高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 閱讀之說明文基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練（四）

PAGEPAGE112022高考英語閱讀之說明文基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練（四）(A)Nowadayssomecompaniesareattemptingtogrowseafoodfromcellsinalaboratory,ratherthanharvestingitfromtheoceans.Withmassiveproblemswithoverfishingworldwideandgrowingdemandforsuppliesofseafood,thewayfishcurrentlymakesitswaytoourplatesisunabletoworklong-term.Between1961and2016,theaverageannualincreaseinglobalfoodfishconsumptionoutpacedpopulationgrowth.Thisisn'tgoodforus,thefish,ortheenvironmentasawhole.Cellular(細(xì)胞)seafoodcouldbetheanswer.Justdon'tmakethemistakeofcallingitlab-grownfish."Noneofusintheindustrywouldcallitlab-grownseafood,”saysMikeSelden,CEOofFinlessFoods.“FinlessFoodsisn'tlab-grown.Weexperimentandcreateourscienceinthelab,butdon'tproducethere.Ourproductscomefromaproductionfacilitymuchlikeafarm.Wejustdon'tneedtheanimalstocreatethenutrition."FinlessFoodsisabiotechcompanylocatedinSanFrancisco.Since-2017,it'sbeenworkingtobringtomarketaspeciesofculturedbluefintuna(人工養(yǎng)殖的藍(lán)鰭金槍魚)createdusingcellulartechnology.Shortlyafterthat,thecompanyproduceditsfirstpoundofbluefintunameatforacostofabout$19,000.Sincethen,however,it'sbeenworkingtobringthatpricedown.SeldentermswhatFinlessFoodsisdoingas“cell-basedseafood”.“We'regrowingseafoodfromrealseafoodcells,”Seldenexplained."Wetakecellsfromafishonce,andthengrowthemendlesslyfromthat.Wedothesameprocessthathappensinsideofafishandmakeithappenoutsideofafish.”Thegoalofcellularseafoodisn't,itssupportersclaim,toentirelydisturbthecurrentseafoodindustry.Instead,it'sintendedtoaugmentit—andperhapstohelpreduceoverfishingandillegalfishing.Andwhenitcomestocertainseaspecies,thislaboratory-basedapproachcouldhelpcreateaplentifulsupplyofcertainfishwithoutendangeringthesurvivalofcertainoverfishedspeciesasawhole.1.Whatisthesecondparagraphintendedtoshow?A.Theproblemwithglobaloverfishing.B.Thedecreasingfoodfishconsumption.C.Thenegativeenvironmentaleffectsofseafood.D.Theimportanceofproducingcellularseafood.2.WhyisMikeSeldenmentionedinthepassage?A.Toexplaintheconceptoflab-grownseafood.B.Toshowpeople'spassionforcellularseafood.C.Todescribehiscompany'sdevotiontocellularseafood.D.Tointroducethefeaturesofproducingcellularseafood.3.WhatproblemisFinlessFoodstryingtosolvewithcellularseafood?A.Itspoornutrientcontent. B.Thehighcostofitsproduction.C.Itspotentialnegativehealtheffects. D.Thecomplicatedproductionprocess.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“augment”inthelastparagraphmean?A.Cancel.B.Replace.C.Expand.D.Tolerate.(B)Jimmyisanautomotivemechanic(汽修工)buthelosthisjobafewmonthsago.Hehasgoodheart,butalwaysfearedapplyingforanewjob.Oneday,hegatheredupallhisstrengthanddecidedtoattendajobinterview.Hisappointmentwasat10amanditwasalready8:30.Whilewaitingforabustotheofficewherehewassupposedtobeinterviewed,hesawanelderlymanwildlykickingthetyreofhiscar.Obviouslytherewassomethingwrongwiththecar.Jimmyimmediatelywentuptolendhimahand.WhenJimmyfinishedworkingonthecar,theoldmanaskedhimhowmuchheshouldpayfortheservice.Jimmysaidtherewasnoneedtopayhim;hejusthelpedsomeoneinneed,andhehadtorushforaninterview.Thentheoldmansaid,“Well,Icouldtakeyoutotheofficeforyourinterview.It’stheleastIcoulddo.Please.Iinsist.”Jimmyagreed.Uponarrival,Jimmyfoundalonglineofapplicationswaitingtobeinterviewed.Jimmystillhadsomegrease(潤滑油)onhimafterthecarrepair,buthedidnothavemuchtimetowashitofforhaveachangeofshirt.Onebyone,theapplicantslefttheinterviewer’sofficewithdisappointedlookontheirfaces.Finallyhisnamewascalled.Theinterviewerwassittingonalargechairfacingtheofficewindow.Rockingthechairbackandforth,heasked,“Doyoureallyneedtobeinterviewed?”Jimmy’sheartsank.