考研考博-英語-中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshavedensity-dependentgrowthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Thehighlyvaryingpopulationshavedensity-independentgrowthparameters,withvitalratesbuffetedbyenvironmentalevents;theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(barringamiraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardtodetermine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthesignalecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethedensity-independenteffectsacttoproducenoiseinthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.

3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.

4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.

5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportance

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccur

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestit

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswer

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulations

B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognized

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstances

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomena

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyear

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbers

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweather

D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerations

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowth

B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowth

C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independent

D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensities

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.citetheviewsofotherbiologists

B.defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddresses

C.presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologists

D.describetheresultsofaparticularstudy

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith______.1.本文的作者主要關(guān)注______。

A.discussingtwocategoriesoffactorsthatcontrolpopulationgrowthandassessingtheirrelativeimportanceA.討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類因素，并評(píng)估它們的相對(duì)重要性

B.describinghowgrowthratesinnaturalpopulationsfluctuateovertimeandexplainingwhythesechangesoccurB.描述自然種群的增長(zhǎng)率如何隨時(shí)間波動(dòng)，并解釋為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這些變化

C.proposingahypothesisconcerningpopulationsizeandsuggestingwaystotestitC.提出關(guān)于種群規(guī)模的假設(shè)并提出檢驗(yàn)方法

D.posingafundamentalquestionaboutenvironmentalfactorsinpopulationgrowthandpresentingsomecurrentlyacceptedanswerD.提出一個(gè)關(guān)于人口增長(zhǎng)中的環(huán)境因素的基本問題，并給出一些目前被接受的答案

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】文章首先提出物種增長(zhǎng)的現(xiàn)象，隨即提出二分法并對(duì)其進(jìn)行討論，最后對(duì)這個(gè)二分法進(jìn)行評(píng)估，因此在這篇文章中，作者主要關(guān)注的是討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類因素以及他們的重要性，所以A項(xiàng)“討論控制人口增長(zhǎng)的兩類因素，并評(píng)估它們的相對(duì)重要性”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B項(xiàng)“描述自然種群的增長(zhǎng)率如何隨時(shí)間波動(dòng)，并解釋為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這些變化”、C項(xiàng)“提出關(guān)于種群規(guī)模的假設(shè)并提出檢驗(yàn)方法”和D項(xiàng)“提出一個(gè)關(guān)于人口增長(zhǎng)中的環(huán)境因素的基本問題，并給出一些目前被接受的答案”都是文章中的一部分，不夠全面，這三項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全。

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorconsidersthedichotomydiscussedtobe______.2.從文中可以推斷，作者認(rèn)為討論的二分法______。

A.applicableonlytoerraticallyfluctuatingpopulationsA.只適用于不穩(wěn)定波動(dòng)的人口

B.instrumental,butonlyifitslimitationsarerecognizedB.有用的，但前提是它的局限性被認(rèn)識(shí)到

C.dangerouslymisleadinginmostcircumstancesC.在大多數(shù)情況下都是危險(xiǎn)的誤導(dǎo)

D.acompleteandsufficientwaytoaccountforobservedphenomenaD.解釋觀察到的現(xiàn)象的一種完整而充分的方法

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞dichotomy定位至第三段首句“這種二分法有它的用途，但如果從字面上理解，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問題（butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally）”，其中二分法指的是第二段提到的兩類種群，即相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的種群和高度變化的種群，第二段討論了這兩種種群的不同用途，說明二分法是有用的；然后第三段首句卻提到butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally（但如果從字面上理解，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問題），可以看出，二分法有其局限性，所以B項(xiàng)“有用的，但前提是它的局限性被認(rèn)識(shí)到”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“只適用于不穩(wěn)定波動(dòng)的人口”表述太絕對(duì)，該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文；

