醫(yī)學(xué)統(tǒng)計學(xué)-研統(tǒng)一振球湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)院

Postgraduatebooks mendedbyDegreeManagementandPostgraduateEducationBureau,MinistryofEducation1《醫(yī)《醫(yī)學(xué)統(tǒng)計學(xué)》2002年第一，2010年第三版，主編振球（中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)院生活中的統(tǒng)計問題藥物療效的判斷？(假設(shè)檢驗的幾率？(概率論身高與父母身高的關(guān)系？(相關(guān)與回歸同齡孩子為什么有胖有瘦(醫(yī)學(xué)參考值人口普查資料(抽樣統(tǒng)計學(xué)是對令人困惑費解的數(shù)字問題做出設(shè)想的藝術(shù)醫(yī) 中的統(tǒng)計學(xué)問NewScience雜74%17%拼湊實驗結(jié)7%憑空捏造數(shù) Ⅳ2%故意曲解結(jié)今日科學(xué)2015-10-重慶 學(xué)副校 Statistics----Asciencedealingwiththecollection,ysis,interpretation,andpresentationofmassesofnumericaldata”(Webster,sinternationalThescienceandartofdealingwithvariationindatathroughcollection,classificationand ysisinsuchawayastoobtainreliableresults.(ADictionaryof什么是醫(yī)學(xué)統(tǒng)計Definition：thesciencethatstudycollection,sorting ysisofmedical第一節(jié)統(tǒng)計學(xué)的幾個基本概homogeneityandparameterandpopulationandVariableandrelativefrequentyand8同質(zhì)與變異

characteristicsforthegivenvariation:differenceexistingamongthevariablevaluesofhomogeneityindividuals參數(shù)與統(tǒng)計量（parameterand表示。如μ。表示。如μ。量總體與樣(populationanddeterminedbyspecificFinitepopulation：thespace,timepopulationforaspecificpopulationbeenInfinitepopulation：notimeandspacelimitsforthepopulation.Suchpopulationsonlyexistinimagination,soitiscalledinfinitepopulation3.總體與樣本(populationandSampling

Thesetofvariablevaluesofsomeindividualssampledfromthepopulationatrandom.減少抽樣誤差方（1）改進(jìn)抽樣方法（誤差從大到小整群抽樣單純隨機(jī)抽樣系統(tǒng)抽樣分層抽增加樣本選擇變異程度較小的研究指標(biāo)抽樣方1234512345抽抽抽抽抽Simplerandom

SimplestandbasicToselectnumbernsubjectsbydrawinglotorbyusingatableofrandomnumberfrompopulationwithNunitsEqualchanceforeachsubjectin

Rankeveryunitsbyacharacterconstructand

numberDefinethesizeofthesampleandcalculatesampling (k=N/n)Drawarandomnumber(k)forstartingDraweverykunitsfromfirstunitExample:Systematic整群抽 Cluster單純整群抽樣（SimpleclusterTheentirepopulationofinterestisdividedintogroups,orclusters,andarandomsampleoftheseclustersisselected.Theentirepopulationofinterestisdividedintogroups,orclusters,andarandomsampleoftheseclustersisselected.Example:ClusterSectionSectionSectionSectionSectionSection StratifiedFirst,stratifythepopulationintoseveralstratabycharacterofareasages,etc.thenselectobjectsusingrandomsamplingineach分層隨機(jī)分組(stratified總體

可按、性育水多級抽 Multistage在大型流行病學(xué)中常用。Multi-stageMulti-stagesamplingisakindofcomplexsampledesigninwhichtwoormorelevelsofunitsareimbeddedoneintheother.進(jìn)4.變量與資料（variableandMeasurementdata:itMeasurementdata:italsocalledornumericaldata.ItsMeasurementdatahasmeasurement計數(shù)資料（enumeration

