新標準大學英語綜合教程4 Unit5-unit8(非1-4)

新標準大學英語綜合教程4Unit5-unit8(非1-4)新標準大學英語綜合教程4Unit5-unit8(非1-4)新標準大學英語綜合教程4Unit5-unit8(非1-4)新標準大學英語綜合教程4Unit5-unit8(非1-4)編制僅供參考審核批準生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:Unit5-unit8Unit5Activereading(1)4Numberthedifferentpartsofthepassageintheorderinwhichtheyoccur.1Refertorecentresearchtodispelthemythaboutmalegossip.2Revealthatmenchangetopicofconversationwhenwomenarepresent.3Focusonthedifferenceofcontentbetweenmaleandfemalegossip.4Suggestthatthemythaboutmalegossipisreallyaproblemofterminology.5Presentadetailed,technicalaccountofhowwomengossip.6Concludethatthevitaldifferencebetweenmaleandfemalegossipliesinthepositiveresponseoftheaudience.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords5Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1inawaythatisimpossibletodoubtandeasytosee(decidedly)2thereasonthatyoudosomething(motive)3main,ormostimportant(principal)4withqualitiesthoughttobetypicalofmen(masculine)5tocriticizesomething,ortosuggestitisnotgoodenoughforyou(sniff)6livelyoractive(animated)6CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity5.WhenSimonaVenturabecamethehostoftheItalianTVsoccerprogramme,alotofpeople(1)sniffedatthedecision.Whatcouldawomandoinsucha(2)decidedlymale-dominatedworld

Theyargued.Butthe(3)motivebehindthechoiceofSimonaasthenewpresentersoonbecameapparent.Ratherthanchangetofittheprogramme–thereisnothing(4)masculineabouther–shecreatedanew,moremodernshow,the(5)principalaimofwhichistoentertainthewholefamily.Theoldstyle,lengthyandrathertechnicalanalysesoffootballmatches,hasbeenreplacedbyalivelyTVprogramme,whichis(6)animatedbyguestcelebrities,dancersandsingers,aswellasextractsfromtheday’stopmatches.7Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthefollowingwords.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1Culturalandintellectualprogrammestendtobebroadcastverylateintheevening.(Highbrow)2AtthebeginningIwasveryshy,butIsoongottoknoweveryoneandmadefriends.(initially)3ThecourseIenjoyedmostwhenIwasstudyinglinguisticswastheoneontherelationshipbetweenwordsandmeanings.(semantics)4TofindoutmoreaboutEnglishasaworldlanguage,weneedreliablepeoplewhoareabletogiveinformation.(informants)5ShesentmeabunchofroseswhenIgotthejob,andIdidthesamewhenshegotpromoted.(reciprocated)6Forsomementhereisstillafeelingofembarrassmentanduneaseabouttakingordersfromafemalesuperior.(stigma)7Afterthegoalwasdisallowed,mostofthewordsIcouldhearwereswearwords.(expletives)8Youcan’tspeaklikethattosomeoneyoudon’tknow.It’samatterofrulesofsocialbehaviour.(etiquette)9Onlyafteraverycarefulandtime-consumingeditingwillthisbookbereadyforpublication.