C項(xiàng)“在大多數(shù)情況下都是危險(xiǎn)的誤導(dǎo)”和D項(xiàng)“解釋觀察到的現(xiàn)象的一種完整而充分的方法”表述都比較片面，這兩項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Accordingtothetext,allofthefollowingbehaviorshavebeenexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsEXCEPT______.3.根據(jù)本文，以下所有的行為都在不同的物種中出現(xiàn)過，除了______。

A.roughlyconstantpopulationlevelsfromyeartoyearA.每年大致保持恒定的人口水平

B.regularcyclesofincreasesanddecreasesinnumbersB.數(shù)字有規(guī)律的增加和減少的循環(huán)

C.erraticincreasesinnumberscorrelatedwiththeweatherC.數(shù)量的不穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)與天氣有關(guān)

D.uncheckedincreasesinnumbersovermanygenerationsD.數(shù)代人不受制約的增長(zhǎng)

【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)首段前兩句“正如吉爾伯特?懷特、達(dá)爾文和其他人很久以前觀察到的那樣，所有物種（allspecies）似乎都具有與生俱來的能力，能夠一代一代地增加它們的數(shù)量。生態(tài)學(xué)家的任務(wù)是理清環(huán)境和生物因素，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，這些因素制約著（incheck）人口增長(zhǎng)的內(nèi)在能力”，其中allspecies對(duì)應(yīng)了題干中的differentpopulations，可知不同的物種都具有能夠一代一代地增加它們的數(shù)量的能力，但是這種能力受到環(huán)境和生物因素的制約，D項(xiàng)“數(shù)代人不受制約的增長(zhǎng)”中的unchecked與原文不符合，但符合題干，故該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“每年大致保持恒定的人口水平”、B項(xiàng)“數(shù)字有規(guī)律的增加和減少的循環(huán)”和C項(xiàng)“數(shù)量的不穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)與天氣有關(guān)”，根據(jù)第一段最后一句“不同種群表現(xiàn)出的各種動(dòng)態(tài)行為使得這項(xiàng)任務(wù)更加困難：有些種群年復(fù)一年大致保持不變；另一些則表現(xiàn)出規(guī)律性的豐富性和稀缺性循環(huán)；還有一些情況差別很大，疾病的爆發(fā)和崩潰在某些情況下與天氣密切相關(guān)，而在其他情況下則與天氣無關(guān)”可知，這三項(xiàng)行為都在不同的物種中出現(xiàn)過，故屬于反向干擾。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Thediscussionconcerningpopulationinthethirdparagraphservesprimarilyto______.4.第三段中關(guān)于種群的討論主要是為了______。

A.demonstratethedifficultiesecologistsfaceinstudyingdensity-dependentfactorslimitingpopulationgrowthA.說明生態(tài)學(xué)家在研究限制種群增長(zhǎng)的密度依賴因素時(shí)所面臨的困難

B.advocatemorerigorousstudyofdensity-dependentfactorsinpopulationgrowthB.提倡更嚴(yán)格地研究種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴的因素

C.provethatthedeathratesofanypopulationareneverentirelydensity-independentC.證明任何種群的死亡率都不是完全與密度無關(guān)的

D.underlinetheimportanceofevensmalldensity-dependentfactorsinregulatinglong-termpopulationdensitiesD.強(qiáng)調(diào)即使是很小的密度依賴因素在調(diào)節(jié)長(zhǎng)期的種群密度方面的重要性

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先定位第三段，該段主要陳述density-dependentfactors（密度依賴因素），由最后三句“換句話說，種群中平均99%的死亡是由與密度無關(guān)的原因引起的，只有1%是隨密度變化的因素引起的。構(gòu)成這1%的因素可能看起來不重要，它們的原因可能相應(yīng)地難以確定。然而，無論是否被認(rèn)識(shí)到，它們通常將決定長(zhǎng)期的平均種群密度。”可知，種群中只有1%的死亡是由密度依賴因素引起，但是這1%的因素通常決定長(zhǎng)期的平均種群密度，綜合理解可以推斷，第三段關(guān)于種群的討論主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)密度依賴因素在調(diào)節(jié)種群密度方面的重要性，D項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)即使是很小的密度依賴因素在調(diào)節(jié)長(zhǎng)期的種群密度方面的重要性”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“說明生態(tài)學(xué)家在研究限制種群增長(zhǎng)的密度依賴因素時(shí)所面臨的困難”在第三段沒有依據(jù)，該項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