“WiththewayIlooknow,howcouldIpossiblypassthisinterview?”hethoughttohimself.ThentheinterviewerturnedthechairandtoJimmy’ssurprise,itwastheoldmanhehelpedearlierinthemorning.ItturnedouthewastheGeneralManagerofthecompany.“SorryIhadtokeepyouwaiting,butIwasprettysureImadetherightdecisiontohaveyouaspartofourworkforcebeforeyouevensteppedintotheoffice.Ijustknowyou’dbeatrustworthyworker.Congratulations!”Jimmysatdownandtheysharedacupofwell-deservedcoffeeashelandedhimselfanewjob.1.WhatdidJimmyseeonthewaytotheinterview?A.Afriend’scarhadaflattyre. B.Awildmanwaspushingacar.C.Anoldman’scarbrokedown. D.Aterriblecaraccidenthappened.2.WhydidtheoldmanofferJimmyaride?A.HewasthankfultoJimmy. B.Hewasalsotobeinterviewed. C.Healwayshelpedpeopleinneed. D.Heneededatravelingcompanion.3.HowdidJimmyfeelonhearingtheinterviewer’squestion?A.Theinterviewerwasveryrude. B.Heregrettedhelpingtheoldman. C.Hewassorryfortheotherapplicants. D.Therewasnohopeforhimtogetthejob.4.WhatcanwelearnfromJimmy’sexperience？A.Twoheadsarebetterthanone. B.Goodisrewardedwithgood. C.Wherethere’sawill,there’saway. D.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.(C)Fortwocenturies,thefamousUniversityofCambridgedebatingsocietyhashostedmanyprominentfigures,fromworldleaderstoscientiststocomedians.OnNov21,theCambridgeUnionhosteditsfirst-evernon-humanguest.DesignedbyIBM,ProjectDebaterisamachinethatusesArtificialIntelligence(AI)toformaspokenargument.Itcanevenlistenandanswertoopposingstatements,muchlikearealperson.SpeakingwithavoicesimilartoSiri,ProjectDebaterusesAItosearchjournals,newspapersandotherinformationsources.Itthenfiltersout(過濾)uselessinformation,picksthestrongestarguments,andarrangesthemintoapersuasiveargument.“IntheCambridgetestdebate,itarguedthetopic:AIwillultimatelydomoreharmthangood.AccordingtoIBM,itisthefirstmachinethatcandebatecomplicatedtopicswithhumans.Beforethedebate,morethan1,100argumentsforthepositivesandnegativesofAIweresubmittedtotheIBMwebsite.Themachinethenanalyzedthesesourcesandformedthebasisofitsargumentsinminutes.ProjectDebaterthenshowedoffitsAIbyarguingforbothsidesofthedebate.Overafour-minutespeech,itarguedfirstthat,“AIcanonlymakedecisionsthatithasbeenprogrammedtosolve,whilehumanscanbeprogrammedforallplots,possibleevents.”InsupportofAI,itthenarguedthatAIwouldcreatenewjobsand“bringalotmoreefficiency”totheworkplace.Thisisn’tthefirsttestforProjectDebater.InJune2018,themachinewentback-and-forthfor20minutesagainstchampiondebaterHarishNatarajan.AccordingtoNewScientist,onbothoccasions,ProjectDebaterrepeatedpointsanddidn’talwayssufficientlysupportthem.SpeakingtoCambridgeIndependent,NoamSlonim,theproject’sleadengineer,said,“TheAIisnotperfect,butit’sgoingintherightdirection.”TheteamhopestoimprovetheAIbyresearchingwhyhumansfindcertainargumentsmorepersuasivethanothers.1.InwhichwaydoesProjectDebaterbehavelikearealperson?A.Itcanlistenandanswertoopposingstatements.B.ItcanspeakwithavoicesimilartoSiri.C.Itcancreatevarioususefulsources.D.Itcandealwithanysituation. 2.WhatwerepreparedforthemachinebeforetheCambridgetestdebate?A.Analyzedsources.B.Uselessmessages.C.Materialsforarguments.D.Itemsabouthumandebaters.3.Wecaninferfromthetextthat_________.A.AIdidbetterthanhumansinargumentsB.C.D.AIneedsmorepersuasiveargumentsindebates4.WhatisNoamSlonim’sattitudetotheAI?A.Supportive. B.Unconfident. C.Negative. D.Indifferent.(D)Startedin1636,HarvardUniversityistheoldestofallthemanycollegesanduniversitiesintheUnitedStates.Yale,Princeton,ColumbiaandDartmouthwereopenedsoonafterHarvard.

