2019英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)八級(jí)真題及答案

2019英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)八級(jí)真題及答案PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION(35MIN)SECTIONAMINI-LECTUREInthissectionyousillhearamini-lecture.You.willhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONE.Usetheblanksheetfornote-taking.SECTIONBINTERVIEWInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestiononyourcolouredanswersheet.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaboutMissGreen'suniversitydays?Shefeltbored.Shefeltlonely.Shecherishedthem.Thesubjectwaseasy.WhichofthefollowingisNOTpartofherjobwiththeDepartmentofEmployment?Doingsurveysatworkplace.Analyzingsurveyresults.Designingquestionnaires.Takingapsychologycourse.AccordingtoMissGreen,themaindifferencebetweentheDepartmentofEmploymentandtheadvertisingagencyliesinthenatureofwork.officedecoration.officelocation.workprocedures.WhydidMissgreenwanttoleavetheadvertisingagency?Shefeltunhappyinsidethecompany.Shefeltworktheretoodemanding.Shewasdeniedpromotioninthecompany.Shelongedfornewopportunities.HowdidMissGreenreacttoaheavierworkloadinthenewjob?Shewaswillingandready.Shesoundedmildlyeager.Sheabitsurprised.Shesoundedveryreluctant.SECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTInthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestiononyourcolouredanswersheet.Questions6and7basedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.ThemanstoletheaircraftmainlybecausehewantedtodestroytheEuropeanCentralBank.haveaninterviewwithaTVstation.circleskyscrapersindowntownFrankfurt.rememberthedeathofaUSastronaut.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthemanisTRUE?Hewasa31-year-oldstudentfromFrankfurt.Hewaspilotingatwo-seathelicopterhehadstolen.Hehadtalkedtoairtrafficcontrollersbyradio.HethreatenedtolandontheEuropeanCentralBank.Question8isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.Thenewsismainlyaboutthecitygovernment'moteadvancedtechnology.Questions9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.Accordingtothenews,whatmakesthiscreditcarddifferentfromconventionalonesisthatitcanheartheowner'svoice.thatitcanrememberapassword.thatitcanidentifytheowner'svoice.thatitcanremembertheowner'sPIN.ThenewlydevelopedcreditcardissaidtosaidtohaveallthefollowingEXCEPTswitch.battery.speaker.built-inchip.SectionAMini-lecture1.theauthor2.otherworks3.literarytrendsgrammar,dictionorusesofimageculturalcodesculturalthereadersocialreadercompetencysocialsructure,traditionsofwritingorpoliticalculturalinfluences,etc.SectionBInterview1-5CDDDASectionCNewsBroadcast6-10DCBCAPARTIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30MIN)Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotalof20multiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyourcolouredanswersheet.TEXTATheUniversityintransformation,editedbyAustralianfuturistsSohailInayatullahandJenniferGidley,presentssome20highlyvariedoutlooksontomorrow'suniversitiesbywritersrepresentingbothWesternandmon-Westernperspectives.Theiressaysraiseabroadrangeofissues,questioningnearlyeverykeyassumptionwehaveabouthighereducationtoday.ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity-avoluntarycommunitytoscholars/teachersphysicallyscatteredthroughoutacountryoraroundtheworldbutalllinkedincyberspace.Acomputerizeduniversitycouldhavemanyadvantages,suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld'sgreatlibraries.YettheInternetUniversityposesdangers,too.Forexample,alineoffranchisedcourseware,producedbyafewsuperstarteachers,marketedunderthebrandnameofafamousinstitution,andheavilyadvertised,mighteventuallycometodominatetheglobaleducationmarket,warnssociologyprofessorPeterManicasoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa.Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthenoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork,noteAustraliancommunicationsprofessorsDavidRooneyandGregHearn.Ontheotherhand,whileglobalconnectivityseemshighlylikelytoplaysomesignificantroleinfuturehighereducation,thatdoesnotmeangreateruniformityincoursecontent-orotherdangers-willnecessarilyfollow.Counter-movementsarealsoatwork.Manyinacademia,includingscholarscontributingtothisvolume,arequestioningthefundamentalmissionofuniversityeducation.Whatif,forinstance,insteadofreceivingprimarilytechnicaltrainingandbuildingtheirindividualcareers,universitystudentsandprofessorscouldfocustheirlearningandresearcheffortsonexistingproblemsintheirlocalcommunitiesandtheworld?FeministscholarIvanaMilojevicdarestodreamwhatauniversitymightbecome“ifwebelievedthatchild-careworkersandteachersinearlychildhoodeducationshouldbeoneofthehighest(ratherthanlowest)paidprofessionals?”Co-editorJenniferGidleyshowshowtomorrow'suniversityfaculty,insteadofgivinglecturesandconductingindependentresearch,maytakeonthreenewroles.Somewouldactasbrokers,assemblingcustomizeddegree-creditprogrammesforindividualstudentsbymixingandmatchingthebestcourseofferingsavailablefrominstitutionsallaroundtheworld.Asecondgroup,mentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday'sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.Thiswouldrequirethemtoconstantlybelearningfromtheirstudentsaswellasinstructingthem.Athirdnewroleforfaculty,andinGidley'sviewthemostchallengingandrewardingofall,wouldbeasmeaning-makers:charismaticsagesandpractitionersleadinggroupsofstudents/colleaguesincollaborativeeffortstofindspiritualaswellasrationalandtechnologicalsolutionstospecificreal-worldproblems.Moreover,thereseemslittlereasontosupposethatanyoneformofuniversitymustnecessarilydriveoutallotheroptions.Studentsmaybe“enrolled”incoursesofferedatvirtualcampusesontheInternet,between-orevenduring-sessionsatareal-worldproblem-focusedinstitution.Asco-editorSohailInayatullahpointsoutinhisintroduction,nofutureisinevitable,andtheveryactofimaginingandthinkingthroughalternativepossibilitiescandirectlyaffecthowthoughtfully,creativelyandurgentlyevenadominanttechnologyisadaptedandapplied.Eveninacademia,thefuturebelongstothosewhocareenoughtoworktheirvisionsintopractical,sustainablerealities.WhenthebookreviewerdiscussestheInternetUniversity,heisinfavourofit.hisviewisbalanced.heisslightlycriticalofit.heisstronglycriticalofit.WhichofthefollowingisNOTseenasapotentialdangeroftheInternetUniversity?Internet-basedcoursesmaybelesscostlythantraditionalones.Ternet-basedcoursewaremaylackvarietyincoursecontent.TheInternetUniversitymayproduceteacherswithalotofpublicity.Accordingtothereview,whatisthefundamentalmissionoftraditionaluniversityeducation?Knowledgelearningandcareerbuilding.Learninghowtosolveexistingsocialproblems.Researchingintosolutionstocurrentworldproblems.Combiningresearcheffortsofteachersandstudentsinlearning.JudgingfromtheThreenewrolesenvisionedfortomorrow'suniversityfaculty,universityteachersarerequiredtoconductmoreindependentresearch.arerequiredtooffermorecoursetotheirstudentsC.aresupposedtoassumemoredemandingduties.D.aresupposedtosupervisemorestudentsintheirspecialty.Whichcategoryofwritingdoesthereviewbelongto?Narration.DescriptionpersuasionExposition.TEXTBEverystreethadastory,everybuildingamemory,Thoseblessedwithwonderfulchildhoodscandrivethestreetsoftheirhometownsandhappilyrollbacktheyears.Therestarepulledhomebydutyandleaveassoonaspossible.AfterRayAtleehadbeeninClanton(hishometown)forfifteenminuteshewasanxioustogetout.Thetownhadchanged,butthenithadn't.Onthehighwaysleadingin,thecheapmetalbuildingsandmobilehomesweregatheringastightlyaspossiblenexttotheroadsformaximumvisibility.Thistownhadnozoningwhatsoever.Alandownercouldbuildanythingwiihnopermitnoinspection,nonoticetoadjoininglandowners.nothing.Onlyhogfarmsandnuclearreactorsrequiredapprovalsandpaperwork.Theresultwasaslash-and-buildclutterthatgotuglierbytheyear.Butintheoldersections,nearerthesquare,thetownhadnotchangedatallThelongshadedstreetswereascleanandneataswhenKayroamedthemonhisbike.Mostofthehouseswerestillownedbypeopleheknew,orifthosefolkshadpassedonthenewownerskeptthelawnsclippedandtheshutterspainted.Onlyafewwerebeingneglected.Ahandfulhadbeenabandoned.ThisdeepinBiblecountry,itwasstillanunwrittenruleinthetownthatlittlewasdoneonSundaysexceptgotochurch,sitonporches,visitneighbours,restandrelaxthewayGodintended.Itwascloudy,quitecoolforMay,andashetouredhisoldturf,killingtimeuntiltheappointedhourforthefamilymeeting,hetriedtodwellonthegoodmemoriesfromClanton.TherewasDizzyDeanParkwherehehadplayedlittleLeagueforthePirates,and(herewasthepublicpoolhe'dswumineverysummerexcept1969whenthecitycloseditratherthanadmitblackchildren.Therewerethechurches-Baptist,Methodist,andPresbyterian-facingeachotherattheintersectionofSecondandElmlikewarysentries,theirsteeplescompetingforheight.Theywereemptynow,hutinanhourorsothemorefaithfulwouldgatherforeveningservices.Thesquarewasaslifelessasthestreetsleadingtoit.Witheightthousandpeople,Clantonwasjustlargeenoughtohaveattractedthediscountstoresthathadwipedoutsomanysmalltowns.Butherethepeoplehadbeenfaithfultotheirdowntownmerchants,andtherewasn'tssingleemptyorboarded-upbuildingaroundthesquare-nosmallmiracle.Theretailshopsweremixedinwiththebanksandlawofficesandcafes,allclosedfortheSabbath.HeinchedthroughthecemeteryandsurveyedtheAtleesectionintheoldpart,wherethetombstonesweregrander.Someofhisancestorshadbuiltmonumentsfortheirdead.Rayhadalwaysassumedthatthefamilymoneyhe'dneverseenmusthavebeenburiedinthosegraves.Heparkedandwalkedtohismother'sgrave,somethinghehadn'tdoneinyears.ShewasburiedamongtheAtlees,atthefaredgeofthefamilyplotbecauseshehadbarelybelonged.Soon,inlessthananhour,hewouldbesittinginhisfather'sstudy,sippingbadinstantteaandreceivinginstructionsonexactlyhowhisfatherwouldbelaidtorest.Manyorderswereabouttobegive,manydecreesanddirections,becausehisfather(whousedtobeajudge)wasagreatmanandcareddeeplyabouthowhewastoberemembered.Movingagain,Raypassedthewatertowerhe'dclimbedtwice,thesecondtimewiththepolicewaitingbelow.Hegrimacedathisoldhighschool,aplacehe'dnevervisitedsincehe'dleftit.BehinditwasthefootballfieldwherehisbrotherForresthadrompedoveropponentsandalmostbecamefamousbeforegettingbouncedofftheteam.Itwastwentyminutesbeforefive,Sunday,May7.Timeforthefamilymeeting.Fromthefirstparagraph,wegettheimpressionthatRaycherishedhischildhoodmemories.Rayhadsomethingurgenttotakecareof.Raymaynothaveahappychildhood.Raycannotrememberhischildhooddays.WhichofthefollowingadjectivesdoesNOTdescribeRay'shometown?Lifeless.Religious.Traditional.Quiet.FormthepassagewecaninferthattherelationshipbetweenRayandhisparentswasclose.remote.tense.impossibletotell.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatRay'sfatherwasallEXCEPTconsiderate.punctual.thrifty.dominant.TEXTCCampaigningontheIndianfrontierisanexperiencebyitself.Neitherthelandscapenorthepeoplefindtheircounterpartsinanyotherportionoftheglobe.Valleywallsrisesteeplyfiveorsixthousandfeetoneveryside.Thecolumnscrawlthroughamazeofgiantcorridorsdownwhichfiercesnow-fedtorrentsfoamunderskiesofbrass.Amidthesescenesofsavagebrilliancytheredwellsaracewhosequalitiesseemtoharmonizewiththeirenvironment.Exceptatharvest-time,whenself-preservationrequiresatemporarytruce,thePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarrior,apoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfortressmade,itistrue,onlyofsun-bakedclay,butwithbattlements,turrets,loopholes,drawbridges,plete.Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitsvendetta;everyclan,itsfeud.Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgotten,andveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid.Forthepurposesofsociallife,inadditiontotheconventionaboutharvest-time,amostelaboratecodeofhonourhasbeenestablishedandisonthewholefaithfullyobserved.Amanwhoknewitandobserveditfaultlesslymightpassunarmedfromoneendofthefrontiertoanother.Theslightesttechnicalslipwould,however,befatal.ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleys,nourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwater,arefertileenoughtoyieldwithlittlelabourthemodestmaterialrequirementsofasparsepopulation.Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:therifleandtheBritishGovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecond,anunmitigatednuisance.Theconvenienceof

sneighbotheriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyatfifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewvistaofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone'sownhouseandfireatone'nearlyamileaway.Onecouldlieinwaitonsomehighcrag,andathithertounheard-ofrangeshitahorsemanfarbelow.Evenvillagescouldfireateachotherwithoutthetroubleofgoingfarfromhome.Fabulouspriceswerethereforeofferedforthesegloriousproductsofscience.Rifle-thievesscouredallIndiatoreinforcetheeffortsofthehonestsmuggler.Asteadyflowofthecovetedweaponsspreaditsgenialinfluencethroughoutthefrontier,andtherespectwhichthePathantribesmenentertainedforChristiancivilizationwasvastlyenhanced.sneighboTheactionoftheBritishGovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganizing,advancing,absorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthanamonstrousspoil-sport.IfthePathanmadeforaysintotheplains,notonlyweretheydrivenback(whichafterallwasnomorethanfair),butawholeseriesofsubsequentinterferencestookplace,followedatintervalsbyexpeditionswhichtoiledlaboriouslythroughthevalleys,scoldingthetribesmenandexactingfinesforanydamagewhichtheyhaddone.Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome,hadafightandthengoneawayagain.Inmanycasesthiswastheirpracticeunderwhatwascalledthe“butcherandboltpolicy”towhichtheGovernmentofIndialongadhered.Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys,andinparticularthegreatroadtoChitral.Theysoughttoensurethesafetyoftheseroadsbythreats,byfortsandbysubsidies.Therewasnoobjectiontothelastmethodsofarasitwent.Butthewholeofthistendencytoroad-makingwasregardedbythePathanswithprofounddistaste.Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquiet,nottoshootoneanother,andaboveallnottoshootattravellersalongtheroad.Itwastoomuchtoask,andawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource.Theworddebtsin“veryfewdebtsareleftunpaid”inthefirstparagraphmeansA．loans.B．a(chǎn)ccountsC．killingsD．bargains.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthegeographicalfactsabouttheIndianfrontier?Meltingsnows.B.Largepopulation.Steephillsides.D.Fertilevalleys.Accordingtothepassage,thePathanswelcomedtheintroductionoftherifle.thespreadofBritishrule.theextensionofluxuriesthespreadoftrade.BuildingroadsbytheBritishputanendtoawholeseriesofquarrels.preventedthePathansfromearningonfeuds.lessenedthesubsidiespaidtothePathans.gavethePathansamuchquieterlife.AsuitabletitleforthepassagewouldbeCampaigningontheIndianfrontier.WhythePathansresentedtheBritishrule.ThepopularityofriflesamongthePathans.ThePathansatwar.TEXTD“Museum”isaslipperyword.Itfirstmeant(inGreek)anythingconsecratedtotheMuses:ahill,ashrine,agarden,afestivalorevenatextbook.BothPlato'sAcademyandAristotle'sLyceumhadamouseion,amuses'shrine.AlthoughtheGreeksalreadycollecteddetachedworksofart,manytemples-notablythatofHeraatOlympia(beforewhichtheOlympicflameisstilllit)-hadcollectionsofobjects,someofwhichwereworksofartbywell-knownmasters,whilepaintingsandsculpturesintheAlexandrianMuseumwereincidentaltoitsmainpurpose.TheRomansalsocollectedandexhibitedartfromdisbandedtemples,aswellasmineralspecimens,exoticplants,animals;andtheyplunderedsculpturesandpaintings(mostlyGreek)forexhibition.Meanwhile,theGreekwordhadslippedintoLatinbytransliteration(thoughnottosignifypicturegalleries,whichwerecalledpinacothecae)andmuseumstillmoreorlessmeant“Muses'shrine”.Theinspirationalcollectionsofpreciousandsemi-preciousobjectswerekeptinlargerchurchesandmonasteries-whichfocusedonthegold-enshrined,bejewelledrelicsofsaintsandmartyrs.Princes,andlatermerchants,hadsimilarcollections,whichbecamethedepositsofnaturalcuriosities:largelumpsofamberorcoral,irregularpearls,unicornhorns,ostricheggs,fossilbonesandsoon.Theyalsoincludedcoinsandgems-oftenantiqueengravedones-aswellas,increasingly,paintingsandsculptures.Astheymultipliedandexpanded,tosupplementthem,theskillofthefakersgrewincreasinglyrefined.Atthesametime,visitorscouldadmiretheverygrandestpaintingsandsculpturesinthechurches,palacesandcastles;theywerenot“collected”either,but“site-specific”,andwereconsideredanintegralpartbothofthefabricofthebuildingsandofthewayoflifewhichwentoninsidethem-andmostofthebuildingswerepublicones.However,duringtherevivalofantiquityinthefifteenthcentury,fragmentsofantiquesculptureweregivenhigherstatusthantheworkofanycontemporary,sothatdisplaysofantiquitieswouldinspireartiststoimitation,orevenbetter,toemulation;andsocouldbeconsideredMuses'shrinesintheformersense.TheMedicigardennearSanMarcoinFlorence,theBelvedereandtheCapitolinRomewerethemostfamousofsuchearly“inspirational”collections.Soontheymultiplied,and,gradually,exemplary“modern”workswereIntheseventeenthcentury,scientificandprestigecollectingbecamesowidespreadthatthreeorfourcollectorsindependentlypublisheddirectoriestomuseumsallovertheknownworld.Butitwastheageofrevolutionsandindustrywhichproducedthenextsharpshiftinthewaytheinstitutionwasperceived:thefuryagainstroyalandchurchmonumentspromptedantiquarianstosheltertheminasylum-galleries,ofwhichtheMuseedesMonumentsFrancaiswasthemostfamous.Then,inthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury,museumfundingtookoff,alliedtotheriseofnewwealth:LondonacquiredtheNationalGalleryandtheBritishMuseum,theLouvrewasorganized,theMuseum-InselwasbeguninBerlin,andtheMunichgallerieswerebuilt.InVienna,thehugeKunsthistorischesandNaturhistorischesMuseumstookovermuchoftheimperialtreasure.Meanwhile,thedeclineofcraftsmanship(andofpublictastewithit)inspiredthecreationof“improving”collections.TheVictoriaandAlbertMuseuminLondonwasthemostfamous,aswellasperhapsthelargestofthem.Thesentence“Museumisaslipperyword”inthefirstparagraphmeansthatthemeaningoftheworddidn'tchangeuntilafterthe15thcentury.themeaningofthewordhadchangedovertheyears.theGreekshelddifferentconceptsfromtheRomans.princesandmerchantsaddedpaintingstotheircollections.TheideathatmuseumcouldmeanamountainoranobjectoriginatesfromtheRomans.B.Florence.C.Olympia.D.Greek.“……theskillofthefakersgrewincreasinglyrefined”inthethirdparagraphmeansthattherewasagreatdemandforfakers.B.fakersgrewrapidlyinnumber.C.fakersbecamemoreskillful.D.fakersbecamemorepolite.Paintingandsculpturesondisplayinchurchesinthe15thcenturywerecollectedfromelsewhere.madepartofthebuildings.donatedbypeople.boughtbychurches.Modernmuseumscameintoexistenceinordertoprotectroyalandchurchtreasures.improveexistingcollections.stimulatepublicinterest.raisemorefunds.Whichisthemainideaofthepassage?Collectionandcollectors.Theevolutionofmuseums.Modernmuseumsandtheirfunctions.Thebirthofmuseums.11-15BAACD16-20CDBAC21-25BABAB26-30DCBABPARTIII.人文知識(shí)Therearetenmultiple-choicequestionsinthissection.Choosethebestanswerstoeachquestion.Markyouranswersonyourcolouredanswersheet.ThePresidentsduringtheAmericanCivilWarwasAndrewJacksonAbrahamLincolnThomasJeffersonD.GeorgeWashingtonThecapitalofNewZealandisChristchurchAucklandWellingtonHamiltonWhowerethenativesofAustriliabeforethearrivaloftheBritishsettlers?TheAboriginesTheMaoriTheIndiansD.TheEskimosThePrimeMinisterinBritainisheadoftheShadowCabinettheParliamenttheOppositiontheCabinetWhichofthefollowingwritersisapoetofthe20thcentury?T.S.EliotD.H.LawrenceTheodoreDreiserJamesJoyceThenovelForWhomtheBellTollsiswrittenbyScottFitzgeraldWilliamFaulknerC.EugeneO'NeilErnestHemingwayisdefinedasanexpressionofhumanemotionwhichiscondensedintofourteenlinesA.FreeverseSonnetOdeEpigramWhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionofA.referencemeaningantonymycontext39.Thewords”kid,child,offspring”areexamplesofA.dialectalsynonymsstylisticsynonymsemotivesynonymscollocationalsy