B項(xiàng)“提倡更嚴(yán)格地研究種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴的因素”，該段只是證明了種群增長(zhǎng)中密度依賴因素的重要性，但是advocate在該段沒有體現(xiàn)，該項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

C項(xiàng)“證明任何種群的死亡率都不是完全與密度無關(guān)的”并不是第三段討論種群的重點(diǎn)，該項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

5.Inthetext,theauthordoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.5.在本文中，作者做了以下所有的事情，除了______。

A.citetheviewsofotherbiologistsA.引用其他生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)

B.defineabasicproblemthatthetextaddressesB.定義文章要解決的一個(gè)基本問題

C.presentconceptualcategoriesusedbyotherbiologistsC.介紹其他生物學(xué)家使用的概念范疇

D.describetheresultsofaparticularstudyD.描述一項(xiàng)特定研究的結(jié)果

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】通讀全文可知，本文作者在論述自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)運(yùn)用了各種寫作手段，第一段引用生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)引出文章主題，第二段介紹其他生態(tài)學(xué)家所定義的概念，第三段和第四段則是提出二分法需要解決的一個(gè)問題，并介紹理解生態(tài)學(xué)家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)的不同方法，只有D項(xiàng)“描述一項(xiàng)特定研究的結(jié)果”的寫作手法并沒有在文中運(yùn)用，故該題選擇D項(xiàng)符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“引用其他生物學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)”在第一段有體現(xiàn)，該段引用了吉爾伯特?懷特和達(dá)爾文，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“定義文章要解決的一個(gè)基本問題”在第三段有體現(xiàn)，第一句提到“這種二分法有它的用途，但如果從字面上理解，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生問題”，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

C項(xiàng)“介紹其他生物學(xué)家使用的概念范疇”在第二段有體現(xiàn)，第一句提到“為了給這種千變?nèi)f化的模式賦予一些秩序，一種思想學(xué)派建議將種群分為兩類”，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

2.單選題

Thehighcourtreversedthedecisionofthelowercourtbecausetheruling______thedefendanthisright.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.refused

B.declined

C.denied

D.ignored

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)refuse“拒絕”，其后接名詞、代詞或不定式；B選項(xiàng)decline“下降，謝絕，婉言拒絕”；C選項(xiàng)deny“否認(rèn)，拒絕給予”，denysb.sth.表示“拒絕給予某人某物”；D選項(xiàng)ignore“忽視，不顧”。根據(jù)從句中的賓語thedefendanthisright可知選C。句意：高等法院推翻了下級(jí)法院的裁決，因?yàn)樵摬脹Q剝奪了被告的權(quán)利。

3.填空題

THEIRONBRIDGE

TheIronBridgewasthefirstofaskindinEuropeandisuniversallyrecognizedasasymboloftheIndustrialRevolution.

A:TheIronBridgecrossestheRiverSeverninCoalbrookdale,inthewestofEngland.Itwasthefirstcast-ironbridgetobesuccessfullyerected,andthefirstlargecast-ironstructureoftheindustrialageinEurope,althoughtheChinesewereexpertiron-castersmanycenturiesearlier.

B:Riversusedtotheequivalentoftoday’smotorways,inthattheywereextensivelyusedfortransportation.TheRiverSevern,whichstartsitslifeontheWelshmountainsandeventuallyenterstheseabetweenCardiffandBristol,isthelongestnavigableriverinBritain.Itwasidealfortransportationpurpose,andspecialboatswerebuilttonavigatethewaters.Bythemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,theSevernwasoneofthebusiestriversinEurope.Localgoods,includingcoal,ironproducts,wool,grainandcider,weresentbyriver.Amongthegoodscomingupstreamwereluxuriessuchassugar,tea,coffeeandwine.Inplaces,theriverbankswerelinedwithwharvesandtheriverwasoftencrowdedwithboatsloadingorunloading.

