考研考博-英語-北京化工大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京化工大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Agoodteachermustknowhowto_____hisideas.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.convey

B.display

C.consult

D.confront

【答案】A

【解析】convey傳達(dá)，表達(dá)；display顯示，陳列；consult查閱，商量；confront面對，遭遇。句意：一個(gè)好老師必須知道如何表達(dá)他的想法。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

2.單選題

Theseeffectsresultinnutrientimbalancesinplants,______reducingplantgrowth.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.consecutively

B.subsequently

C.consequently

D.consistently

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A項(xiàng)consecutively“連續(xù)地”，B項(xiàng)subsequently“隨后，其后”，C項(xiàng)consequently“因此，結(jié)果”，D項(xiàng)consistently“一貫地”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞nutrientimbalancesinplants（植物的營養(yǎng)失衡）和reducingplantgrowth（減少了植物的生長）可知，前后是因果關(guān)系，所以C項(xiàng)符合。句意：這些影響導(dǎo)致植物營養(yǎng)失衡，從而降低植物生長。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

3.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Whathappensifpeopledonottakeintoaccountthecultureofthecountriestheyaredealingwith?Herearesomeexamples.

Mr.Byrdwashiredbyawell-knownAmericancorporationtobeits“maninRiyadh”,SaudiArabia.HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.Mr.Byrd,familiarwiththeseobligatoryformalitiesofgreeting,answered“Fine,myfather,yes,well,heisfine.IsawhimafewmonthsagoduringChristmaswhenwetookhimoutofthenursinghomeforafewdays.”

Fromthatpointeverythingfrozeup.Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.

TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.ItwouldhavebeeninconceivablefortheSauditohaveplacedhisfatherinthecareofstrangers.Mr.FouadthusfeltthathecouldnottrustMr.Byrdasabusinesspartner.

Anotherexample,JimTurnerwasattendingaconferenceinLyon.ThiswasnothisfirsttriptoFrance,andhewaspleasedsomeoftheFrenchcolleagueshe’dmetpreviouslyrememberedhim.Oneeveningtheyinvitedhimalongfordinner.Shortlyafterthefoodwasserved,theybeganjokingaboutthequalityofthefood.Thatsurprisedhim.Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso,expectingthediscussiontocontinue.Buttohisgreatdiscomfort,theythenmadesomejokeabout“foodandAmericans”andchangedthesubject.Hefeltsomewhatexcludedanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.

Interpretation:TheFrenchtakegreatprideintheirfoodandwineandforeignersshouldbeveryprudentaboutpassingjudgmentonthequalityofthefood.Inthiscase,theFrenchmenobviouslythoughtthatthefoodattherestaurantdidnotwarrantsuchpraise,andintheirview,theAmericanrevealedhislackoftaste.

1.Mr.ByrdtriedtopersuadeMr.Fouadto________.

2.TheconversationbetweenMr.ByrdandMr.Fouad________.

3.Mr.Byrd’sproblemliesinthathe________.

4.JimTurnerpraisedthefoodbecause________.

5.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethatwhendoingbusinessabroad________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.joinhiscompanyasthelegaladviser

B.investinhiscompanyasalocalpartner

C.workinhiscompanyasthelocalmanager

D.cooperatewithhiscompanyasthelocaldealer

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.beganwithsmalltalk

B.wentdirectlytobusiness

C.deepenedtheirfriendship

D.endedupinaquarrel

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.wasnotfamiliarwithSaudiArabianwayoftalking

