高考英語一輪復習知識點教案：非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞非謂語動詞就是不能充當句子謂語成分的動詞形式，包括動詞不定式（todo）、分詞（過去分詞V-p.p.、現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing）、動名詞V-ing三種形式。動詞不定式基本形式：todo(有時to可以省略，稱為不帶to的不定式)特點：沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，也不受謂語動詞時態(tài)變化的干擾eg:I(You/He/She/We/You/They)want(wants/wanted)fdfdddddddtobuyacar.動詞不定式可充當?shù)木渥映煞肿髦髡Zeg:Tostudyhardisourduty.常使用it作為形式主語，不定式作真正主語放后面Itisnoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.亦可在不定式前面加上forsb.指出不定式的邏輯主語Itisnoteasyforustomasteraforeignlanguage.但某些表示人的品行的形容詞，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish/careless/clever/thoughtful等作表語時改用ofsb.Itiskindofyoutohelpmewithmystudy.作賓語eg:Iwanttoborrowyourdictionary.能直接跟不定式作賓語的動詞有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等常使用it作為形式賓語，不定式作真正主語放后面IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.作表語也就是放在連系動詞（主要有be動詞am/is/are、感官動詞look/hear/smell/taste/feel、表示保持和變化的動詞stay/keep/remain/become/turn/grow/get以及seem等）的后面。eg:Herwishistobecomeadoctor.Shedoesn’tseemtoliketheidea.作定語動賓關系eg:Herearesomebooks(foryoutoread).Shehasasickbaby(totakecareof).Haveyougotanythingtosay?Vt.或短語動詞（Vi.+介詞）Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.作狀語作目的狀語eg:Tocatchthefirstbus,Ihavetogetupearly.Hewenthometoseehisparents.Sheusesacomputertowriteanarticle.另外不定式作目的狀語常用soasto(只能放句中)/inordertoShecheckedthenamescarefullysoasto/inordertoavoidmistakes.Inorderto(不能用soasto)arrivebeforedark,westartedearly.作結(jié)果狀語eg:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouunhappy?另外不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：so+adj.+asto/such(+n.)+astoHeissoangryastobeunabletospeak.Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.Herillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.她的病還沒有嚴重到令人擔憂的地步?！璭nough(forsb.)to…Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon.too…to…表示否定的結(jié)果Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.onlyto…表示出乎意料的結(jié)果Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.作原因狀語eg:Iamgladtohearthenews.作插入語不定式有時可看作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度，對整個句子進行說明。eg:Totellyouthetruth(說實話),Iforgotallaboutit.Tobefrank(坦率地說),Ididn’tagreewithyou.作賓語補足語不定式作賓語補足語與前面的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。eg:Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10o’clock.Weadvicedhimtohaveagoodrest.動詞不定式的否定式：在不定式符號to前加noteg:Hedecidednottogohome.“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。eg:Idon’tknowwhattodo.動詞不定式省略to的幾種情況在使役動詞make/let/have及感官動詞see/watch/lookat/hear/listento/feel/notice等后面，但在被動語態(tài)中to要恢復。eg:Theteachermakethestudentslistenattentively.Thestudentsaremadetolistenattentively.but/except/besides/than/about等前面有do的某種形式存在時，to省略，否則不省略。eg:Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Ihavenochoicebuttogo.兩個或多個不定式并列在一起時，第一個不定式帶to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示對比關系時則每個不定式前都要帶toeg:Shetoldmetostaythereandwaittillshecameback.It’sbettertolaughtthantocry.Hehasn’tdecdedwhethertogohomeortostayatschool.不定式的時態(tài)不定式的一般式todo所表示的動作，通常與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。eg:Iwanttobuyacar.不定式的進行式tobedoing所表示的動作正在進行eg:Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.不定式的完成式tohavedone所表示的動作，通常發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前。eg:Heissaidtohavewrittenthebook.