwhich)itis.NomatterwhatIsayorhowIsayit,healwaysthinksI’mwrong.Whetherhecomesornot,we’lldisc