B.wasnotgoodattheartoftalkingwithastranger

C.didnotknowMr.Fouad’spersonalityandinterests

D.didnotrealizetheimportanceoffamilyinSaudiArabia

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.hetriedtopleasethehosts

B.itwassociallynecessary

C.hetrulyenjoyedthefood

D.itwaspartofthetablemanners

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.sincerityisthekeytosuccess

B.itisessentialtounderstandculturaldifferences

C.oneshouldbecarefulinmakingjudgment

D.itisnecessarytocreateawin-winsituation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干人名Mr.Byrd和Mr.Fouad定位到文章第二段第二句HewenttothehomeofaSaudi,Mr.Fouad,totrytointeresthiminparticipatinginalocaljointventurewithhiscompany.（他（指Mr.Byrd）到一個(gè)叫Mr.Fouad的沙特人的家里，試圖吸引他，讓他對與自己公司一起在當(dāng)?shù)亟⒁患液腺Y公司產(chǎn)生興趣）。由此可知Mr.Byrd去的目的是讓Mr.Fouad成為自己公司的地區(qū)合伙人，所以答案選B選項(xiàng)“投資自己公司成為地區(qū)合伙人”，而不是A選項(xiàng)“做該公司地區(qū)法律顧問”，C選項(xiàng)“成為該公司地區(qū)經(jīng)理”或者D選項(xiàng)“與他合作，說服他成為地區(qū)經(jīng)銷商”。

第2題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由conversation我們可以對應(yīng)到文中提到的兩個(gè)人之間的談話內(nèi)容，即第二段第三句Asthiswasafirstmeeting,themen’sconversationbeganwith“Howareyoudoing?How’syourfamily?Andhowisyourfather?”thatmadeMr.Byrdalittleimpatient.（在第一次會(huì)面的時(shí)候，兩人之間的談話是以“你最近怎么樣？你家人怎么樣？你爸爸近來可好？”，這些對話使得拜德先生變得有點(diǎn)不耐煩。）從這句話可知，兩人的對話沒有開門見山直接談生意而是從一些日常小事開始的，所以B選項(xiàng)“直入主題”錯(cuò)誤，A選項(xiàng)“從無關(guān)緊要的對話開始”正確。我們再定位到第三段第二句話Mr.Byrd’smissionwascompletelyderailedbecausewhileMr.Fouadremainedgraciousenough,hewasobviouslyuninterestedindoinganybusinesswithMr.Byrd.（拜德先生的任務(wù)完全失敗了因?yàn)楸M管福德先生仍然保持著風(fēng)度，但是很顯然他對和拜德先生做生意這件事已經(jīng)沒有任何興趣了）。從這句話我們可以知道這次談話失敗了，福德先生對拜德先生不是很滿意，所以并沒有增加他們之間的友誼，因而C選項(xiàng)“加深了他們之間的友誼”排除，而且從remaingracious這個(gè)短語來看，福德先生保持著風(fēng)度的，所以D選項(xiàng)“以爭吵結(jié)束”錯(cuò)誤。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干我們定位到第三段第三、四句話TheAmericanwasatalossanddidn’tknowwhathe’ddonewrong.Infacttheproblemwithhimisthathedidnotunderstandthefamilycultureinthispartoftheworld.（這個(gè)美國人非常迷茫，不知道那里做錯(cuò)了。事實(shí)上問題在于他并不理解這個(gè)地區(qū)的家庭文化），由此我們答案選D選項(xiàng)“沒有意識到家庭對于沙特人的重要性”。A選項(xiàng)“不熟悉沙特阿拉伯人的談話方式”；B選項(xiàng)“不善于和陌生人談話”；C選項(xiàng)“不知道福德先生的性格和興趣”；這三點(diǎn)文章中都沒有提及，所以答案選D。

第4題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干我們可以定位到第四段第六句話Hethoughtthefoodwasreallyrathergoodandsaidso（他覺得食物非常不錯(cuò)而且也是這樣說的），由此可知Jim夸贊食物的原因是因?yàn)樗嫘挠X得好吃，并不是A選項(xiàng)“為了取悅主人”；B選項(xiàng)“為了社交需求”；D選項(xiàng)“或者是出于餐桌禮儀”。所以答案應(yīng)該選C選項(xiàng)“他真的覺得食物好吃”。

第5題:主旨大意題。從conclude（總結(jié)）這個(gè)詞可知，這道題是選貼近文章主題的。A選項(xiàng)“真誠是成功的關(guān)鍵”，B選項(xiàng)“了解文化差異是必要的”，C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎地作出判斷”，D選項(xiàng)“營造雙贏環(huán)境是非常必要的”。整篇文章主要是講了兩個(gè)例子，都是關(guān)于主人公因?yàn)闆]有注意到文化差異，一個(gè)造成生意沒談成，一個(gè)造成不能融入集體。和真誠、謹(jǐn)慎，還有雙贏這三個(gè)話題沒有關(guān)系，所以答案要選擇B。

