歷年考研英語真題電子版

1990年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthethreepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Text1InMay1989,spaceshuttle“Atlantis"releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,“whichisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.Anewphaseinspaceexplorationhasbegun.TheplanetVenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth;itistheonlyotherobjectinthesolarsystem,infact,thatevencomesclosetoearth'ssize.Venushasasimilardensity,soitisprobablymadeofapproximatelythesamestuff,andithasanatmosphere,completewithclouds.Itisalsotheclosestplanettoearth,andthusthemostsimilarindistancefromthesun.Inshort,Venusseemstojustifyitslong-heldnicknameof“earth'stwin.^^ThesurfacetemperatureofVenusreachessome900F.Addedtothatisanatmosphericpressureabout90timesEarth's:Highoverheadinthecarbondioxide(CO2)thatpassesforairisalayerofclouds,perhaps10to20milesthick,whoselittledropsconsistmostlyofsulfuricacid(H2SO4).Waterisallbutnonexistent.Bornwithsomanyfundamentalsimilaritiestoearth,howdidVenusgettobesoradicallydifferent:Itisnotjustanacademicmatter.Forallitsextremes,Venusisavaluablelaboratoryforresearchersstudyingtheweatherandclimateofearth.Ithasnoearth'soceans,sotheheattransportandothermechanismsaregreatlysimplified.Inaddition,theplanetVenustakes243earth-daystoturnonceonitsaxis,soincomingheatfromthesunisaddedanddistributedatamoreleisurely,observablepace.VenusissimilartoEarthin.sizeanddensitydistancefromthesunhavingatmospherealloftheaboveThegreatestvalueinstudyingVenusshouldbeto.allowustovisitthereunderstandEarthbetterfindanewsourceofenergypromoteanewspaceprogramThemainideaofthispassageisblemsofspacetravelscientificmethodsinspaceexploration[CJtheimportanceofVenustoEarthconditionsonVenusText2TouristsweresurprisedtoseeawomandrivingahugeorangetractordownoneofRome'smainavenues.Italy'spoliticalleadersandsomeofitsmaleunionchiefsaresaidtohavebeenevenmorepuzzledtoseethatthetractorwasfollowedbyabout200,000womeninaparadingprocessionthattookmorethanthreehourstosnakethroughcentralRome.Shoutingslogans,wavingflagsanddancingtodrumbeats,thewomenhadcometothecapitalfromalloverItalytodemonstratefor“ajobforeachofus,adifferenttypeofjob,andasocietywithoutviolence.^^Sofar,actiontoimprovewomen'sopportunitiesinemploymenthasbeentheprovinceofcollectiveindustrialbargaining."Buithereisagrowingawarenessthatthisisnotenough,Msaysaresearcheronfemalelaboratthegovernment-fundedInstitutefortheDevelopmentofProfessionalTrainingforWorkers.Women,whoconstitute52percentofItaly'spopulation,todayrepresentonly35percentofItaly'stotalworkforceand33percentofthetotalnumberofItalianswithjobs.However,theirpresenceintheworkplaceisgrowing.Theemploymentofwomenisexpandingconsiderablyinservices,nexttothepublicadministrationandcommerceastheirprincipalworkplace.Officialstatisticsalsoshowthatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.Moreandmorewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.Manyyoungwomenareturningtobusinessbecauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment.Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshavedisappeared,sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgmentsonpurelybusinessconsiderationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.Suchchangesareoccurringintheprofessionstoo.Thenumberofwomendoctors,dentists,lawyers,engineersanduniversityprofessorsincreasedtwotothreefold.Someofthechangesareimmediatelyvisible.Forexample,womenhaveappearedonthesceneforthefirsttimeasstatepolice,railwayworkersandstreetcleaner.However,thepresentsituationisfarfromsatisfactorythoughsomeprogresshasbeenmade.Abreakthroughinequalopportunitiesforwomenisnowdemanded.Theexpression"snakethroughcentralRome^^probablymeans“l(fā)omovequietlythroughcentralRome.^^violentlythroughcentralRome.^^inalongwindinglinethroughcentralRome.”ataleisurelypacethroughcentralRome.”WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?TherearemorewomenthanmeninItaly.InItaly,womenarechieflyemployedinservices.InItaly,womenarestillatadisadvantageinemployment.InItaly,abouttwo-thirdsofthejobsareheldbymen.About200,000womeninRomedemonstratedfor.