(anexhaustive)8Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.abbabbActivereading(2)3Choosethebestsummaryofthepassage.3Womenconstantlyhavetomakechoicesaboutdressandappearance,andeventhewaytheysigntheirnames,whichleadpeopletomakejudgmentsaboutthem;mendonothavetomakethesamechoices.4Choosethebestanswertothequestions.CcbdbcDealingwithunfamiliarwords5Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1theplacewhereyouwork(workplace)2tomeansomething(denote)3tomakesomethingorsomeonebecomegraduallylesseffective,confident,orsuccessful(undermine)4tothinkthatsomethingistruebecauseitislikely,althoughyoucannotbecertain(presume)5aregularandimportantpartorfeatureofsomething(staple)6involvingorconsistingofmanypeople,things,orparts(multiple)7expressingwhatyoumeanusingclearandeffectivelanguage(eloquent)8usedtodescribeawordthatreferstoonepersonorthing(singular)9behavinginaveryunfriendlyorthreateningwaytowardssomeone(hostile)10tosayorwritewordsthatsomeoneelsehassaidorwritten(quote)11togivesomeoneresponsibilityforanimportantjoboractivity(entrust)6CompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity5.1Melaniegottoherfeetandmadeaeloquentdefenceoftherightsofwomenintheworkplace.2ThereareanumberofwordsinEnglish,suchaspeople,whichalthoughtechnicallyinthesingularform,inactualfactdenoteapluralmeaning.3Thedarksuitisastapleofthebusinessman’swardrobe,andIpresumeitwillremainsoforalongtime.4Thehostilereceptionhegotatthemeetingislikelytounderminealltheworkthathasbeendonerecentlytoimproverelationsbetweenstaffandmanagement.5Jasonsufferedmultipleinjuriesintheaccident,andwedidn’twanttoentrustaninexperiencedsurgeonwiththeoperation.6Ithinkthatmostworldleadersinthenextcenturywillbewomen,butdon’tquotemeonthat.7Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthefollowingwords.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1Don’tforgettoputonabitoflipstickandmascarabeforeyougoout.(make-up)2Thecandidatedisplayedalackofseriousnesswhichwefeltwasnotappropriatetothepositionhewasapplyingfor.(frivolousness)3IneedtocheckmyfreedatesinMarchbeforeIcanconfirmwhetherIshallbeabletoattendtheconference.(availability)4Hehasanattractivesmilewhichpeoplefindhardtoresist.(alluring)5Thislistofparticipantsneedstobeputintoalphabeticalorder.(alphabetized)6Thefirstpersonofficiallysuggestedasgeneralsecretaryhadtowithdrawduetoillhealth.(nominee)7Afterthefirstremarksofferingcongratulationstheatmosphereattheprize-givingceremonyturnedsour.(congratulatory)8ThespeakermadeacommentwhichIfoundunfriendlyandwhichmeanttheoppositeofwhathereallymeant.(sarcastic)8Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Isalinguisticproblemconcernedwith(a)words,or(b)figures?