不定式的完成進行式tohavebeendoing表示在謂語動詞動作之前已經(jīng)開始，并一直進行著，到說話時，這個動作可能已經(jīng)停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。eg:Iamsorrytohavebeeninterruptingyou.對不起，打擾你了。HewassaidtohavebeenlivinginNewYorkfortwentyyears.不定式的語態(tài)當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示動作的承受者時，不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)eg:Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.不定式在以下情況中使用主動語態(tài)表達被動含義不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式eg:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor.(Akeyunlockthedoor.)不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關系，又和該句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式eg:Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)分詞分過去分詞V-ed但也有不規(guī)則形式兼有動詞、形容詞、詞現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing即動詞原形加-ing以及副詞的特征。每本英語課本后面都附有不規(guī)則動詞表IrregularVerbs其基本形如下：動詞原形V-原動詞過去式V-ed動詞過去分詞V-p.p.AAA型cutcutcutAAB型beatbeatbeatenABB型makemademadeABA型comecamecomeABC型taketooktaken關鍵記?。哼^去被動：oppressedpeople被壓迫的人民boiledwater分詞完成：retiredworkers、fallenleaves開水現(xiàn)在主動：workingpeople勞動人民developingcountry分詞進行：boilingwater正在沸騰的水發(fā)展中國家Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們正在給窗戶上油漆。(Theywerepaintingthewindows.)Ifoundthewindowspainted.我發(fā)現(xiàn)窗戶已經(jīng)被上了油漆。(Thewindowshavebeenpainted.)分詞可充當?shù)木渥映煞址衷~在句子中可作定語、表語、賓語補足語、狀語作定語：單個前置，短語后置eg:spokenEnglishrunningwaterabookwritenbyapeasanttheboystandingunderthetree作表語:放在連系動詞后面過去分詞作表語,多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)eg:Iwaspleasedatthenews.Thedoorremainedlocked.Helookedveryexcited.過去分詞作表語用，相當于形容詞，最常見的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/puzzled等?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語,多表示主語所具有的特征eg:Thestorysoundsinteresting.Thenewswasdisappointing.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語用，常見的有：exciting/interesting/disappointing/discouraging/encouraging/puzzl-ing/surprising/confusing/amusing/charming/annoying/astonishing/shocking/inviting等。作賓語補足語分詞可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/notice/have等動詞后與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復合賓語eg:Ifoundthedoorclosed.我發(fā)現(xiàn)門是關著的。Imustgetmybikerepaired.我必須請人修理自行車。Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood.他努力想讓人聽懂他的話。Hesawpeoplecomingandgoing.他看見人們來來往往。Weheardhimsinginginhisroom.我們聽見他在房間里唱歌。作狀語分詞單個或短語可作原因、時間、方式/伴隨、結(jié)果、條件或讓步狀語，其位置可前、可中、可后，其邏輯主語一般即為主句的主語，形式由分詞與其邏輯主語之間的關系來確定。狀態(tài)：原因狀語eg:Beingill(Asshewasill),shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.被動：時間狀語Heated(Whenitisheated),waterchangesintosteam.水加熱時，變成水蒸氣。狀態(tài)：方式/伴隨狀語Sheturnedaway,disappointed(Shewasdisappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。主動：方式/伴隨狀語Talkingandlaughing,theywentintotheroom.被動：方式/伴隨狀語Thewomenscientistenteredthelab,followedbyherassistants.主動：結(jié)果狀語Hermotherdied,leavingherwithfouryoungerbrothersandsisters(Hermotherleavedherwithfouryoungerbrothersandsisters).被動：條件狀語Givenmoretime(Ifwearegivenmoretime),wecoulddoitbetrter.主動：條件狀語Workinghard(Ifyouworkhard),youwillsucceed.被動：讓步狀語Beatenbytheoppositeteam(=Thoughtheywerebeatenbytheoppositeteam),theplayerswerenotdisappointedandpractisedevenharder.雖然被對方打敗，但隊員們沒有泄氣，反而更加刻苦訓練。如果分詞表示的動作與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生，常在分詞前面加上when或whileWhengoingtoschool,ImetMary.Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.