C:In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.ThislaterbecamethepropertyofAbrahamDarby(referredtoasAbrahamDarbyItodistinguishhimfromhissonandgrandsonofthesamename.)AfterservinganapprenticeshipinBirmingham,DarbyhadstartedabusinessinBristol,buthemovedtoCoalbrookdalein1710withanideathatcokederivedfromcoalcouldprovideamoreeconomicalalternativetocharcoalasafuelforironmaking.Thisledtocheaper,moreefficientironmakingfromtheabundantsuppliesofcoal,ironandlimestoneinthearea.

D:Hisson,AbrahamDarbyII,pioneeredthemanufactureofcastiron,andhadtheideaofbuildingabridgeovertheSevern,asferryingstoresofallkindsacrosstheriver,particularlythelargequantitiesoffuelforthefurnacesatCoalbrookdaleandothersurroundingironworks,involvedconsiderableexpenseanddelay.However,itwashissonAbrahamDarbyIII(bornin1750)who,in1775,organizedameetingtoplanthebuildingofabridge.Thiswasdesignedbyalocalarchitect,ThomasPritchard,whohadtheideaofconstructingitofiron.

E:Sectionswerecastduringthewinterof1778-9fora7-metre-widebridgewithaspanof31metres,12metresabovetheriver.Constructiontookthreemonthsduringthesummerof1779,andremarkably,nobodywasinjuredduringtheconstructionprocess-afeatalmostunheardofeveninmodernmajorcivilengineeringprojects.Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781AbrahamDarbyⅢfundedthebridgebycommissioningpaintingsandengravings,buthelostalotontheproject,whichhadcostnearlydoubletheestimate,andhediedleavingmassivelargerdebtsin1789,agedonly39.Thedistrictdidnotflourishformuch1onger,andduringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesfactoriescloseddown.Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.UniversallyrecognizedasthesymboloftheIndustrialRevolution,theIronBridgenowstandsattheheartoftheIronBridgeGorgeWorldHeritageSite.

F:Ithasalwaysbeenamysteryhowthebridgewasbuilt.Despiteitspioneeringtechnologynoeye-witnessaccountsareknownwhichdescribetheironbridgebeingerected—andcertainlynoplanshavesurvived.However,recentdiscoveries,researchandexperimentshaveshednewlightonexactlyhowitwasbuilt,challengingtheassumptionsofrecentdecades.In1997asmallwatercoloursketchbyEliasMartincametolightintheSwedishcapital,Stockholm.Althoughthereisawealthofearlyviewsofthebridgebynumerousartists,thisistheonlyonewhichactuallyshowsitunderconstruction.

G:Upuntilrecentlyithadbeenassumedthatthebridgehadbeenbuiltfrombothbanks,withtheinnersupportstiltedacrosstheriver.Thiswouldhaveallowedrivertraffictocontinueunimpededduringconstruction.Butthepictureclearlyshowssectionsofthebridgebeingraisedfromabargeintheriver.Itcontradictedeverythinghistorianshadassumedaboutthebridge,anditwasevenconsideredthatthepicturecouldhavebeenafakeasnootherhadcometolight.Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.Meanwhile,adetailedarchaeological,historicalandphotographicsurveywasdonebytheIronbridgeGorgeMuseumTrust,alongwitha3DCAD(computer–aideddesign)modelbyEnglishHeritage.

H:Theresultstellusalotmoreabouthowthebridgewasbuilt.Wenowknowthatallthelargecastingsweremadeindividuallyastheyareallslightlydifferent.Thebridgewasn’tweldedorboltedtogetherasmetalbridgesarethesedays.Insteaditwasfittedtogetherusingacomplexsystemofjointsnormallyusedforwood—butthiswasthetraditionalwayinwhichironstructureswerejoinedatthetime.Theconstructionofthemodelprovedthatthepaintingshowsaveryrealisticmethodofconstructingthebridgethatcouldworkandwasinallprobabilitythemethodused.