2Ifyouaredisqualifiedfromanevent,dotheorganizers(a)allowyou,or(b)refusetoallowyoutotakepart?

3Isrublikelytomean(a)aproblem,or(b)asolution?

4Ifyouhavegotmyriadjoboffers,areyoulikelytobe(a)concerned,or(b)optimisticaboutyourfuture?

5Ifyouletonaboutsomethingtosomeone,doyou(a)tellthemaboutit,or(b)keepitasecret?

6Ifyouducksomethingwhichhasbeenthrownatyou,doesit(a)hit,or(b)missyou

7Ifsomeonespeakstoyouinanuppityway,istheirmanner(a)superior,or(b)humbleandpolite?

Languageinusesay+something/nothing/alotetcabout1Rewritethesentencesusingsay+something/nothing/alotetcabout.1Thebootsshewearsgivealotofinformationabouther.Thebootsshewearssayalotabouther.2Thewayhetalksaboutotherpeoplegivesanindicationofhispersonality.Thewayhetalksaboutotherpeoplesayssomethingabouthispersonality.3Thewayshebehavesdoesn’tgiveanyindicationofherpreviouscareer.Thewayshebehavessaysnothingaboutherpreviouscareer.4Thisstatementisveryrevealingabouttheorganization’sattitudetowomen.Thisstatementsaysalotabouttheorganization’sattitudetowomen.5Thistypeoftaskgivessomeideaaboutthestructureofthefinalexamination.Thistypeoftasksayssomethingaboutthestructureofthefinalexamination.on+gerund2Rewritethesentencesusingon+gerund.1Whentheycheckedthefiguresagain,theyrealizedtherehadbeenamistake.Oncheckingthefiguresagain,theyrealizedtherehadbeenamistake.2Whenshewasasked,shesaidshewouldliketobeknownbyherfirstname.Onbeingasked,shesaidshewouldliketobeknownbyherfirstname.3Whenweinvestigatedmorecompletely,wemadeanimportantdiscovery.Oninvestigatingmorecompletely,wemadeanimportantdiscovery.4Whentheyheardthenews,mostpeoplereactedwithofferstohelp.Onhearingthenews,mostpeoplereactedwithofferstohelp.5Whenpeopleareaccusedofacrimetheyhaven’tcommitted,mostofthemdon’tknowhowtoreact.Onbeingaccusedofacrimetheyhaven’tcommitted,mostpeopledon’tknowhowtoreact.anythingbut3Rewritethesentencesusinganythingbut.1Theorganizeroftheconferencewastheoppositeofhelpful.Theorganizeroftheconferencewasanythingbuthelpful.2Theinstructionsyouleftwerecertainlynoteasytofollow.Theinstructionsyouleftwereanythingbuteasytofollow.3Ifeltextremelyunsafewearingthosefour-inch-highheels.Ifeltanythingbutsafewearingthosefour-inch-highheels.4Theweatherlastweekwasquitetheoppositeofwarmandsunny.Theweatherlastweekwasanythingbutwarmandsunny.5IthinkthatattitudestowardswomeninthecompanywhereIworkarealongwayfrombeingprogressive.IthinkthatattitudestowardswomeninthecompanywhereIworkareanythingbutprogressive.otherthan4Rewritethesentencesusingotherthan.1Theonlythingwedowhenthethreeofusmeetisgossip.Whenthethreeofusmeetwedonothingotherthangossip.2Menhavenorealalternativeunlessitistowearasuit.Menhavenorealalternativeotherthantowearasuit.3TheonlythingIwishtoaddistosayhowmuchIhaveenjoyedthewholeday.IhavenothingtoaddotherthantosayhowmuchIhaveenjoyedthewholeday.4Theytoldhershedidn’thavetodoanythingexceptsitquietlyandlookpretty.Theytoldhershehadnothingtodootherthantositquietlyandlookpretty.5TheonlyreasonIhaveforbeinghereisthefreelunch.Ihavenoreasontobehereotherthanthefreelunch.Collocations5MatchtheadjectivesinColumnAwiththenounsinColumnB.ABbrightcoloursconservativetastescorrecttonepopularbeliefheavymake-uphighbrowsubjectfacevalue6CompletethesentenceswiththecollocationsinActivity5.1Bothofushaveratherconservativetastes,sowe’reunlikelytobuymodernfurniture.2I’mafraidthesebondsareworthalotlessthantheirfacevalue.3It’snoteasytofindthecorrecttoneinwhichtospeaktonewcustomers.4Ilikewearingbrightcolours;Ithinktheyreflectmyoutgoingpersonality.5Yesterday’slecturewasonsuchahighbrowsubjectthatIcouldn’tgetinterested.6Whydotheyputsuchheavymake-uponpeopleintelevisionstudios?