Enumerationdata:qualitativeorcountdata.Forsuchdata,itneedstoclassifytheobservationunitsbeforeandcountthem.Binomial:gender,liveordeath,yesorMultiplebloodtype,A、B、O、5040302010博士等級資料等級資料ranked等級等級資（半定量資料、料將觀察單位按著某種屬性不Rankeddata:ordinalortativedata.Itneedtoclassifyobservatoryunitsintodifferentclassesaccordingtheextentbeforecalculatethefrequenciesofeachgroups.Thereexistsobviousdifferencesamongdifferentclasses.特半定量性質(zhì)，每一個觀察單位沒有確切值各組之間有性質(zhì)上的差別或程度上☆各類資料可以轉(zhuǎn)化，由高級向低級資料分病例(歲身血心電尿職1女A正—教2男B正—工3男O正＋職4女正＋農(nóng)5男A異工6女B正工7女O異8男正9女O正＋變量轉(zhuǎn)原則：變量只能由高級向低級轉(zhuǎn)連續(xù)有多連續(xù)有多分二分離散型變量常常通過適當(dāng)?shù)淖儞Q或連續(xù)性校正后借用連續(xù)型變量或有序變量的方法來分析。5.誤差誤差：泛指實測值與真值之差Error：thedifferencebetweenmeasurementvalueandtrue分類；隨機(jī)誤差(random非隨機(jī)誤差(nonrandom系統(tǒng)誤差(systematic 問題：哪類誤差用統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法可以控制？為什么隨機(jī)誤差（Randomunstableandchangingatrandomerrorsthatcausedbyuncontrolledfactors.Commonly,randerrorsarereferredtothoseerrorsappearingduringrepeatedmeasurementsand

非隨機(jī)誤差(nonrandom系統(tǒng)誤差：實驗過程中產(chǎn)生的誤差，它的值或恒定不變，或遵循一定的變化規(guī)律，其產(chǎn)生的原因往往是可知的或可能掌握的。Systematicerror:itisproducedinexperimentandkeepsconstantorchangesaccordingcertainrules.Usually,itsreasonsareknownandcontrollable.

非系統(tǒng)誤差（過差）然而造成的誤差。Nonsystematicerror）:itisalwayscausedbyobviousgrosses.6、頻率與概率（frequencyandprobability:thelikelihoodrandomprobability:thelikelihoodrandomfrequency：Giventhesamecondition,repeatatrialforntimesindependently.Amongntrials,Aappearsformtimes，sotheratioofm/niscalledthefrequencyofrandomeventAamongntrials.頻率與概率關(guān)必然事件P1不可能事件P=0隨機(jī)事件P0.05或P0.01稱為小概率事件，統(tǒng)計第二節(jié)醫(yī)學(xué)統(tǒng)計工作的基本步

of

(sorting

ysisSection thestepsforstatistical一、設(shè)計設(shè)設(shè)實驗設(shè) 設(shè)統(tǒng)計設(shè)專業(yè)設(shè)統(tǒng)計設(shè)專業(yè)設(shè)專業(yè)設(shè)實實驗設(shè)計的基本醫(yī)學(xué)設(shè)計基本原Principlesofresearch對照的形隨機(jī)化隨機(jī)化的作隨機(jī)的方重復(fù)的情盲均衡盲 有效率80%，平均療效三周。你認(rèn)同此說法？ 間為3-5月間，結(jié)果認(rèn)為第二組療效顯著高于第一隨機(jī)化原則隨機(jī)抽樣 有相同的機(jī)會被抽隨機(jī)分組 先后接受處理的機(jī)會相簡單隨機(jī)分組示

AB重復(fù)(repeated)原①整個實驗的重復(fù)②多個受試對象重復(fù)(samplesize)③同一受試對象重均衡（balance)原單盲(singleblindmethod)雙盲(doubleblindmethod)三盲(tripleblindmethod)單 (single (double三盲(triple二、 料(collectionof工作記專 或?qū)嶒炑薪y(tǒng)計年鑒和統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)專

statisticalreportingroutinerecordspurposivesurveysorstatisticalyearbookan