[A]morejobopportunities[BJagreatervarietyofjobs[C]"equaljob,equalpay”[D]bothAandBThebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.TheRoleofWomenisSocietyWomenDemonstrateforEqualityinEmployment[CJWomenasSelf-employedProfessionals[D]WomenandtheJobsMarketText3Theoldideathattalentedchildren"burnthemselvesout“intheearlyyears,and,therefore,aresubjectedtofailureandatworst,mentalillnessisunfounded.Asamatteroffact,theoutstandingthingthathappenstobrightkidsisthattheyareverylikelytogrowintobrightadults.Tofindthisout,1,500giftedpersonswerefolloweduptotheirthirty-fifthyearwiththeseresults:Onadultintelligencetests,theyscoredashighastheyhadaschildren.Theywere,asagroup,ingoodhealth,physicallyandmentally.84percentoftheirgroupweremarriedandseemedcontentwiththeirlives.About70percenthadgraduatedfromcollege,thoughonly30percenthadgraduatedwithhonors.Afewhadevendroppedout,butnearlyhalfofthesehadreturnedtograduate.Ofthemen,80percentwereinoneoftheprofessionsorinbusinessmanagementorsemiprofessionaljobs.Thewomenwhohadremainedsinglehadoffice,business,orprofessionaloccupations.Thegrouphadpublished90booksand1,500articlesinscientific,scholarly,andliterarymagazinesandhadcollectedmorethan100patents.Inamaterialwaytheydidnotdobadlyeither.Averageincomewasconsiderablyhigheramongthegiftedpeople,especiallythemen,thanforthecountryasawhole,despitetheircomparativeyouth.Infact,farfrombeingstrange,mostofthegiftedwereturningtheirearlypromiseintopracticalreality.Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesouf9intheearlyyearsis.trueinallsensesrefutedbytheauthormedicallyprovenabeliefoftheauthorThesurveyofbrightchildrenwasmadeto.findoutwhathadhappenedtotalentedchildrenwhentheybecameadultsprovethattalentedchildren“bumthemselvesout“intheearlyyearsdiscoverthepercentageofthosementallyillamongthegiftedprovethattalentedchildrenneverburnthemselvesoutIntelligencetestsshowedthat.brightchildrenwereunlikelytobementallyhealthybetweenchildhoodandadulthoodtherewasaconsiderablelossofintelligencetalentedchildrenweremostlikelytobecomegiftedadultswhentalentedchildrengrewintoadults,theymadelowscoresSectionIII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C],andfD],choosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)Nooneknowsforsurewhattheworldwouldbelikeintheyear2001.Manybookshavebeenwritten_26_thefuture.Butthe19th-centuryFrenchnovelistJulesVernemaybecalledafuturologistinthefullest_27_oftheword.Inhisfantasticnovels“ATriptotheMoon”and"80DaysAroundtheWorld,Mhedescribedwithdetailtheaeroplaneandeventhehelicopter.Thesenovelsstillhaveagreatattraction_28_youngreadersoftodaybecauseoftheirboldimaginationandscientificaccuracy.Belowisadescriptionofwhatourlifewillbeintheyear2001aspredictedbya_29_writer.In2001,inthehome,cookerswillbesetsothatyoucancookacompletemealatthetouchofaswitch.Televisionwillprovideinformationonpricesatthe_30_shopsaswellasnewsandentertainment.Videophoneswillbringpicturesaswellas_31_totelephoneconversations.Machineswillcontroltemperature,lighting,entertainment,securityalarms,laundryandgardening.Lightingwillprovidedecorationaswellaswallpaper.Atwork,robotswilltake_32_mostjobsinthemanufacturingindustries.Workinghourswillfalltounder30hoursaweek.Holidayswillgetlonger;sixweekswillbethenormalannualholiday.Menandwomenwillretireatthesameage.Ourleisurewillbedifferenttoo.Thehomewillbecomethecenterofentertainmentthroughtelevisionandelectronicgames.Morepeoplewilleatoutinrestaurants_33_theydotoday;alsotheywillhaveamuchwidervarietyoffoodavailable.Therewillbeachangeoftastetowardsamoresavoury-flavoredmenu.Newsyntheticfoodswillforma_34_partofpeople'sdiets.Foreigntravelwill_35—;winterholidayswillbecomemorepopularthansummerones.Alsonon-stopflightsfromBritaintoAustraliaandNewZealandwillbeeasilyavailableandmuchcheaper.Educationwillbecomeincreasinglymoreimportantthaneverbefore.[A]in[B]of[C]about[D]for[A]sense[B]meaning[C]detail[D]implication[A]for[B]of[C]on[D]towards[A]today[B]nowadays[C]present-day[D]present[A]near[B]nearby[C]nearlyfD]nearer[A]noise[B]sound[C]tone[D]tune[A]to[B]away[C]off[D]over[A]than[B]as[C]when[D]while[A]usual[B]popularfC]daily[D]regular[A]add[B]increase[C]raise[D]ariseSectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts.Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofsentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Youhavetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingbecause[A]there's[B]hardlysomething[C]left.[D]ANSWER:[C]anythingAlicewashaving[A]troubletocontrol[B]thechildrenbecausetherewere[C]somany[D]ofthem.Wewereverymuchsurprised[AJthatthe[B]villagewassuch[C]longwayfrom[D]theroad.John'schanceofbeingelected(A]chairman[B]ofthecommitteeisfar[C]greaterthanDick[D].