4.翻譯題

Whilebankstrytoavoiddrowningintroubledassets—badloans—borrowersandlendersalikearequestioninghowbankgotintothecurrentfinancialmess.Manyobserversblamesubprimemortgagelending.Unlikeprimemortgagesubprimeloansaremadetohigh-riskborrowers—thosewithbadcredithistories,excessivedebt,inadequateincomeorotherindicatorsthattheywillnotrepaythelender.Inreturnforriskierloans,borrowerspayhigherinterestrates.1.Asthehousingmarkettumbled,delinquenciesskyrocketedonmillionsofsubprimeloans.Whereasabout6percentofmortgagewereuncollectablefrom2000to2005,thereafterdelinquenciesincreasednearing30percentby2008.Lendersextendedtoomuchcredittoweakborrowers.

Reportsindicatethatthesubprimecrisiscanbetracedtooverlyrelaxedcreditstandards.Onestudyfoundthatmanyloanapplicationslistedfraudulentinformation.Someborrowers,takingadvantageoflaxlendingpracticestolivebeyondtheirmeans,liedabouttheirincomeandassetsinordertosecureloans.2.Othermisinformationcanbeattributedtomortgagebrokerseagertogetotherwiseunqualifiedborrowersapprovedforloans.Somelenderswentsofarastohavearelativeposeasaborrower’sfakeemployerandfalsityW-2formstogainapproval.3.Theseproblemswerecompoundedfurtherbythosewithinthebankingandfinancesystemwhoknewthatrampantfraudwasoccurringbutlookedtheotherway,aslongasprofitskeptrollingin.

4.Nowstuckwithuncollectableloans,unsellableforeclosedpropertiesandbigfinanciallosses,theindustryistighteningcreditstandardsandlendingpractices.Federalbankexaminers,forexample,areinsistingthatloanofficersusegreatercautionandjudgmenttoidentifycredit-worthyborrowersandavoidweakloans.Lendersareswitchingtoindependentrealestateappraiserswhohavenodirectcontactwithloanofficers,togetaccurateratherthaninflatedpropertyappraisals.5.Alongwitheliminatingloanswithzeroorverylowdownpayments,homeequitylendingisshrinkingashomevaluescontinuetofall.Lendersarealsoreducingcreditcardlimit.Withadirelessonlearned,itappearsthattighterstandardsareherefortheforeseeablefuture.

【答案】1.隨著房地產(chǎn)市場的暴跌，數(shù)百萬次級貸款的拖欠率飆升。從2000年到2005年，約有6%的抵押貸款無法收回，而此后到2008年，拖欠率上升了近30個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

2.其他的虛假信息可以歸因于抵押貸款經(jīng)紀(jì)人急于讓不合格的借款人獲得貸款。一些貸款機(jī)構(gòu)，甚至讓親戚冒充借款人的假雇主并提供虛假的報(bào)稅表格，以獲得貸款批準(zhǔn)。

3.銀行和金融系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的人知道存在著猖獗的欺詐行為，但只要利潤源源不斷地涌入，他們就視而不見，而這進(jìn)一步加劇了這些問題。

4.現(xiàn)在，由于無法收回的貸款、無法出售的止贖房產(chǎn)和巨大的金融損失，銀行業(yè)正在收緊信貸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和放貸操作。

5.隨著零首付或極低首付貸款的取消，房屋凈值貸款隨著房屋價(jià)值的繼續(xù)下跌而萎縮。

5.單選題

Ifyouwanttogetintothattunnel,youfirsthaveto______awayalltherocks.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.haul