I:NowonlyonemysteryremainsintheIronBridgestory.TheSwedishwatercoloursketchhadapparentlybeentornfromabookwhichwouldhavecontainedsimilarsketches,ithadbeendrawnbyaSwedishartistwholivedinLondonfor12yearsandtravelledBritaindrawingwhathesaw.Nobodyknowswhathashappenedtotherestofthebook,butperhapstheothersketchesstillexistsomewhere.IftheyareeverfoundtheycouldprovidefurthervaluableevidenceofhowtheIronBridgewasconstructed.

1.WhenwasthefurnaceboughtbyDarbyoriginallyconstructed?

2.Whenweretheroadsleadingtothebridgecompleted?

3.Whenwasthebridgeclosedtotraffic?

4.Whenwasamodelofthebridgebuilt?

【答案】1.1638

2.1781

3.1934

4.2001

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章C段，“In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.”，1638年，BasilBrooke申請(qǐng)了煉鋼工藝專利，并在科爾布魯代爾建造了一座熔爐?？芍@個(gè)熔爐是在1638年建成的。

2.根據(jù)文章E段，“Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781…”，修路工作又持續(xù)了兩年，大橋于1781年通車。持續(xù)兩年是在1779年大橋開始施工的基礎(chǔ)上計(jì)算的?？膳袛喑鐾ㄍ亲鶚虻穆肥?781年修完的，才能使大橋在1781年通車。

3.根據(jù)文章E段，“Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.”，自1934年以來，這座橋只對(duì)行人開放。可判斷出大橋從1934年開始不通車。

4.根據(jù)文章G段，“Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.”，2001年，這座橋的半尺度模型建成，以判斷它是否能夠按照水彩畫中的方式建造?？膳袛喑?001年建成了這座橋的模型。

4.單選題

Chadperformshis24-footaluminumboatpastyoungwillowtreesthatstickoutofthewatersoftheMississippiRiver.Sunshinedancesoffmaples,theirbranchesheavywith（1）springleaves.Buta

（2）inspectiondisclosestroublebehindthebeautifulsight.Rubbishis

（3）inalogjamandhangsfromthetrees’branches.

ForthenextthreehoursChasandhisteampullplasticbags,tanks,bottlesandevenbowlingpinsoutofthewater.Thenthey（4）forapicnictablecaughtinthetrees.

TheMississippiRiverBeautification&RestorationProjectbeganin1997（5）Chad’sone-manefforttopickuprubbishalonga400-milestretchofthe2340-mileriverstarted.Thatyear,oftenworking

（6）,the22-year-oldcleaned150milesofshoreline.

Atfirsttheprojectappearedimpossibleanduseless.ButChadtriedhisbesttofindsupporters,andwiththeirsupporting,hesoonhadanew

（7）andafive-manteam—theBoomCraneCrew.Lastyearalonethecrewpulledfromthewater44051gallondrums,1104tyresandenoughplasticbagstocoverafootballfield.Muchofthewastewillbe（8）.

“Chad’soperationistheonlyone（9）

inprogressontheriver,”saysMarkoftheMississippiRiverBasinAlliance,a（10）ofenvironmentalgroups.“It’sthebiggestI’veeverseenin20years,andheisinspiringotherstodothesame.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ripe

B.brown

C.falling

D.fresh

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.slower

B.quicker

C.closer

D.stricter

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.placed

B.piled

C.trapped

D.thrown

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.come

B.give

C.head

D.arrive

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.when

B.by

C.for

D.as

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.alone

B.hard

C.quietly

D.happily

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.car

B.boat

C.plan

D.crew

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.burned

B.buried

C.used

D.recycled

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.eagerly

B.actually

C.strongly

D.generally

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.lab

B.market

C.union

D.meeting

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

第6題:A

第7題:B

第8題:D

第9題:B

第10題:C

【解析】（1）考查上下文語義。空格處修飾的詞語是leaves“樹葉”，其前面還有一個(gè)spring“春天的”修飾，春天的樹葉應(yīng)是D選項(xiàng)fresh“新鮮的”。