如果分詞表示的動作完成后，謂語表示的動作才發(fā)生，即有明顯的先后順序，則分詞用完成式havingdone.Havingfinishedthework(Afterhefinishedhiswork),Henrywenthome.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：有時分詞也可以有自己獨立的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。eg:Hecried,tearsrollingdownhischeeks.Weatherpermitting,wewillgothereonfoot.懸垂分詞：有時可以用一個分詞或分詞短語來修飾整個句子冊，這個分詞或分詞稱為懸垂分詞。eg:Generallyspeaking,thebookisnotveryinteresting.Judgingfromappearance,sheseemstobeateacher.Havingsufferedsuchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetoclearuptheriver.Walkingorsleeping,thesubjectwasalwaysinmymind.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式（被動+進行）eg:Thebuildingbeingbuiltisourdormitory.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式（主動+完成）eg:Havingfinishedhiswork,Henrywenthome.Have+賓語+V-p.p.中，have有三種不同的含義：表示“使”、“讓”（事情由別人來完成）eg:Wehadthemachinerepaired.表示“遭受”、“經(jīng)歷”eg:Hehadhisleftlegbrokenthedaybeforeyesterday.表示“有”eg:Ihavenomoneyleft.動名詞V-ing：具有動詞和名詞的特征。動名詞可充當?shù)木渥映煞肿髦髡Zeg:Playingwithfireisdangerous.It’snousearguingwithhim.(it作形式主語)作表語eg:MyjobisteachingEnglish.作賓語動賓eg:Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Iconsiderituselessarguingwithhim.(it作形式賓語)此類動詞如：admire/appreciate/avoid/like/dislike/finish/mind/consider/postpone/deny/advise/practise/escape/miss/imagine/delay等。介賓eg:Heinsistedonwatchingthefootballgame.此類短語動詞如：thinkof/dreamof/hearof/giveup/prevent…from…/stop…from…/keep…from…/lookforwardto/setabout/feellike/dependon/beengagedin/beusedto/betiredof/succeedin/beproudof/beinterestedin/begoodat/beafraidof/prefer…to…/spend…(in)…/devote…to…/insiston/persistin(堅持)/stickto等。作定語eg:Hisfatherworksinapaintingfactory.Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)：由形容詞性物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或普通格加詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構(gòu)成。（說明：動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情況。如果動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致，則要在動名詞的前加一個物主代詞或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。在句子開關必須使用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格）eg:Hiscomingmademeveryhappy.Mary’scryingannoyedhim.Shedidn’tmindTom’s/his/him/Tomsmoking.動名詞的否定式：由“not+V-ing”構(gòu)成動名詞常用于簡短的禁令中eg:Nosmoking.Noparking.Nospitting.不定式、分詞、動名詞之間的比較不定式與動名詞之間的比較有些動詞只能接不定式作賓語eg:decideagreemanagepromise有些動詞只能接動名詞作賓語eg:enjoysuggestpractisemindimagine有些動詞既可接不定式作賓語也可接動名詞作賓語意義相差不大eg:beginstartcontinue含義不同eg:like/love/prefer/hate+todo表示某一次具體的或?qū)淼男袨閘ike/love/prefer/hate+doing表示習慣性的或一般性的行為Ilikeplayingchess,butIdon’tliketoplayitnow.意義有所區(qū)別eg:remember/forget/regret/try/mean/stop/goon等用法上有差別eg:allow/advise/permit/forbid+sb.todo/V-ingWedon’tallowpeopletosmokehere.Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.固定句型eg:Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.Itcostssb.somemoneytodosth.sb.spendsometime/money(in)doingsth.Thereisno+doing=It’simpossibletodosth.Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.It’simpossibletoholdbackthewheelofhistory.現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞之間的比較分詞：具有動詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，可作表語、定語、賓語補足語、狀語動名詞：具有動詞、名詞的特征，可作表語、定語、主語、賓語作表語時的比較Iamastudent(名詞)/clever(形容詞)/atschool(介詞短語).Herwishistobeadoctor(不定式短語)…….分詞作表語表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征，連系動詞可以換成其它詞Thestoryis(sounds)interesting.進行時態(tài)：be+V-ing表示主語的正在進行的動作Heisswimming.動名詞作表語表示主語本身，主語和賓語可以互換位置Myfavouritesportisswimming.