B.transfer

C.repel

D.dispose

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)haul“（用力）拖，拉；費(fèi)力前進(jìn)；強(qiáng)迫（某人）接受申斥；（用卡車）運(yùn)；（帆船）突然改變航道”；B選項(xiàng)transfer“轉(zhuǎn)讓；轉(zhuǎn)接；移交；轉(zhuǎn)移（地方）；（使）換乘；轉(zhuǎn)存，轉(zhuǎn)錄；調(diào)動(dòng)（工作）；傳染，傳播；使（運(yùn)動(dòng)員）轉(zhuǎn)隊(duì)；把（錢）轉(zhuǎn)到另一賬戶，機(jī)構(gòu)上”；C選項(xiàng)repel“擊退；抵制；使厭惡；使不愉快”；D選項(xiàng)dispose“處理；安排；決定；擊??；殺死”。haulaway“搬運(yùn)開；拖走；駛開；拽開”句意：如果你想進(jìn)入隧道，你首先得把所有的巖石都拖走。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.翻譯題

WhatIwishforallstudentsissomereleasefromthegrimgripofthefuture.Iwishthemachancetoenjoyeachsegmentoftheireducationasanexperienceinitselfandnotasatiresomerequirementinpreparationforthenextstep.Iwishthemtherighttoexperiment,totripandfall,tolearnthatdefeatisaseducationalasvictoryandisnottheendoftheworld.

Mywish,ofcourse,isnative.OneofthefewrightsthatAmericadoesnotproclaimistherighttofail.Achievementisthenationalgod,worshippedinourmedia—themillion-dollarathlete,thewealthyexecutiveandglorifiedinourpraiseofpossessions.Inthepresenceofsuchapotentstatereligion,theyoungaregrowingupold.

【答案】我希望所有的學(xué)生稍微擺脫未來的無情控制。我希望他們有機(jī)會(huì)把自己每一階段的教育純粹當(dāng)成一種經(jīng)歷來享受，而不是作為一種為下一步做準(zhǔn)備的令人厭倦的需要。我希望他們有權(quán)利去嘗試、跌倒、懂得失敗如同勝利一樣具有教育意義和失敗并不是世界的末日。

當(dāng)然，我的希望是天真的。失敗的權(quán)利是美國人不贊揚(yáng)的幾個(gè)權(quán)利之一。成就是民族之神，在我們的媒體中受到崇拜——如身價(jià)百萬的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，富有的主管人員一樣——在我們對財(cái)富的贊美中得到榮耀。年輕人就是在這樣一種強(qiáng)有力的民族信仰熏陶下長大的。

7.單選題

Language,cultureandpersonalitymaybeconsidered（

）ofeachotherIthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.indistinctly

B.separately

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】考察副詞詞義辨析。indistinctly“不清楚地，模糊地”；separately“分開地，與from”；irrelevantly“不恰當(dāng)?shù)?，不相關(guān)地”;independently“獨(dú)立地，分開地”。句意：語言、文化、性格彼此都是獨(dú)立的，實(shí)際上他們之間密不可分。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

8.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingEnglishintoChinese.

Historically,economistshavesaidthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome.However,ithasbeanfoundthatoncewealthreachesasubsistencelevel,itseffectivenessasageneratorofwell-beingisgreatlydiminished.ThisparadoxhasbeenreferredtoastheEasterinparadox.Thismeansthataspirationsincreasewithincome;afterbasicneedsaremet;relativeratherthanabsoluteincomelevelsinfluencewell-being.Happinesseconomistshopetochangethewaygovernmentsviewwell-beingandhowtomosteffectivelygovernandallocateresourcesgiventhisparadox.However,otherresearchsuggeststhatnoparadoxexists,andhappinessislinearlyrelatedtothelogarithmofabsolute(real,PPP-adjusted)income,withlittleornorelativeincomecomponent.

Moneycorrelateswithhappiness,buttheratediminisheswithmoremoney.In2010,twoeconomistsfoundthathigherearnersgenerallyreportedbetterlifesatisfaction,butpeople’sday-to-dayemotionalwell-beingonlyrosewithearningsuntilathresholdannualincomeof$75,000.Otherfactorshavebeensuggestedasmakingpeoplehappierthanmoney.Onestudy,whencorrectedforsocialstatus,showednocorrelationbetweenincomeandhappiness.