（2）考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)slower“較慢的”；B選項(xiàng)quicker“快一些”；C選項(xiàng)closer“更近些”；D選項(xiàng)stricter“更嚴(yán)格一點(diǎn)”。句意：但是……的檢查揭示了美麗景象背后的問題。只有更仔細(xì)些觀看才能發(fā)現(xiàn)美景后的問題，而仔細(xì)看的第一步是“靠近些看”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

（3）考查動(dòng)詞辨析。此處為be動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。A選項(xiàng)place“放置；任命；寄予”；B選項(xiàng)pile“累積；堆積”；C選項(xiàng)trap“使……陷入困境；捕捉”；D選項(xiàng)throw“投擲；拋”。句意：垃圾被漂浮阻塞的木頭……，或掛在樹枝上。河道上的木頭會(huì)把垃圾圈起來，一起漂浮在河面，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

（4）考查固定搭配。本句表示：接著他們駛向卡在樹中間的野餐桌。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有C選項(xiàng)head才可與空格后的for搭配，headfor表示“向……進(jìn)發(fā)”。

（5）考查時(shí)間狀語從句的用法?？崭袂昂笫莾蓚€(gè)完整句子，因此空格處應(yīng)填入關(guān)聯(lián)詞，先排除B和C。句中說到的“密西西比河美化和還原項(xiàng)目”開始于Chad的“收集垃圾”行動(dòng)。因此主句與從句的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，排除A選項(xiàng)when，D選項(xiàng)正確。

（6）考查副詞辨析?？崭裉幵~語修飾前面的working因此為副詞詞性。A選項(xiàng)alone“獨(dú)自地”；B選項(xiàng)hard“努力地；困難地”；C選項(xiàng)quietly“安靜地；秘密地；平穩(wěn)地”；D選項(xiàng)happily“快樂地；幸福地”。句意：那一年，22歲的他經(jīng)?！ぷ?，清理了150英里長(zhǎng)的海岸線。上一句說到“one-maneffort一個(gè)人的努力”，因此A選項(xiàng)workingalone更符合文意。

（7）考查上下文語義。文章開頭提到了交通工具“24-footaluminumboat24英尺鋁船”，這里對(duì)應(yīng)的交通工具也應(yīng)是船，指Chad獲得支持后，有了新的船和一個(gè)五人團(tuán)隊(duì)、B選項(xiàng)正確。

（8）上下文語義。上一句說到，收集的垃圾是“gallondrum加侖桶、tyre輪胎和plasticbag塑料袋”，因此這些垃圾應(yīng)該被recycled“回收利用”，而不是焚燒或掩埋，自然也無法再使用。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

（9）考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)eagerly“急切地；渴望地”；B選項(xiàng)actually“實(shí)際上；事實(shí)上”；C選項(xiàng)strongly“鑒定地；強(qiáng)有力地”；D選項(xiàng)generally“通常；普遍地”。句意：……查德是唯一一個(gè)在河上開展此活動(dòng)的人。綜合句意及選項(xiàng)可知，此處B選項(xiàng)“事實(shí)上”符合邏輯與語境。

（10）考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)lab“實(shí)驗(yàn)室”；B選項(xiàng)market“市場(chǎng)；行情”；C選項(xiàng)union“聯(lián)盟；工會(huì)”；D選項(xiàng)meeting“會(huì)議；集合”。空格處部分是用來補(bǔ)充說明逗號(hào)前的“theMississippiRiverBasinAlliance密西西比河流域聯(lián)盟”，因此只有C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.單選題

IcanspeakFrenchalittlebut（

）you.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.notasgoodas

B.notsowellthan

C.notsobetteras

D.notsowellas

【答案】D

【解析】詞組辨析。句意：我會(huì)講一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)法語但是（）你。這里屬于同級(jí)比較，所以排除B，C。這里的謂語動(dòng)詞是speak，所以要用副詞well修飾，答案選D。在否定句里，good的同級(jí)比較是sogoodas，所以A不能選。

6.單選題

Inanenvironmentallyconscioustweakonthetypicalwayofgettingfoodtothetable,growingnumbersofpeopleareskippingoutongrocerystoresandevenfarmersmarketsandinsteadgoingrighttothesourcebybuyingsharesoffarms.