“Wehavewon[A]a[B]greatvictoryon[C]ourenemythecaptainsaid.Therearemanyvaluableservices[A]whichthepublicarewillingtopayfor[B],butwhichdoesnotbring[C]areturninmoney[D]tothecommunity.ThelawIamreferring[A]requirethateveryone[B]whoowns[C]acarhave[D]accidentinsurance.“Iconsideredit[A]ahonor[B]tobeinvitedtoaddress[C]themeetingofworld-famous[D]scientists,saidProfessorLeacock.Hewasseeing[A]somebodycreeping[B]intothehousethrough[C]theopen[D]windowlastnight.Thereasonfor[A]allthe[B]changesbeingmade[C]hasnotexplained[D]tousyet.Eventhough[A]thechildrenpretendedasleep[B],thenurseswerenotdeceived[C]when[D]theycameintotheroom.SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslationTranslatethefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatethesentencesunderlinedintoChinese.(20points)Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas''naturevs.nurture.”(62)Thosewhosupportthe“nature“sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispre-determinedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.Thosewhosupportthe“nurture“theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.ESkinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.(64)Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,offeredbythetwotheories.(65)Supportersofthe“nature”theoryinsistthatwearebomwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay:Theydon'tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofourexperiences.(66)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.(67)IntheUnitedStates,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites.(68)Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.1990年參考答案StructureandVocabulary(15points)TOC\o"1-5"\h\z[D]2, [B]3. [C]4. [D]5. [B]6. [C]7. [B]8. [B]9. [D]10.[C][B] 12. [A] 13. [B] 14. [C] 15. [A]ReadingComprehension(20points)[D] 17. [B] 18. [C] 19. [C] 20. [B][D] 22. [B] 23. [B] 24. [A] 25. [C]ClozeTest(10points)[C] 27. [A] 28. [A] 29. [C] 30. [B][B] 32. [D] 33. [A] 34. [D] 35. [B]Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)36.[B]controllings?.[C]sucha38.[D]Dick's39.[C]over40.[C]donotbring41.[A]referringto42.[B]anhonor43.[A]saw44.[D]hasnotbeenexplained45.[B]tobeasleepSectionV:VerbForms(10points)46.is47.(should)besent48.instructed49.hearing50.shouldhavecalled51.wouldnothavehadtofind53.havingbegunclose55.willhavetobedestroyedChinese-EnglishTranslation(15points)Youshouldcheckalldatathecarefullysoastoavoidseriousmistakes.Althoughtheexperimentiscomplicated,theyaredeterminedtofinishitontime.Allsignsshowedthatthemanknewnothingofwhathadhappenedhere.Onlythosewhoarenotafraidofanydifficultieshavethechanceofachievingoutstandingresultsintheirwork.Thispieceofwritingismorelikeanewsreportthanashortstory.English-ChineseTranslation(20points).他們想要說明，為什么我們具有某些性格特征和表現(xiàn)出某些行為。.在這場爭論中，贊成“天性”一方的那些人認(rèn)為，我們的性格特征和行為模式大多是由生物因素所決定的。.這種理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么關(guān)系的話，也是微不足道的。.行為主義者堅(jiān)信，人象機(jī)器一樣，對環(huán)境的刺激作出反應(yīng)，這是他們行為的基礎(chǔ)。.支持“天性”論的人堅(jiān)持說，我們生來就具有一定的學(xué)習(xí)才能，這是由生物因素決定的。.行為主義者的看法是，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里成長，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其作出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么，這個(gè)兒童將會有更高的智力發(fā)展。.在美國，黑人在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化智力測試中的成績常常低于白人..相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，成績的差異是由于黑人往往被剝奪了白人在教育及其它環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件。1991年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Forachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(30points)Text1Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn'thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether-honesty,kindness,andsoon—accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw--and,ultimately,nosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople'sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities—smallertowns,usually-whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:"Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated-theysimplyarenotdone!