【答案】從歷史上看，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家曾說過經(jīng)濟(jì)收入能影響幸福指數(shù)。然而有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)財(cái)富達(dá)到基本的生活水平，它對幸福指數(shù)的影響力就會(huì)極大地減少。這個(gè)悖論被稱為伊斯特林悖論。這意味著愿望隨著收入而增加；在基本需求得到滿足之后；收入水平對幸福的影響是相對的，而不是絕對的了。鑒于這一悖論，幸福經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家希望改變政府看待幸福的方式，以及如何最有效地管理和分配資源。然而，其他研究表明這種悖論不存在，幸福指數(shù)與絕對（實(shí)際的，根據(jù)購買力平價(jià)調(diào)整后的）收入的對數(shù)成線性相關(guān)，與收入的構(gòu)成沒有什么關(guān)系。

金錢與幸福相關(guān)，但隨著金錢的增加，這一比率會(huì)下降。2010年，兩位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，高收入者總體上表現(xiàn)出更好的生活滿意度，但是只有當(dāng)年收入達(dá)到75000美元后，人們?nèi)粘５那楦行腋２艜?huì)隨著收入的增加而增加。其他因素比金錢更能使人快樂。一項(xiàng)針對社會(huì)地位的研究表明，收入和幸福之間沒有相關(guān)性。

9.問答題

Wheneveryouseeanoldfilm,youcan'thelpbeingstruckbytheappearanceofthewomentakingpart.

Theirhairstylesandmake-uplookdate:theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort;

A

B

theirgeneralappearanceis,infact,slightlyludicrous.

C

D

【答案】試題答案：B;dated

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。由“theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort”可知此處指的是不好的，look表示“看起來”的意思，后面接形容詞，dated意為“過時(shí)的”。

10.填空題

TheFoodandDrugAdministrationonFridayproposedtwoimportantrules_1_atpreventingthecontaminationofproduceandprocessedfoods.The_2_rulerepresentaseachangeinthewaytheagencypolicesfood,aprocessthatcurrently_3_takingactionaftercontaminationhasbeenidentified.

Changesincluderequirementsforbetterrecordkeeping,contingency（應(yīng)急的）plansforhandlingoutbreaksandmeasuresthatwouldpreventthespreadofcontaminationinthefirstplace.Whilefoodproducerswouldhavelatitudein4howtoexecutetherules,farmerswouldhavetoensurethatwaterusedinirrigationmeetcertainstandardsandfood_5_needtofindwaystokeepfreshthatmaycontainbacteriafromcominginto_6_withfoodthathasbeencooked.Newsafetymeasuresmightincluderequiringthatfarmworkerswashtheirhands,_7__portabletoiletsinfieldsandensuringthatfoodsshouldbecookedattemperatureshighenoughtokillbacteria.

Whetherconsumerswill_8_bearsomeoftheexpensesofthenewruleswasunclear,theagencyestimatedthattheproposalswouldcostfoodproducerstensofthousandsofdollarsayear.PresidentObamarequested$220millioninhis2013_9_,butDr.MargaretHamburg,commissioneroftheF.D.A,said“resourcesremainanongoingconcern.”Nonetheless,agencyofficialswere_10_thatthenewruleswouldprotectconsumersbetter.

【答案】1.A2.N3.H4.F5.M6.D7.G8.O9.C10.I

【解析】1.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動(dòng)詞。句意為：美國食品和藥物管理局在周五提出了兩項(xiàng)重要規(guī)定，__防止生產(chǎn)和加工食品的污染。從選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞可以判斷aim針對、目的在于符合句意，aimat為固定搭配。

2.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入形容詞。由上文內(nèi)容“proposedtwoimportantrules”可判斷空格部分“The__rule”。從選項(xiàng)中的形容詞可以判斷proposed被提議的、建議的符合句意。

3.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動(dòng)詞。句意為：這項(xiàng)規(guī)定標(biāo)志著該機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)管食品的方式發(fā)生了巨大變化，目前這一過程__在確定污染后采取行動(dòng)。從選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞可以判斷involve包含符合句意，involvedoingsth包含。

4.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動(dòng)詞。句意為：食品生產(chǎn)商可以自由__如何執(zhí)行這些規(guī)定。從選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞可以判斷determine決定符合句意。