7Thepopularbeliefthatmendon’tcryisnonsense.7TranslatetheparagraphsintoChinese.（?翻譯時注意原文的語氣，否則就可能不準確。第二段是一個長句，翻譯時應注意按中文習慣斷句。）女人一填表就會暴露自己的個人經(jīng)歷?，F(xiàn)在大多數(shù)的申請表會給出四種稱謂選擇，男人只有一種選擇，即“先生”，他們的選擇除了表明他們是男性之外沒有其他含義。但女人要從三種稱謂中選一個，其中的任何一種都是帶標記的。如果勾選“太太”（Mrs.）或者“小姐”（Miss）的方框，她不僅暴露了自己的婚姻狀況，而且表明她在稱謂上很保守，而且在價值觀方面可能也很保守。如果選“女士”（Ms.），說明她拒絕透露自己的婚姻狀況（而男人選“先生”時則沒有拒絕透露任何事情，因為他本來就沒有被要求透露婚姻信息）。另外，在表格中勾選“女士”的人會被標記為“平權者”或“叛逆者”，這就要看評判她的人持什么樣的態(tài)度和看法了。我有時填上“博士”頭銜，以避開這幾種帶標記的稱謂選項。這么做又會給自己帶來風險，標明自己要么驕傲自大（于是乎招來譏諷的反應，比如“拜托！”），要么是一個讀書讀過頭的人（那么對方的反應就是祝賀式的驚奇，比如“真行！”）。8TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.Ourpresumptionsaboutwhatidealhusbandsorwivesarelikerevealalotaboutourgenderexpectationsaswellasourresponsestothem.Ifmostgirlswanttheirfiancéstobetough,capableandreliable,thereisnomoreoptionleftforyoungmenotherthantobetrainedastough,capableandreliableiftheywanttowingirls’heart.Iftheyacttothecontrary,theywillmostprobablybemoantheirbachelor’sstatusfortherestoftheirlives.Followingthesameunwrittenrule,ifmostboysexpecttheirfiancéestobecaring,patientandfaithfulmorethananythingelse,girlsarepronetoletonthattheywillbecomefaithfulwivesandlovingmotherseveniftheyarenotthetype.Lookingintosuchgenderexpectations,wemayfindthattheyarebasedonbothphysiologicalandsocialfactors.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwomenarephysicallypreparedtobearchildren,whereasmenareutterlyunfitforthejob.Therefore,afamilyisbetter-offwhenitsmalemembersdevotetheirtimetoprovidingfoodandothernecessitiesforit.TranslationofthepassagesActivereading(1)英國人說閑話規(guī)則的性別差異與普遍的看法相反，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)：男人和女人一樣愛說閑話。英國的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：兩個性別的人對諸如人際關系這類的社會話題所花的時間一樣多，大約是65%；另一項研究則表明：兩性差異很小，男人談話時有55%的時間在說閑話，女人說閑話的時間是67%。由于體育和休閑大約占10%的說話時間，所以很可能是談論足球的時間導致了這種性別的差異。男人談論政治、職業(yè)、藝術及文化事務等“重要”或“高雅”話題的可能性并不比女人高，除非女人在場（這就形成了強烈的對比）。女人不在場的時候，男人也說閑話，他們談論職業(yè)和政治等社會問題的時間不會超過5%。男女都在場時，為了引起女人的注意，男人談論“高雅”話題的時間會大大增加，達到15%至20%。事實上，最近的研究表明，男性和女性說閑話在內容上只存在一個重要的差別：男人會花更多的時間談論自己。在談論社會關系的總時間中，男人用了三分之二的時間來談論自己的關系，而女人談論自己的時間則只占三分之一。即便如此，那個關于男人討論“解決世界上問題”而女人只是躲在廚房里閑言碎語的神話仍然大行其道，尤其是在男人堆里。在我所調查的人群及面談中，大多數(shù)英國男性剛開始時都聲稱他們不說閑話，而大多數(shù)女性都坦承自己說閑話。在接下來的提問中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的差別只在于語義層面而非實踐層面：女性通常稱為“說閑話”的活動在男性那里被定義為“信息交流”。顯然，在英國男性眼里說閑話是一件可恥的事情，這條不成文的規(guī)則已經(jīng)深入人心，因此就算一個人真的在說閑話，他也會把它說成是另一回事。更重要的是，它必須聽起來像是在說別的事。在研究中我發(fā)現(xiàn)男女說閑話的主要區(qū)別在于女人說閑話聽起來更像閑言碎語。這涉及到三個主要因素——音調規(guī)則、細節(jié)規(guī)則和反饋規(guī)則。語調規(guī)則我面談過的英國女人都認為只有某種特別的語調適合于說閑話。說閑話的語調有時很高、語速很快，有時像在舞臺上演戲一樣輕輕說，但總是活靈活現(xiàn)的。一位婦女這樣解釋：“閑話總是以語速快、調門高、口氣激動的話語開始的：‘哎，你猜猜怎么著你知道嗎’或者，‘嗨，聽我說，聽我說（語速快、急切，像舞臺上清晰的低語），你猜我聽到了什么’”另一位女士告訴我：“即使實際上并不是那么回事兒，你必須讓它聽起來像令人吃驚的事或者像丑聞。雖然那根本算不上什么秘密，你可以說：‘哎，你可別告訴別人，我聽說……’”這些婦女中有許多人抱怨男人在說閑話時沒有使用正確的語調。像交流任何其他信息一樣，他們總是用平緩、冷靜的語調說閑話。一位婦女對此嗤之以鼻：“你簡直搞不清他們是不是在說閑話?！钡@正是男人要的效果。細節(jié)規(guī)則女人強調說閑話時細節(jié)的重要性，她們悲嘆男人在這方面的缺陷，聲稱男人“從不了解細節(jié)?！盻_一位被調查者告訴我：“男人從不引述別人的話。如果我們不能確切地知道別人說了什么，那有什么意思呢”