=Swimmingismyfavouritesport.作定語時的比較WestudyEnglish.Igotoschoolbybike.主謂動(Vt.)賓主謂賓方式狀語主謂關系動賓關系短語動詞：Vi.+介詞Yesterdayafternon,theyplayedfootballontheplayground.時間狀語主謂動賓語地點狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，與被修飾語之間存在主謂關系，相當于定語從句，表示被修飾名詞（人或事物）的動作或特征。動名詞作定語時，與被修飾語之間沒有存在主謂關系，相當于一個forphrase,表示被修飾名詞（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解釋。flyingfish：fishcanfly.飛魚flyingsuit：suitforflying飛行衣asleepingchild：achildissleeping酣睡的孩子asleepingcar：acarforsleeping一輛臥車分詞作定語、賓語補足語與作狀語的區(qū)分及其形式的選定①分詞作狀語時，常與主句用逗號隔開，如果沒有逗號且放在某一名詞或代詞的前后，則為定語或賓語補足語。定boiledwaterabookwrittenbyapeasant語developingcountrytheboystandingunderthetree賓Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.補Ifoundthewindowspainted.狀Workinghard,youwillsucceed.語Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.②其形式的選定,就由分詞與被修飾名詞或邏輯主語即主句主語之間的關系來確定。被動關系Heated,thewaterchangesintosteam.主動關系Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.主動表被動的幾種情況want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”時beworthdoing=beworthyofbeingdone/tobedone不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式表達被動含義。eg:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor.(Akeyunlockthedoor.)不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關系，又和該句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式表達被動含義。eg:Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)不定式作狀語時，與句中的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關系。(可簡單記為形容詞后面的不定式一般使用主動形式表達被動含義be+adj.+todo=tobedone)。eg:Heishardtotalkto.Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.tolet(出租)、toblame(責備)、toseek(尋找)、topay(支付)等往往用主動形式表達被動含義。eg:Thehouseistolet.（tobelet）Sheistoblameforthis.（tobeblamed）Thereasonisnotdifficulttoseek.What’stopay?要付多少錢？too…to…或…enough(forsb.)to…eg:Theboxistooheavy(forhim)tocarry.Thechairislightenough(forhim)tolift.非謂語動詞非謂語動詞就是不能充當句子謂語成分的動詞形式，包括動詞不定式（todo）、分詞（過去分詞V-p.p.、現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing）、動名詞V-ing三種形式。動詞不定式基本形式：todo(有時to可以省略，稱為不帶to的不定式)特點：沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，也不受謂語動詞時態(tài)變化的干擾eg:I(You/He/She/We/You/They)want(wants/wanted)fdfdddddddtobuyacar.動詞不定式可充當?shù)木渥映煞肿髦髡Zeg:Tostudyhardisourduty.常使用it作為形式主語，不定式作真正主語放后面Itisnoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.亦可在不定式前面加上forsb.指出不定式的邏輯主語Itisnoteasyforustomasteraforeignlanguage.但某些表示人的品行的形容詞，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish/careless/clever/thoughtful等作表語時改用ofsb.Itiskindofyoutohelpmewithmystudy.作賓語eg:Iwanttoborrowyourdictionary.能直接跟不定式作賓語的動詞有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等常使用it作為形式賓語，不定式作真正主語放后面IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.作表語也就是放在連系動詞（主要有be動詞am/is/are、感官動詞look/hear/smell/taste/feel、表示保持和變化的動詞stay/keep/remain/become/turn/grow/get以及seem等）的后面。eg:Herwishistobecomeadoctor.Shedoesn’tseemtoliketheidea.作定語動賓關系eg:Herearesomebooks(foryoutoread).Shehasasickbaby(totakecareof).Haveyougotanythingtosay?Vt.或短語動詞（Vi.+介詞）Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.作狀語作目的狀語eg:Tocatchthefirstbus,Ihavetogetupearly.Hewenthometoseehisparents.Sheusesacomputertowriteanarticle.另外不定式作目的狀語常用soasto(只能放句中)/inordertoShecheckedthenamescarefullysoasto/inordertoavoidmistakes.Inorderto(不能用soasto)arrivebeforedark,westartedearly.作結(jié)果狀語eg:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouunhappy?另外不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：so+adj.