5.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入名詞。由上文內(nèi)容“Whilefoodproducerswouldhave……”可判斷空格部分“food__”。句意為：食品__需要找到保持新鮮的方法。從選項(xiàng)中的名詞可以判斷producers生產(chǎn)者、制造者符合句意。

6.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動(dòng)詞。句意為：食品生產(chǎn)商需要找到保持新鮮的方法，防止可能含有細(xì)菌的食品__煮熟的食品。從選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞可以判斷contact接觸符合題意，comeintocontactwith和……接觸、接觸到。

7.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入動(dòng)詞。句意為：新的安全措施可能包括要求農(nóng)場工人洗手，在田地里__便攜的洗手間，確保食物在足夠高的溫度下烹飪以殺死細(xì)菌。從選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞可以判斷install安裝符合句意。

8.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入副詞。句意為：消費(fèi)者_(dá)_是否會(huì)承擔(dān)新規(guī)定的部分費(fèi)用尚不清楚。從選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞可以判斷ultimately最后、最終符合句意。

9.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入名詞。句意為：奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在2013年的__中要求2.2億美元。這里提到金額，因此從選項(xiàng)中的名詞可以判斷budget預(yù)算符合句意。

10.根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分析空格處填入形容詞。由Nonetheless盡管如此可以判斷空格部分需要填入一個(gè)與前文相反的態(tài)度，從選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞可以判斷optimistic樂觀的符合句意。

11.單選題

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫學(xué)家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshockstiog24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock

Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成條件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtoskillthem.

1.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnoffthe

electricity（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto（）.

33.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat（）.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperiment

wasthat（）.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystem

C.itledtostomachpains

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginfections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段倒數(shù)第二句指出:Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity(Laudenslager發(fā)現(xiàn)，無助老鼠（不能關(guān)掉電流的老鼠）的免疫功能被削弱至低于正常水平，但是，對于那些能切斷電流的老鼠的免疫功能則不會(huì)受到影響)。因此B項(xiàng)“不受影響”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段第三句指出:Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol(但是，如果動(dòng)物有（老鼠）面對過控制不了的情況，那么，以后即使在自己能夠控制的情況下，其反應(yīng)也是消極的)，因此C項(xiàng)“在可控制的情況下，表現(xiàn)得消極”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener(將糖精與胃疼關(guān)聯(lián)后，老鼠很快學(xué)會(huì)避免糖精)。因此，選D項(xiàng)“他們與胃疼有關(guān)聯(lián)”。

4.判斷推理題。第三段舉例是為了證明該段中心句，即:...howthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponse...(思想是如何改變/影響免疫系統(tǒng))，故選C項(xiàng)“它們的免疫系統(tǒng)被其思想改變了”。

5.判斷推理題。第三段中Ader的實(shí)驗(yàn)說明通過各種具體手段使動(dòng)物形成某

種條件反射就能削弱其免疫功能。因此，A項(xiàng)“條件反射可能減弱免疫系統(tǒng)”正確。

12.單選題

Insomewaystheyareamarketers’dream.Theyhavebillionsofdollarsindiscretionaryincome—andspendmostofit.Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall，theybuyregularly,oftenresponsetopeerpressure.Theyareheavilyinfluencedbythehoursoftelevisionadvertisingtheyseeeachweek.And，asaresultoftoday’ssmallerfamilies,andtheincreaseinthenumberoftwo-incomehouseholds,theyhavemoretosayaboutfamilydecisionsthaneverbefore.

“They”arechildren,ofcourse,agroupwhosespendinghabitsareattractingtheattentionofmoreandmoremarketers.Onerecentstudyestimatesthat:thethirtymillionU.S.children4to12yearsoldreceiveabout$4.7billionannuallyfromallowances,giftsandoddjobs.Ofthatamount,theyspendatotalof$4.2billioneachyearonsnacks($1.4billion),toysandgames($1.1billion),moviesandsports($771million),videogames($766million),andgifts($164million),engaginginsome280independentpurchasestransactionsannually.Childrenthirteentonineteenaccountforevengreateryearlyexpenditures:$30.5billionoftheirownmoney.