^^Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it'sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn'tprovideastablehome.Idon'tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat.it'sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevilit'scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutitit'sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevilit'sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevilAccordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,.societyistobeheldresponsiblemoderncivilizationisresponsibleforitthecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblamethestandardsoflivingshouldbeimprovedComparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave.lessself-disciplinebettersenseofdisciplinemoremutualrespectlesseffectivegovernmentThewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat.peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminalspeopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandardstoday'ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficultypeopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivitiesThekeypointofthepassageisthat.stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamiliesmoregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollowmorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople'sbehaviormorepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountabilityText2Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety'sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone'slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.Inmodemsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,right,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver'slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause.thedefinitionofmaturityhaschangedtheindustrializedsocietyismoredevelopedmoreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremadeceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance37.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto.graduationsfromschoolsandcollegessocialrecognitionsocio-economicstatuscertainbehavioralchangesNoonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis.elevenyearsoldsixteenyearsoldtwenty-oneyearsoldbetweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsoldStartingfrom22,.onewillobtainmorebasicrightstheolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhaveonewon'tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21onewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbysocietyAccordingtothepassage,helate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexistednoonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-oneoneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver'slicenseoneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmyText3Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Dameshassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrick-abrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.Thecarbondioxidefromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars-thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,isonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined-inthepresenceofchlorophyll卜綠素）andwithenergyderivedfromlight-toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopenings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegastoentertheleaf,however,permitsanothergas-watervapor-tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80F,saturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Also,notallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedintocarbohydrates(碳水化合物).Agrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowingexcept.formingsugarssustainingwoodystemskeepinggreenproducingcarbondioxideTheessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis.toformsugarstoderiveenergyfromlighttopreservewatertocombinecarbondioxidewithwaterThesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat.aplantefficientlyutilizesmostofthewateritabsorbscarbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededforplantdevelopmentaplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitscompositionthestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporlossAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?Themineralelementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinitsroot.Thewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheleaves.Airexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobesaturated.Onlypartofthecar