另一位被調查者說：“女人比男人更傾向于推測……她們談及某某為什么會做某事，并追溯整個事情的歷史?！睂ε硕裕敿毻茰y動機和原因與詳細推測可能的后果一樣是閑話的關鍵因素，它要求對“過去的歷史”進行詳盡的梳理。英國男人認為：所有這些細節(jié)都很乏味、無關緊要，當然，講出來也就有傷男子氣概。

反饋規(guī)則在英國婦女中存在一種共識：好的“閑話”除了語調生動、關注細節(jié)之外，還要有好的聽眾。所謂好的聽眾是指欣賞閑話并給予大量恰當?shù)姆答伒穆牨姟Ｅ缘拈e話反饋規(guī)則要求聽眾至少應該和說話者一樣生動活潑、充滿熱情。她們的道理好像是：這樣才足夠禮貌，因為說話人要把事情講得出人意外，講得像丑聞，還是頗費心力的。因此聽眾至少要表現(xiàn)出適度的吃驚才能回報說話人的努力。據(jù)我的女性被調查者說，英國男人好像完全沒有掌握這條規(guī)則。他們不知道“你應該說‘不會吧！真的嗎’及‘噢，我的上帝！’”不過，我的女性被調查者也同意，那些以女性方式做出反應的男人聽起來像小女孩，或者被認為女里女氣，讓人感覺不舒服。我面談過的一位男同性戀也覺得“不會吧！真的嗎”這類反應會被認為是十足的“娘娘腔”。英國閑話禮儀的不成文規(guī)則的確允許男人在聽到特別有趣的閑話時感到震驚或吃驚，但大家都明白：一句恰到好處的臟話也能表達同樣的詫異，這種方式更能被男人接受。Unit6Activereading(1)Readingandunderstanding3Numbertheeventsintheordertheyhappened.5ThealliedforcesdeclaredvictoryinWorldWarII.3ChurchillwasappointedFirstLordoftheAdmiralty.4ChurchillbecamePrimeMinister.1ChurchillfoughtintheBoerWar.6Churchilllostthegeneralelection.2ChurchillelectedtotheBritishParliament.6Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1willingtoacceptsomeoneelse’sbeliefsorwayoflifewithoutcriticizingthem(tolerant)2asystemofgovernmentinwhichpeoplevoteinelectionstochoosethepeoplewhowillgovernthem(democracy)3willingtosupport,workfororbeafriendtosomeone,evenindifficulttimes(loyal)4beingfamousandadmiredforaspecialskillorachievement(renowned)5thethingsthatyouwilldoorthetypeofpersonthatyouwillbecomeinthefuture(destiny)6apeacefulandprivateplacewhereyoucangoinordertorest(retreat)7tofrightenorhurtsomeonewhoissmallerandweakerthanyou(bully)7CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity6.Churchillbelievedthathewas(1)destinedtoleadhiscountry.HefoughtasasoldierinWorldWarIandledthecountrytovictoryinWorldWarII.Itseemsironicthataleaderofsuch(2)renownasChurchillcouldnotcountonthe(3)loyaltyofvotersin1945.However,ina(4)democraticcountry,electorscannotbe(5)bullied,andhehadto(6)toleratepoliticaldefeataftermilitaryvictory,andwentoncemoretohiscountry(7)retreat,Chartwell.8Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsandexpressionsinthebox.1Hisachievementsweresogreatthattheycanneverbebettered.(surpassed)2Thesituationcanonlygetworse;itwillneverimprove.(degenerate)3Althoughhewasarichman,hisclotheswereofpoorqualityandinbadcondition.(shabby)4Heexchangedhispositionasageneralforthatofanordinarysoldier.(swapped)5AtthebeginningofWorldWarIItheKingturnedtoChurchilltoleadthecountry.(onset)6Churchilldrankalotofalcohol.(liquor)7ChurchillwantedtodosomethingtoshowhewassorryforhismistakeatthebattleofGallipoli.(makeamends)9Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Ifagovernmentisamonstroustyranny,isit(a)terribleandoppressive,or(b)democraticandtolerant?

