考研必備語法精要速覽

第一編考研必備語法精要速覽 行式）一、時態(tài)、語態(tài)時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點：.以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時：(1)表示感知的動詞：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell;(2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate;(3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose;(4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容納)；(5)其他動詞：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seemo如：I'dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.(1997年考研題，belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式)Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn).不用will/shall表達(dá)將來時的形式：(l)begoingto表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的動詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作；(3)beto(do)表示安排、計劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.(4)beaboutto(do)表示將要(做)，如：Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“馬上就要"，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用；(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要發(fā)生的將來動作或事件，如：Hyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you,llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.(畫線部分一般不用willbe)(7)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：Idon'tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪兒。（賓語從句）riltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。（賓語從句）比較：I'lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時我告訴他。（狀語從句）（8）在makesure,makecertain,see（toit）后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'tknowtheanswertolasttime.（include不能用willinclude或其他形式）.完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：（l）by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.（表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況）（2）by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時，但在itis+具體時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如:Thechangesthathowetakenplaceplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ltisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過去完成時。(6)其他與完成時連用的時間狀語：allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。4.完成進(jìn)行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：⑴先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點確定考題要點為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。二、不定式.不定式做主語⑴做形式主語的代詞：不定式做主語，通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語，把做主語的不定式短語后置。Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime.(2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo)，但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時，不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong,如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It'scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(3)不定式做主語補足語：掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如:saidreportedthoughtbetodosth.believedknownsupposedByronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday..不定式做賓語⑴必須接不定式做賓語的動詞：掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish.如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.注意：1)有的動詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語，這類動詞有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder,如：Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.2)如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語，介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如:Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.(2)可以用不定式做賓語補足語(復(fù)合賓語)的動詞：下列動詞可以用不定式做賓語補足語(復(fù)合賓語)：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish,注意：畫線動詞后面的不定式不帶to。如：Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus..不定式做定語(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個登上月球的女性(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendencytodo—tendtodo,decisiontodo—^decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambitiontodo”干 的雄心”一beambitioustodo“有雄心干 ”curiositytodo”對 的好奇心”—becurioustodo”對 好奇”abilitytodo”做 的能力”—abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies'abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括:way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運動)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved..不定式做狀語不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(l)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，soasto不能置于句首。如：Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepersistent.Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.(2)so...asto,such...asto,enough...to,too...to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時用only加強語氣。常見的不定式動詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意義。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。三、動名詞.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate.如：Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago..動名詞做介詞短語考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer...to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewaytoo如：TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進(jìn)行。?過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于扃略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：⑴現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：Ifseasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相當(dāng)于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當(dāng)于...recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced...)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相當(dāng)于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto...)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相當(dāng)于...descriptionwhichwasbasedon...)(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一個逃才巳aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一個褪了色的窗簾anewlyarrivedstudent一個新來的學(xué)生.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式(1)表示時間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般式。如：Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表示補充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask..分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分，但在翻譯時經(jīng)常譯成獨立的句子，考生要注意英漢兩種語言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking..分詞做表語和補語，尤應(yīng)注意由使役動詞變來的分詞的形式(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語或賓語的特征，多以事物做(邏輯)主語。如：HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected.(2)過去分詞表示主語或賓語所處的狀態(tài)或?qū)δ呈碌男睦矸磻?yīng)和感受，多以人做(邏輯)主語。如:Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We'llhavethemtrainedinnewmethods.Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled.Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.五、非謂語動詞的其他考點.按不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法meantodo想要（做某事）proposetodo打算（做某事）meandoing意味（做某事）proposedoing建議（做某事）forgettodo忘記（要做的事）remembertodo記得（要做某事）forgetdoing忘記（已做的事）rememberdoing記得（已做過的事）goontodo繼而（做另一件事）stoptodo停下來去做另一件事goondoing繼續(xù)（做原來的事）stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo（對將要做的事）遺憾regretdoing（對已做過的事）后悔如：Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistake,forhelaterdiscovereditwashisownfault.Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewall,buthegoesondoingitallthesame..不定式的習(xí)慣用法句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做"、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特點是都有一個否定詞和but?如：Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift..動名詞的習(xí)慣用法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.Ifsnogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan'thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法（1）做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.（expect要求接不定式做賓語）（2）做目的狀語或程度狀語時用fortheretobe,做其他狀語用therebeing?如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.（fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語）Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim'scaroutquitesafely.（fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語）Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we'llstopheretoday.（therebeing…做原因狀語）（3）引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.（4）做除for外的介詞賓語，用therebeing,如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虛擬語氣.主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)（1）掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配：主句從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+dowere（不分人稱）/did與過去事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+havedonehaddone與將來事實相反would/情態(tài)動詞過去式+doshoulddo如；Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.（2）區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概念：主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況來調(diào)整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.（主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反）HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.（主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反）（3）識別事實和假設(shè)混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.（句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實）Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.（前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實）.名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表示虛擬。考生應(yīng)熟悉：(1)下列動詞做謂語時，that賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,voteo如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,re-quirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding.如：JohnWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule..含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。考生應(yīng)熟悉：⑴連詞but,butthat,or,orelse;副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhafshappened;otherwisehewouldn'thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有:without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如:Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn't..常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose...hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing...Ifonly...Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動詞只用過去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn'ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I'dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan'tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor...(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實相反)相當(dāng)于butforo如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…謂語動詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问健Ｈ纾篒fonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(shou[d+)動詞原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.七、情態(tài)動詞注意情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況(l)musthave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定 如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)cant/couldn"have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定沒 如:Marycouldn'thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許 如：AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician..表示虛擬語氣(l)needn"have+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實沒必要……如:Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn'thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實際上做了，譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該 如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該 ”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以 如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會 如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers..幾個情態(tài)動詞常考的句型(l)may/might(just)aswell”不妨，最好”，與hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/caiTt…too…”越 越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot...over...,如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn,t或didn'tuseto為usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級.形容詞的句法功能形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語。考生應(yīng)注意：(1)以“a”開頭的形容詞如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。(2)某些以副詞詞綴“-ly”結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look,如：Al!thoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics..副詞主要測試其修飾作用考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、整個句子。如：Thispairofshoesisn'tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter.(與前半句的否定意義吻合)It'sessentia!thatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.Andrew,myfather'syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily'sdisappointment.Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar.考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear's.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray's.(3)比較級的修飾語如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as...as…，或修飾語+more...than...o如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan?4口：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題(1)最高級比較范圍用介詞in,over,of,among,in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：inChina,allovertheworld;of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意：among...相當(dāng)于oneof…，不說amongall....這一點考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來。如：Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.(2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：anyother+單數(shù)名詞theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型(l)notsomuch…as…與其說 不如說……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者一樣都不 Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…兩者一樣都 Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas...so.…正如 也 (用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行結(jié)構(gòu).注意由并列連詞或等立連詞連接的成分在語法形式上是否相同，即都是形容詞，或都是介詞短語，或都是不定式，或都是動名詞，或都是句子等。如：Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes..注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone'sfeetthantoliveonone'sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit..其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。(l)ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞,但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代詞1.與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.l.that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those),后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses“byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為onesotheone指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.4.do的替代作用do代替動詞，注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如:Forhimtobereflected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.十一、主謂一致問題 主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。.主謂一致常出現(xiàn)在主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacilities.2.主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠(yuǎn)，考生易誤認(rèn)主語。Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts..關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity..動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar..主語帶有(togethei7a】ong)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。如：Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations..表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語的數(shù)：agreatmany+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)manya+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)anumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)thenumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)themajorityof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)each/every+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語用單數(shù) neither/eitherof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù) morethano