Butchildren’sfinancialmuscledoesnotendthere.Researchersestimatethatchildrendirectlyinfluencemore-than$40billioninadultpurchaseseachyear.ANickeldeonUSAToday/YankelovichYouthMonitorstudyfoundthatchildrenareextremelyawareofbrandandhaveconsiderableinputintotheirparents，selectionofapparel,cereal,snacks,cars,televisionsandpersonalcomputers.Manychildrenareinvolvedinactualhouseholdpurchasing,especiallyfood；inarecentTeenageResearchstudy,halftheteengirlssurveyedreportedshoppingforgroceriesatleastonceaweek.Recognizingthisindirectpurchasingpowerthatchildrenhave，agrowingnumberofmarketersareapproachingtheyouthdirectly.TheNationalDairyBoard,forexample,nowairsmilkcommercialswithyouthappeal,andProcter&GamblehasdevelopedCrestforKidstoothpaste.

Howdidchildrenacquiresuchbuyingclout?Researcherspointtoseveralfactors.Asthenumberofworkingcouplesandsingle-parenthouseholdsincreased,manyparentsshiftedcertainhouseholdresponsibilitiesontochildren’sshoulders.Thrustintoadultroles,childrenhaveendedupwithmoreinfluenceoverthefamily’spurchases,andtheyalsotendtospendincreasedamountsofmoneythemselves.Inaddition,manyolder,professionalcoupleshavefewerchildren.Theseparentscanaffordtolavishmoreontheirchildren,includingextraspendingmoneyforsuchitemsasFisher-PriceToys’$225children’scamcorderandtheMyFirstSonylineofelectronicsgearforchildren.Thebandwagoneffectisyetanotherfactor.Whenonemarketerbeginstofocusonchildren,competitorsfollowsuit,encouragingevenmorechildren’spurchases.McDonald’sCorp.,forexample,hasaimedadvertisementsforitshamburgers,mealkits,andpartiesatchildrenforyears；nowHardee’sFoodSystems,Inc,andWendy’sInternationalInc,aredoingthesame.

Astutemarketersrealizethatchildrenactuallyrepresentthreemarkets:currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers.Becausechildrenaresteadilydevelopingbrandawareness,andproductpreferencesthatsomedaywilltranslateintopurchasingdecisions,evencompaniesnotsellingyouthproductspersearebeginningtopayattentiontoselldirectlytochildren,realizingthat,outtheresomewhere,tomorrow’sbig-ticketcustomerisplayingvideogamestoday.

1.Thetopicofthisselectionis（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthisselection?

3.Fromthestatementthatchildren“havebillionsofdollarsindiscretionaryincome—andspendmostofit”，wecaninferthatchildren（）.

4.Abouttheirbuyingbehaviors,wecaninferthatchildrenare（）.

5.Wecaninferthatmarketersbelievechildrenwhodevelop“brandawareness”whentheyareyoungwill（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.marketingproducts

B.children’sspendingpatterns

C.doingsurveysofchildren

D.thebandwagoneffect

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Childrenhavemoretosayaboutfamilypurchasedecisionsthaneverbefore.

B.Childrenareimportantmembersofsociety.

C.Childrenhaveagooddealofpowerasbuyersandconsumers.

D.Marketersareovercomingtheirlackofinterestinsellingtochildren.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.havenosenseofvalueregardingmoney

B.shouldnotbegivensomuchmoneybytheirparents

C.misusethefinancialpowerplacedintheirhands

D.donotsavemuchoftheirownmoney

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.notinfluencedmuchbyadvertising

B.verymuchinfluencedbytheirfriends

C.notinfluencedbymilkcommercialswithyouthappeal

D.carefulaboutspendingonhamburgersandotherfastfoods

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.rejectthosebrandswhenbecomeadults

B.purchasevideogamesfortheirchildren

C.remainloyaltothosebrandsintoadulthood

D.spendtheirmoneywiselyandthoughtfullyasadults

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:文章第一二段提到兒童群體雖然不大，但是他們有一定的購買能力；之后引用了一些兒童帶來的花費(fèi)的數(shù)據(jù)來進(jìn)一步說明兒童是個(gè)很大的消費(fèi)群體。最后提到兒童代表著三個(gè)市場。從這些可知全文都是在講兒童的消費(fèi)問題。所以選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