Ononeofthefarms,hereabout35mileswestofChicago,SteveTriskowasweedingbeetstheotherdayandcuttingbackashadetreesobabytomatoescouldgetsunlight.Mr.Triskoisaretiredcomputerconsultantwhoownssharesinthefour-acreErehwonFarm.

“Wedecidedthatit’sinourinteresttohaveasmallfarmsucceed,andhavethembeabletohaveasustainablefarmproducinggoodfood,”Mr.Triskosaid.

PartofaloosebutgrowingnetworkmostlymobilizedontheInternet,Erehwonisparticipatinginwhatisknownascommunity-supportedagriculture.About150peoplehaveboughtsharesinErehwon—inessence,hiringpersonalfarmersandturningtheoldnotionofsharecroppingonitshead.

TheconceptwasimportedfromEuropeandAsiainthe1980sasanalternativemarketingandfinancingarrangementtohelpcombattheoftenprohibitivecostsofsmall-scalefarming.Butuntilrecently,itwasslowtotakeroot.Therewerefewerthan100suchfarmsintheearly1990s,butinthelastseveralyearsthenumbershavegrowntocloseto1,500,accordingtoacademicexpertswhohavefollowedthetrend.

“Ithinkpeoplearebecomingmorelocal-minded,andthisfitsrightintothat,”saidNicholeD.Nazelrod,programcoordinatorattheFultonCenterforSustainableLivingatWilsonCollegeinChambersburg,Pa.,anationalclearinghouseforcommunity-supportedfarms.“Peopleareseeingwaystocometogetherandworktogethertomakethissuccessful.”

TheshareholdersofErehwonFarmhaveopenaccesstothelandandaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetablesforpackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900.Arrangementsoffresh-cutblossomstwiceamonthcanbeincludedforanextra$120—orforthedeluxepackage,$220will“feedthesoul”withweeklybouquetsofliliesandsunflowersandotherlocalblooms.

Shareholdersarenotrequiredtoworkthefields,buttheycaniftheywant,andmanydo.Mr.Triskosaidhisfamilyknowsthatwithouthisvolunteerlaborandagreementtoshareinthefinancialriskofraisingcrops,thesmallorganicfarmmightnotsurvive.“It’sveryhardforthemtomakeendsmeet,”hesaid,“soIdecidedtogooutandhelp.Weharvest,water,pullweeds,whatevertheyneeddoing.”

Erehwon—theword“nowhere”spelledbackward—startedwithtwoshareholders,reacheditsgoalof140lastyear,andnowhasraiseditstargettoabout200members.

1.Accordingtothepassage,growingnumbersofpeoplebuysharesoffarmsbecausethey（）.

2.ErehwonFarmdiffersfromthetraditionalfarmsinthatitis（）.

3.Wemayinferfromthepassagethatcommunity-sponsoredfarm（）.

4.TheaverageshareholdersofErehwonFarmareentitledto（）.

5.ItisimpliedthatErehwonFarm（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.areconsciousofenvironmentalproblems

B.abandonthetypicalwayofgettingfoodtothetable

C.nolongerdependongrocerystoresandfarmersmarkets

D.liketogrowvegetablesthemselvesinthesuburbanfarms

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.verysmall

B.veryefficient

C.community-supportedagriculture

D.sharedbypeoplefromdifferentplaces

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.isanewconceptemergingintheU.S.A

B.hastocombatwithsmall-scalefarming

C.isgraduallytakingshapeinAmericanagriculture

D.isverypopularasboomingagricultureintheU.S.A

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.cometogetherandworktogetheronthefarm