+asto/such(+n.)+astoHeissoangryastobeunabletospeak.Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.Herillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.她的病還沒有嚴重到令人擔憂的地步?！璭nough(forsb.)to…Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon.too…to…表示否定的結(jié)果Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.onlyto…表示出乎意料的結(jié)果Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.作原因狀語eg:Iamgladtohearthenews.作插入語不定式有時可看作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度，對整個句子進行說明。eg:Totellyouthetruth(說實話),Iforgotallaboutit.Tobefrank(坦率地說),Ididn’tagreewithyou.作賓語補足語不定式作賓語補足語與前面的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。eg:Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10o’clock.Weadvicedhimtohaveagoodrest.動詞不定式的否定式：在不定式符號to前加noteg:Hedecidednottogohome.“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。eg:Idon’tknowwhattodo.動詞不定式省略to的幾種情況在使役動詞make/let/have及感官動詞see/watch/lookat/hear/listento/feel/notice等后面，但在被動語態(tài)中to要恢復。eg:Theteachermakethestudentslistenattentively.Thestudentsaremadetolistenattentively.but/except/besides/than/about等前面有do的某種形式存在時，to省略，否則不省略。eg:Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Ihavenochoicebuttogo.兩個或多個不定式并列在一起時，第一個不定式帶to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示對比關系時則每個不定式前都要帶toeg:Shetoldmetostaythereandwaittillshecameback.It’sbettertolaughtthantocry.Hehasn’tdecdedwhethertogohomeortostayatschool.不定式的時態(tài)不定式的一般式todo所表示的動作，通常與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。eg:Iwanttobuyacar.不定式的進行式tobedoing所表示的動作正在進行eg:Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.不定式的完成式tohavedone所表示的動作，通常發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前。eg:Heissaidtohavewrittenthebook.不定式的完成進行式tohavebeendoing表示在謂語動詞動作之前已經(jīng)開始，并一直進行著，到說話時，這個動作可能已經(jīng)停止，也可能還在繼續(xù)。eg:Iamsorrytohavebeeninterruptingyou.對不起，打擾你了。HewassaidtohavebeenlivinginNewYorkfortwentyyears.不定式的語態(tài)當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示動作的承受者時，不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)eg:Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.不定式在以下情況中使用主動語態(tài)表達被動含義不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式eg:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor.(Akeyunlockthedoor.)不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關系，又和該句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式eg:Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)分詞分過去分詞V-ed但也有不規(guī)則形式兼有動詞、形容詞、詞現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing即動詞原形加-ing以及副詞的特征。每本英語課本后面都附有不規(guī)則動詞表IrregularVerbs其基本形如下：動詞原形V-原動詞過去式V-ed動詞過去分詞V-p.p.AAA型cutcutcutAAB型beatbeatbeatenABB型makemademadeABA型comecamecomeABC型taketooktaken關鍵記?。哼^去被動：oppressedpeople被壓迫的人民boiledwater分詞完成：retiredworkers、fallenleaves開水現(xiàn)在主動：workingpeople勞動人民developingcountry分詞進行：boilingwater正在沸騰的水發(fā)展中國家Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們正在給窗戶上油漆。(Theywerepaintingthewindows.)Ifoundthewindowspainted.我發(fā)現(xiàn)窗戶已經(jīng)被上了油漆。(Thewindowshavebeenpainted.)分詞可充當?shù)木渥映煞址衷~在句子中可作定語、表語、賓語補足語、狀語作定語：單個前置，短語后置eg:spokenEnglishrunningwaterabookwritenbyapeasanttheboystandingunderthetree作表語:放在連系動詞后面過去分詞作表語,多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)eg:Iwaspleasedatthenews.Thedoorremainedlocked.Helookedveryexcited.過去分詞作表語用，相當于形容詞，最常見的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/puzzled等?