2Ifsomethingislamentable,isit(a)surprising,or(b)disappointing

3Ifyoupacksomeoneoff,doyou(a)protectthem,or(b)sendthemaway?

4Ifsomeonetalkswithastammer,dotheytalk(a)inaconfidentway,or(b)withdifficulty?

5Doesdoubleupasmean(a)todotwojobsatthesametime,or(b)todoajobmorethanonce?

6Isadispatch(a)areportthatyousend,or(b)somethingyouexperience?

7Issanity(a)amentalillness,or(b)theabilitytothinkandspeakreasonably?

8Ifyousufferaboutofflu,doestheflulast(a)ashorttime,or(b)alongtime?

9Doesunswervinglydescribesomeonewhosefeelings(a)oftenchange,especiallyifcircumstanceschange,or(b)areconstant,evenifcircumstancesaredifficult

10Ifyoubrandishsomething,doyou(a)hideitinapocket,or(b)waveitintheair

11Doesinfuriatingdescribesomeonewho(a)makesyouangry,or(b)isveryeasytogetonwith?

12Iseccentricity(a)strangeandunusualbehaviour,or(b)normalbehaviour?

Activereading(2)2Workinpairs.Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1Whatisahistoricalfact?(a)Anythingthathappenedinthepast.(b)Somethingsignificantthathappenedinthepast.Comment:(a)istrueinasense,butmostfactslikethatareofnointerestorcanbeeasilyforgotten.Toreallybecomepartofhistorythefactmustbeworthrecalling.2Whatdoesahistoriando?(a)Establishaccuratelywhathappenedinthepast.(b)Decidewhichfactsareimportantandinterprettheirsignificance.Comment:Historiansneedtruefacts,whicharenotmuchuseuntiltheyareinterpretedandused.So(a)hassometruth,but(b)farmore.ThehistorianandhisfactsReadingandunderstanding3Answerthequestions.1Whatistherelationshipbetweenarchaeologyandhistory?Archaeologyisanauxiliaryscienceofhistory,forexample,itsuppliesfactswhichcanthenbeinterpretedbyhistorians,egpotteryisdugupanddatedsoweknowacertaingrouplivedthereatacertaintime.Thismayormaynotaffectourviewofthepast.2Whydoesthewritersayitisnottruethat“factsspeakforthemselves”