Intheearlyyears,theseschoolsweremuchsimilar.Onlyyoungmenwenttocollege.Allthestudentsstudiedthesamesubjects,andeveryonelearnedLatin,GreekandHebrew.Littlewasknownaboutsciencethen,andonekindofschoolcouldteacheverythingthatwasknownabouttheworld.Whenthestudentsgraduated,mostofthembecameministersorteachers.

In1782,Harvardstartedamedicalschoolforyoungmenwhowantedtobecomedoctors.Later,lawyerscouldreceivetheirtraining(訓(xùn)練)inHarvard'slawschool.In1825,besidesLatinandGreek,Harvardbeganteachingmodernlanguages,suchasFrenchandGerman.SoonitbeganteachingAmericanhistory.

Asknowledgeincreased,Harvardandothercollegesbegantoteachmanynewsubjects.Studentswereallowedtochoosethesubjectsthatinterestedthem.

Today,therearemanydifferentkindsofcollegesanduniversities.Mostofthemaremadeupofsmallerschoolsthatdealwith(涉及)specialfieldsoflearning.There'ssomuchtolearnthatonekindofschoolcan’tofferitall.TheoldestuniversityintheUSis_________.

A.YaleB.HarvardC.PrincetonD.Columbia

2.Fromthesecondparagraph,wecanseethatintheearlyyears,______.

A.thosecollegesanduniversitieswerealmostthesame

B.people,youngorold,mightstudyinthecolleges

C.studentsstudiedonlysomelanguagesandscience

D.whenthestudentsfinishedtheirschool,theybecamelawyersorteachers

3.Asknowledgeincreased,collegesbegantoteach_______.

A.everythingthatwasknownB.lawandsomethingaboutmedicine

C.manynewsubjectsD.thesubjectsthatinterestedstudents

4.Onthewhole,thepassageisabout___________.

A.howtostartauniversitytheworld-famouscollegesinAmerica

C.howcollegeshavechangedD.whatkindoflessoneachcollegeteachesnow（E)OneoftheexecutivesgatheredattheAspenInstituteforaday-longleadershipworkshopusingtheworksofShakespearewasdiscussingtheroleofBrutusinthedeathofJuliusCaesar.“Brutuswasnotanhonourableman,”hesaid.“Hewasatraitor(叛徒).Andhemurderedsomeoneincoldblood.”TheagreementwasthatBrutushadactedwithcrueltywhenotheroptionswereavailabletohim.Hemadeabaddecision,theysaid—atleastasitwaspresentedbyShakespeare—totaketheleadinmurderingJuliusCaesar.AndthoughoneoftheexecutivesacknowledgedthatBrutushadthegoodoftherepublicinmind,Caesarwasneverthelesshissuperior.“Youhavetounderstand,”theexecutivessaid,“ourpolicyistoobeythechainofcommand.”Duringthelastfewyears,businessexecutivesandbookwriterslookingforanewwaytoadvisecorporateAmericahavebeenexploitingShakespeare’swisdomforprofitableends.NonemoresothanhusbandandwifeteamKennethandCarolAdelman,well-knownformeradviserstotheWhiteHouse,whostartedupatrainingcompanycalled“MoversandShakespeares”.TheyareamateurShakespearescholarsandShakespearelovers,andtheyhavecombinedtheirpassionandtheirhigh-levelcontactsintoamanagementtrainingbusiness.Theyconductbetween30and40workshopsannually,dealingwithhalfadozendifferentplays,mostlyforcorporations,butalsoforgovernmentagencies.Theworkshopsalltakethesameform,focusingonasingleplayasakindofcasestudy,andusingindividualscenesasspecificlessons.InJuliusCaesar,forexample,Cassius’sslyprovocation(狡詐的挑唆)ofBrutustotakeuparmsagainstCaesarwasthebasisforadiscussionofmethodsofteambuildingandgrassrootsorganizing.AlthoughneitheroftheAdelmansisacademicallytrainedinliterature,theprogramscontainplentyofShakespearetraditionandbackground.TheirworkshoponHenryV,forexample,includesahelpfulexplanationofHenry’swinningstrategyattheBattleofAgincourt.Buttheydocometothetextwithafewbiases(偏向):theirreadingofHenryVminimizeshismisuseofpower.Instead,theyemphasizethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunityandbecomesamasterfulleader.AndattheworkshoponCaesar,Mr.AdelmanshadlittlegoodtosayaboutBrutus,saying“thenoblestRomanofthemall”couldn’tmakehismindupaboutthings.Manyoftheparticipantspointedtoveryspecifi