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語,多表示主語所具有的特征eg:Thestorysoundsinteresting.Thenewswasdisappointing.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語用，常見的有：exciting/interesting/disappointing/discouraging/encouraging/puzzl-ing/surprising/confusing/amusing/charming/annoying/astonishing/shocking/inviting等。作賓語補足語分詞可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/notice/have等動詞后與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復合賓語eg:Ifoundthedoorclosed.我發(fā)現(xiàn)門是關著的。Imustgetmybikerepaired.我必須請人修理自行車。Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood.他努力想讓人聽懂他的話。Hesawpeoplecomingandgoing.他看見人們來來往往。Weheardhimsinginginhisroom.我們聽見他在房間里唱歌。作狀語分詞單個或短語可作原因、時間、方式/伴隨、結(jié)果、條件或讓步狀語，其位置可前、可中、可后，其邏輯主語一般即為主句的主語，形式由分詞與其邏輯主語之間的關系來確定。狀態(tài)：原因狀語eg:Beingill(Asshewasill),shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.被動：時間狀語Heated(Whenitisheated),waterchangesintosteam.水加熱時，變成水蒸氣。狀態(tài)：方式/伴隨狀語Sheturnedaway,disappointed(Shewasdisappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。主動：方式/伴隨狀語Talkingandlaughing,theywentintotheroom.被動：方式/伴隨狀語Thewomenscientistenteredthelab,followedbyherassistants.主動：結(jié)果狀語Hermotherdied,leavingherwithfouryoungerbrothersandsisters(Hermotherleavedherwithfouryoungerbrothersandsisters).被動：條件狀語Givenmoretime(Ifwearegivenmoretime),wecoulddoitbetrter.主動：條件狀語Workinghard(Ifyouworkhard),youwillsucceed.被動：讓步狀語Beatenbytheoppositeteam(=Thoughtheywerebeatenbytheoppositeteam),theplayerswerenotdisappointedandpractisedevenharder.雖然被對方打敗，但隊員們沒有泄氣，反而更加刻苦訓練。如果分詞表示的動作與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生，常在分詞前面加上when或whileWhengoingtoschool,ImetMary.Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.如果分詞表示的動作完成后，謂語表示的動作才發(fā)生，即有明顯的先后順序，則分詞用完成式havingdone.Havingfinishedthework(Afterhefinishedhiswork),Henrywenthome.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：有時分詞也可以有自己獨立的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。eg:Hecried,tearsrollingdownhischeeks.Weatherpermitting,wewillgothereonfoot.懸垂分詞：有時可以用一個分詞或分詞短語來修飾整個句子冊，這個分詞或分詞稱為懸垂分詞。eg:Generallyspeaking,thebookisnotveryinteresting.Judgingfromappearance,sheseemstobeateacher.Havingsufferedsuchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetoclearuptheriver.Walkingorsleeping,thesubjectwasalwaysinmymind.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式（被動+進行）eg:Thebuildingbeingbuiltisourdormitory.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式（主動+完成）eg:Havingfinishedhiswork,Henrywenthome.Have+賓語+V-p.p.中，have有三種不同的含義：表示“使”、“讓”（事情由別人來完成）eg:Wehadthemachinerepaired.表示“遭受”、“經(jīng)歷”eg:Hehadhisleftlegbrokenthedaybeforeyesterday.表示“有”eg:Ihavenomoneyleft.動名詞V-ing：具有動詞和名詞的特征。動名詞可充當?shù)木渥映煞肿髦髡Zeg:Playingwithfireisdangerous.It’snousearguingwithhim.(it作形式主語)作表語eg:MyjobisteachingEnglish.作賓語動賓eg:Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Iconsiderituselessarguingwithhim.(it作形式賓語)此類動詞如：admire/appreciate/avoid/like/dislike/finish/mind/consider/postpone/deny/advise/practise/escape/miss/imagine/delay等。介賓eg:Heinsistedonwatchingthefootballgame.此類短語動詞如：thinkof/dreamof/hearof/giveup/prevent…from…/stop…from…/keep…from…/lookforwardto/setabout/feellike/dependon/beengagedin/beusedto/betiredof/succeedin/beproudof/beinterestedin/begoodat/beafraidof/prefer…to…/spend…(in)…/devote…to…/insiston/persistin(堅持)/stickto等。作定語eg:Hisfatherworksinapaintingfactory.Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)：由形容詞性物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或普通格加詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構(gòu)成。（說明：動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情況。如果動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致，則要在動名詞的前加一個物主代詞或名詞所有格，構(gòu)成動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。在句子開關必須使用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格）eg:Hiscomingmademeveryhappy.Mary’scryingannoyedhim.Shedidn’tmindTom’s/his/him/Tomsmoking.動名詞的否定式：由“not+V-ing”構(gòu)成動名詞常用于簡短的禁令中eg:Nosmoking.Noparking.Nospitting.不定式、分詞、動名詞之間的比較不定式與動名詞之間的比較有些動詞只能接不定式作賓語eg:decideagreemanagepromise有些動詞只能接動名詞作賓語eg:enjoysuggestpractisemindimagine有些動詞既可接不定式作賓語也可接動名詞作賓語意義相差不大eg:beginstartcontinue含義不同eg:like/love/prefer/hate+todo表示某一次具體的或?qū)淼男袨閘ike/love/prefer/hate+doing表示習慣性的或一般性的行為Ilikeplayingchess,butIdon’tliketoplayitnow.意義有所區(qū)別eg:remember/forget/regret/try/mean/stop/goon等用法上有差別eg:allow/advise/permit/forbid+sb.todo/V-ingWedon’tallowpeopletosmokehere.Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.固定句型eg:Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.Itcostssb.somemoneytodosth.sb.spendsometime/money(in)doingsth.Thereisno+doing=It’simpossibletodosth.Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.It’simpossibletoholdbackthewheelofhistory.現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞之間的比較分詞：具有動詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，可作表語、定語、賓語補足語、狀語動名詞：具有動詞、名詞的特征，可作表語、定語、主語、賓語作表語時的比較Iamastudent(名詞)/clever(形容詞)/atschool(介詞短語).Herwishistobeadoctor(不定式短語)…….分詞作表語表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征，連系動詞可以換成其它詞Thestoryis(sounds)interesting.進行時態(tài)：be+V-ing表示主語的正在進行的動作Heisswimming.動名詞作表語表示主語本身，主語和賓語可以互換位置Myfavouritesportisswimming.=Swimmingismyfavouritesport.作定語時的比較WestudyEnglish.Igotoschoolbybike.主謂動(Vt.)賓主謂賓方式狀語主謂關系動賓關系短語動詞：Vi.+介詞Yesterdayafternon,theyplayedfootballontheplayground.時間狀語主謂動賓語地點狀語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，與被修飾語之間存在主謂關系，相當于定語從句，表示被修飾名詞（人或事物）的動作或特征。動名詞作定語時，與被修飾語之間沒有存在主謂關系，相當于一個forphrase,表示被修飾名詞（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解釋。flyingfish：fishcanfly.飛魚flyingsuit：suitforflying飛行衣asleepingchild：achildissleeping酣睡的孩子asleepingcar：acarforsleeping一輛臥車分詞作定語、賓語補足語與作狀語的區(qū)分及其形式的選定①分詞作狀語時，常與主句用逗號隔開，如果沒有逗號且放在某一名詞或代詞的前后，則為定語或賓語補足語。定boiledwaterabookwrittenbyapeasant語developingcountrytheboystandingunderthetree賓Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.補Ifoundthewindowspainted.狀Workinghard,youwillsucceed.語Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.②其形式的選定,就由分詞與被修飾名詞或邏輯主語即主句主語之間的關系來確定。被動關系Heated,thewaterchangesintosteam.主動關系Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.主動表被動的幾種情況want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”時beworthdoing=beworthyofbeingdone/tobedone不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式表達被動含義。eg:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor.(Akeyunlockthedoor.)不定式和它前面所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關系，又和該句的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系時，不定式往往用主動形式表達被動含義。eg:Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)不定式作狀語時，與句中的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關系。(可簡單記為形容詞后面的不定式一般使用主動形式表達被動含義be+adj.+todo=tobedone)。eg:Heishardtotalkto.Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.tolet(出租)、toblame(責備)、toseek(尋找)、topay(支付)等往往用主動形式表達被動含義。