Thereareaninfinitenumberoffactsaboutthepast.Theyonlymatterifwepayattentiontothemandseethemassignificant.3Howandwhyarehistoriansselective?Historianspresentuswithfactswhichtheythinkgiveusanunderstandingaboutthepast,andchooseoneswhichsupporttheirideas.4Whatisthedifferencebetweenafactaboutthepastandafactofhistory?Afactaboutthepastisanythingwhicheverhappened;afactofhistoryisafactwhichhistoriansdebatethemeaningofandregardassignificantforunderstandingthetaleofhumanity.4Check()thetruestatements.1Historiansonlyneedtorecordfactsaccurately.2Historiansneedtoknowhowtodeterminetheoriginsofhistoricalfacts.√3Historiansselectthefactstheyneedtosupporttheirinterpretation.√4HistoriansdecidedthatCaesar’scrossingoftheRubiconwasasignificanthistoricalevent.√5Peoplecontinuetobelieveintheexistenceoffactswithoutahistorian’sinterpretation,eventhoughsuchabeliefisridiculous.6TheeventatStalybridgeWakesin1850isawell-establishedhistoricalfact.Dealingwithunfamiliarwords5Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1awrittenorspokencommentaboutsomethingthatyouhaveseen,heardorfelt(observation)2woodusedforbuildinghousesormakingfurniture(timber)3secondary,notprincipalormain(auxiliary)4asmallpieceofalargerobjectthathasbroken,oftenintoalotofpieces(fragment)5verydetailedandcomplicated(elaborate)6theprocessofchoosingonepersonorthingfromagroup(selection)7notimportantandnotworthworryingabout(petty)8aseriousdisagreement(dispute)9tomakeaformalsuggestion(propose)6CompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity5.1Hisproposalprovedpopularandthemeetingaccepteditunanimously.2It’stheelaboration/elaboratenessofthedecorationthatmakesthebuildingspecial.3Theevidencewasveryfragmentaryanditwasdifficulttogetacompletepicture.4Thehistorianselectstheimportantfactsandarrangesthemtofithistheory.5Restorationisanauxiliarysciencewhichhelpsarthistoriansfindouttheageofapaintingandtheartist.6Thepettinessofhisargumentsmeantthattheyweren’timportantorworthtakingseriously.7Theseancienttimberedbuildingswereconstructedofwoodfromthenearbyforest.8Theydisputedthetruthofthetheoriesforalongtime.9Theyobservedthattherewasmorethanoneinterpretationofthefacts.7Answerthequestionsaboutthewordsandexpressions.1Doesdeciphermeanto(a)readatexteasily,or(b)workoutthemeaningofasecretorobscuretext

2Isaninscription(a)somethingwrittenorcarvedonsomethingtorecordanimportantevent,or(b)somethingrecordedorspoken?

3Isamotto(a)ashortstatementofwhatsomeonebelieves,or(b)anextendedargument?

4Isorientationlikelytomean(a)awayofdoingsomething,or(b)anattitudeorbelief

5Isafallacylikelytobe(a)amistakenbelief,or(b)somethingthat’sobviouslytrue?

6Ifyoueradicatesomething,doyou(a)establishit,or(b)removeitcompletely

7Isasecondersomeonewho(a)comessecondinarace,or(b)supportsapropositionatameeting

8Ifsomeoneorsomethingrelapses,doesit(a)returntoitspreviousstate,or(b)disappear?

9Ifsomeonedoessomethinggallantly,dotheydoit(a)daringlyandsuccessfully,or(b)bravely,butunsuccessfully