第2題:文章主要探討兒童消費(fèi)問題。出于很多原因，兒童已經(jīng)是一個(gè)具有很強(qiáng)購買力的消費(fèi)者。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第3題:文章第一段提到孩子們有很多零花錢自己處理，但是他們?nèi)菀资艿诫娨晱V告的影響（Theyareheavilyinfluencedbythehoursoftelevisionadvertisingtheyseeeachweek），說明他們的錢被亂用了，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

第4題:文章第一段提到雖然兒童的購買力不強(qiáng)，但是他們會(huì)受同伴的影響（Althoughtheirindividualpurchasesaresmall，theybuyregularly,oftenresponsetopeerpressure）。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

第5題:文章最后一段提到商家們認(rèn)為兒童代表三個(gè)市場：currentconsumers,influentialconsumers,andfuturebuyers。孩子們的品牌意識和產(chǎn)品偏好正穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，總有一天會(huì)形成購買力。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

13.單選題

______isthecenterofourplanetarysystemwasadifficultconcepttograspintheMiddleAges.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thatthesunandnottheearth

B.Beingthesunandnottheearth

C.Itisthesunandnottheearth

D.Thesunandnottheearth

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查主語從句。句意：在中世紀(jì)，行星系的中心是太陽而不是地球，這是一個(gè)很難理解的概念。句子開頭到planetarysystem是主語從句，意思是“行星系的中心是太陽而不是地球”，其中橫線部分充當(dāng)主語從句的主語。that引導(dǎo)的主語從句在句首時(shí)，that不能省略，A選項(xiàng)Thatthesunandnottheearth符合題意，其余選項(xiàng)用法錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

China,theeconomicpowerhousewithapopulationofmorethanonebillionpeople,isoftenatthe（）ofthenewsagenda.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.forefront

B.edge

C.brink

D.border

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)forefront“前沿；最前線”；B選項(xiàng)edge“邊緣”；C選項(xiàng)brink“邊緣”；D選項(xiàng)border“邊界；邊境”。句意：中國，這個(gè)擁有超過10億人口的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在新聞議程的……。B選項(xiàng)edge一般是用來形容比較窄的邊緣。C選項(xiàng)brink一般是指懸崖峭壁的邊緣。D選項(xiàng)border邊界通常用來形容兩國之間的邊界線與臨界點(diǎn)。而根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞newsagenda“新聞議程”，中國經(jīng)常能夠占據(jù)新聞議程的最前沿。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

15.單選題

Theovercrowdedlivingconditions（）aheavystrainonthefamily.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.set

B.put

C.made

D.pressed

【答案】B

【解析】putaheavystrainonsb.為慣用搭配,指對某人來說是一個(gè)沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。這里指：過度擁擠的生活條件給這個(gè)家庭造成了沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。

16.單選題

Thisisadifficultjob,ifyoutryyourbest,youwilllearnhowtodoit（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ontime

B.behindtime

C.attimes

D.intime

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。ontime“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”；behindtime“遲到”；attimes“有時(shí)偶爾”；intime“及時(shí)”。本句意為“這是一份困難的工作，但只要你盡力，你就能很快學(xué)會(huì)的”，intime符合句意，表達(dá)“及時(shí)”的意思。因此選項(xiàng)D正確。

17.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

Anaestheticsense,aninstinctforbeauty,isoneoftheuniversalattributesofhumanbeings.

（1）Whileatitslowestlevelaestheticappreciationismerelyofanthropologicalorsociologicalinterest,atitshighestlevel,perhaps,itduplicatesartisticcreationandexistsonthesameplane.Butcertainlythat“plane”ismulti-dimensional.

Manypossiblereasonswhyhumanbeingsareresponsivetobeautyandneedartintheirlivescanandhavebeenadduced.（2）

Myowntheoryisthatartconcentratesandchannelsemotionsandexperiencesthatwouldotherwisebeinchoateandunformedinthepsyche;thatistosay,itbringsintosharpfocusandgivesformtoshadowypromptings,conflictingemotions,