B.getaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetables

C.enjoypackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900

D.buy$120-$220fresh-cutblossomstwiceamonth

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.comesfromthebackwardspelledword“nowhere”

B.isafictionalnameandthereisnosuchafarmintheU.S.A

C.it’sveryhardtosurviveowingtoitssmallsize

D.developssoundly,inspiteofitsfinancialdifficulties

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第一自然段的內(nèi)容“環(huán)保意識(shí)改變了將食物端上桌的傳統(tǒng)方式，相反，越來越多的人轉(zhuǎn)向了雜貨店甚至農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)，通過購(gòu)買農(nóng)場(chǎng)的股份來直接獲取來源。”由此可知，越來越多的人買農(nóng)場(chǎng)股份是受到環(huán)保意識(shí)的影響，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“PartofaloosebutgrowingnetworkmostlymobilizedontheInternet,Erehwonisparticipatinginwhatisknownascommunity-supportedagriculture.Erehwon是松散卻不斷壯大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分，主要通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)動(dòng)員起來，他參與的是所謂的社區(qū)支持農(nóng)業(yè)。”以及本段最后一句“inessence,hiringpersonalfarmersandturningtheoldnotionofsharecroppingonitshead.從本質(zhì)上說，就是雇傭私人農(nóng)場(chǎng)主，顛覆舊的佃農(nóng)制度?！庇纱丝芍?，Erehwon農(nóng)場(chǎng)和傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的不同之處在于它是社區(qū)支持的農(nóng)業(yè)，選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第五段第一句“TheconceptwasimportedfromEuropeandAsiainthe1980sasanalternativemarketingandfinancingarrangementtohelpcombattheoftenprohibitivecostsofsmall-scalefarming.這一概念是在20世紀(jì)80年代從歐洲和亞洲引進(jìn)的，作為一種替代性的銷售和籌資安排，來幫助克服小規(guī)模農(nóng)業(yè)通常高昂的費(fèi)用?！庇纱丝芍?，這不是一個(gè)新的概念，而且是來幫助而不是來和小規(guī)模農(nóng)場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的，所以選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)B均表述錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)本段第二句“Butuntilrecently,itwasslowtotakeroot.但直到最近，它才慢慢生根發(fā)芽”可知，這一概念剛剛生根發(fā)芽，還沒有初步成形，所以選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)本段最后一句的內(nèi)容可知，像Erehwon這樣的農(nóng)場(chǎng)由以前的不到100家到現(xiàn)在增長(zhǎng)到接近1500家，說明社區(qū)支持的農(nóng)業(yè)在美國(guó)蓬勃發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)非常受歡迎。所以選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的第一句“TheshareholdersofErehwonFarmhaveopenaccesstothelandandaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetablesforpackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900.ErehwonFarm的股東可以自由使用土地，并保證獲得當(dāng)季水果和蔬菜收成的一定比例，金額從300美元到900美元不等?！庇纱丝芍?，選項(xiàng)B符合原文。選項(xiàng)A目前還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)；選項(xiàng)C曲解了原文的意思；選項(xiàng)D不是普通股東享有的權(quán)利，所以只有選項(xiàng)B正確。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段首句“Erehwon—theword“nowhere”spelledbackward…Erehwon這個(gè)詞是由‘nowhere’倒著寫的”，由此可知，選項(xiàng)A符合原文。選項(xiàng)B在文中沒有信息提及；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，Erehwon農(nóng)場(chǎng)不是由于規(guī)模小而無法生存，屬于曲解原文句意，所以選項(xiàng)C不正確；原文也沒有提及財(cái)政問題，所以選項(xiàng)D也不正確。

7.單選題

Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanetwildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptune’slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor’spath.

Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem’soddestplanet.Yesterday，however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPlutounknownuntil10yearsago—andfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.Thescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthere，perhapsevenlargerthanPluto,meaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestofthenineplanets.

Whendiscoveredin1930，“Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything(thatfar)outthere,sotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutaplanet,”