Languageinusethanksto…1Rewritethesentencesusingthanksto…1BecauseofChurchill’sleadershipandexample,weshowedcourageanddetermination.ThankstoChurchill’sleadershipandexample,weshowedcourageanddetermination.2Becauseoftheirloyaltytokingandcountry,youngWinstonwasbroughtuptoservetheUK.Thankstotheirloyaltytokingandcountry,youngWinstonwasbroughtuptoservetheUK.3Atschoolhewasbulliedbecauseofhislisp,stammerandill-health.Atschoolhewasbulliedthankstohislisp,stammerandill-health.4BecauseofhisdispatchesfromtheBoerWar,hereturnedtoEnglandasahero.ThankstohisdispatchesfromtheBoerWar,hereturnedtoEnglandasahero.5BecauseofschoolholidaysplayinginBlenheimPalace,hehadalwayswantedtobeageneral.ThankstoschoolholidaysplayinginBlenheimPalace,hehadalwayswantedtobeageneral.6HelosthisjobasFirstLordoftheAdmiraltybecauseofthedisasteratGallipoli.HelosthisjobasFirstLordoftheAdmiraltythankstothedisasteratGallipoli.7BecauseofhiswifeClementine,hemanagedtocontrolhisdepression.ThankstohiswifeClementine,hemanagedtocontrolhisdepression.8BecauseofhispredictionaboutGermany,KingGeorgeVIinvitedhimtoformagovernment.ThankstohispredictionaboutGermany,KingGeorgeVIinvitedhimtoformagovernment.unpackingcomplexsentences2LookatthesentencesfromthepassageThehistorianandhisfactsandanswerthequestions.1Topraiseahistorianforhisaccuracyislikepraisinganarchitectforusingwell-seasonedtimberorproperlymixedconcreteinhisbuilding.(a)Whatisthemainverb?Themainverbisis.(b)Whatislikepraisinganarchitect?Topraiseahistorian.(c)Whatkindofhistorianandarchitectarecompared?Good,efficienthistoriansandarchitectsarecompared.2Itispreciselyformattersofthiskindthatthehistorianisentitledtorelyonwhathavebeencalledthe“auxiliarysciences”ofhistory–archaeology,epigraphy,numismatics,chronology,andsoforth.(a)Whatisthemainverb?Themainverbisis(thefirstone).(b)Whatareexamplesoftheauxiliarysciencesofhistory?archaeology,epigraphy,numismatics,chronology.(c)Whyisthehistorianentitledtorelyonthem?Becausetheyarescientificfieldswithreliableresults.3InspiteofC.P.Scott’smotto,everyjournalistknowstodaythatthemosteffectivewaytoinfluenceopinionisbytheselectionandarrangementoftheappropriatefacts.(a)Whatisthemainverb?Themainverbisknows.(b)Whatdojournalistswanttoknow?Themosteffectivewaytoinfluenceopinion.(c)Howdotheydothis?Bytheselectionandarrangementoftheappropriatefacts.(d)DoesC.P.Scott’smottosupportthiswayofdoingthings?

No,C.P.Scott,afamousnewspapereditor,said“Commentisfree,butfactsaresacred.”Themottodoesn’tsupportthiswayofdoingthings..4Thefactthatyouarrivedinthisbuildinghalfanhouragoonfoot,oronabicycle,orinacar,isjustasmuchafactaboutthepastasthefactthatCaesarcrossedtheRubicon.(a)WhatisthefirstfactHowmanyalternativefirstfactsdoesithave

Thefirstfactisabouthowyouarrived.Therearetwoalternatives:Youarrivedonabicycleorinacar.(b)Whatisthemainverb?Themainverbisis.(c)WhatisasmuchafactaboutthepastasCaesarcrossingtheRubicon?Howyouarrived.5Itmaybethatinthecourseofthenextfewyearsweshallseethisfactappearingfirstinfootnotes,theninthetext,ofarticlesandbooksabout19th-centuryEngland,andthatin20or30years’timeitmaybeawell-establishedhistoricalfact.(a)What’sthemainverb?

Themainverbismaybe.(b)Whenwillthisfactfirstappear?Inthecourseofnextfewyears.(c)Wherewillitfirstappear?Itwillfirstappearinfootnotesofarticlesandbooksabout19-centuryEngland.(d)Wherewillitappearnext?Thetextofarticlesandbooksabout19-centuryEngland.(e)Whatwillhappennext?Itwillberegardedasawell-establishedhistoricalfact.(f)Whenwillithappen?In20or30years’time.collocations3Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1swapThiswordusuallymeanstoreplaceonethingwithanother.(a)SowhathappenswhenastudentinChinaswapsplaceswithastudentintheUS?

TheChinesestudentgoestoAmericaandtheAmericanstudentcomestoChina.(b)Iftwofamilieseachhasahouse,whathappenswhentheyagreetodoahouseswap

FamilyAgoestoliveinFamilyB’shouseandviceversa.(c)Whathappensifyoutakeanitemofclothingbacktoashopandswapitforanothersizeorcolour?

Youhandbackthefirstoneandtheshopgivesyouanotheroneofdifferentsize/colourwithoutanyfurtherpayment.2loyalWhenyou’reloyaltosomeone,you’rewillingtoworkforsomeoneorbetheirfriendevenindifficultcircumstances.(a)Whatkindofpersonisaloyalcustomer

Onewhoalwaysusestheproductsorservicesofaparticularbusiness,egthecustomeronlybuysdrinks/coffeeinStarbucks.(b)Whydoshopsoffercustome