eg:Thehouseistolet.（tobelet）Sheistoblameforthis.（tobeblamed）Thereasonisnotdifficulttoseek.What’stopay?要付多少錢？too…to…或…enough(forsb.)to…eg:Theboxistooheavy(forhim)tocarry.Thechairislightenough(forhim)tolift.非謂語動詞非謂語動詞就是不能充當句子謂語成分的動詞形式，包括動詞不定式（todo）、分詞（過去分詞V-p.p.、現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing）、動名詞V-ing三種形式。動詞不定式基本形式：todo(有時to可以省略，稱為不帶to的不定式)特點：沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，也不受謂語動詞時態(tài)變化的干擾eg:I(You/He/She/We/You/They)want(wants/wanted)fdfdddddddtobuyacar.動詞不定式可充當?shù)木渥映煞肿髦髡Zeg:Tostudyhardisourduty.常使用it作為形式主語，不定式作真正主語放后面Itisnoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.亦可在不定式前面加上forsb.指出不定式的邏輯主語Itisnoteasyforustomasteraforeignlanguage.但某些表示人的品行的形容詞，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish/careless/clever/thoughtful等作表語時改用ofsb.Itiskindofyoutohelpmewithmystudy.作賓語eg:Iwanttoborrowyourdictionary.能直接跟不定式作賓語的動詞有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等常使用it作為形式賓語，不定式作真正主語放后面IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.作表語也就是放在連系動詞（主要有be動詞am/is/are、感官動詞look/hear/smell/taste/feel、表示保持和變化的動詞stay/keep/remain/become/turn/grow/get以及seem等）的后面。eg:Herwishistobecomeadoctor.Shedoesn’tseemtoliketheidea.作定語動賓關系eg:Herearesomebooks(foryoutoread).Shehasasickbaby(totakecareof).Haveyougotanythingtosay?Vt.或短語動詞（Vi.+介詞）Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.作狀語作目的狀語eg:Tocatchthefirstbus,Ihavetogetupearly.Hewenthometoseehisparents.Sheusesacomputertowriteanarticle.另外不定式作目的狀語常用soasto(只能放句中)/inordertoShecheckedthenamescarefullysoasto/inordertoavoidmistakes.Inorderto(不能用soasto)arrivebeforedark,westartedearly.作結(jié)果狀語eg:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouunhappy?另外不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：so+adj.+asto/such(+n.)+astoHeissoangryastobeunabletospeak.Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.Herillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.她的病還沒有嚴重到令人擔憂的地步?！璭nough(forsb.)to…Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon.too…to…表示否定的結(jié)果Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.onlyto…表示出乎意料的結(jié)果Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.作原因狀語eg:Iamgladtohearthenews.作插入語不定式有時可看作插入語，用來說明說話人的態(tài)度，對整個句子進行說明。eg:Totellyouthetruth(說實話),Iforgotallaboutit.Tobefrank(坦率地說),Ididn’tagreewithyou.作賓語補足語不定式作賓語補足語與前面的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。eg:Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10o’clock.Weadvicedhimtohaveagoodrest.動詞不定式的否定式：在不定式符號to前加noteg:Hedecidednottogohome.“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。eg:Idon’tknowwhattodo.動詞不定式省略to的幾種情況在使役動詞make/let/have及感官動詞see/watch/lookat/hear/listento/feel/notice等后面，但在被動語態(tài)中to要恢復。eg:Theteachermakethestudentslistenattentively.Thestudentsaremadetolistenattentively.but/except/besides/than/about等前面有do的某種形式存在時，to省略，否則不省略。eg:Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Ihavenochoicebuttogo.兩個或多個不定式并列在一起時，第一個不定式帶to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示對比關系時則每個不定式前都要帶toeg:Shetoldmetostaythereandwaittillshecameback.It’sbettertolaughtthantocry.Hehasn’tdecdedwhethertogohomeortostayatschool.不定式的時態(tài)不定式的一般式todo所表示的動作，通常與謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。eg:Iwanttobuyacar.不定式的進行式tobedoing所表示的動作正在進行eg:Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.不定