化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)之無(wú)機(jī)化合物命名

化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)之無(wú)機(jī)化合物命名THENOMENCLATUREOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDSWiththediscoveryofthousandsofnewinorganiccompoundsithasbecomenecessarytorevisetheTraditionalrulesofnomenclature.Aninternationalcommitteehasrecommendedasetofrulesfornamingcompounds,andthesearenowbeingadoptedthroughouttheworld.Manyoftheoldernamesarestillused,however,andourensuingdiscussionwillincludeinmanycasesboththeoldandnew,withemphasisonthelatter.OneoftheprincipalchangesisthatproposedbyAlbertStockandnowknownastheStocksystemforthenamingofcompoundsofmetals(oxides,hydroxides,andsalts)inwhichthemetalmayexhibitmorethanoneoxidationstate.InthesecasestheoxidationstateofthemetalisshownbyaRomannumeralinparenthesesimmediatelyfollowingtheEnglishnameofthemetalwhichcorrespondstoitsoxidationnumber】.Ifthemetalhasonlyonecommonoxidationnumber,noRomannumeralisused.Anotherimportantchangeisinthenamingofcomplexionsandcoordinationcompounds.Wewilldeferthenomenclatureofthelatteruntilthesecompoundsarediscussed.NamingMetalOxides.Bases,andSaltsThestudentshouldhaveagoodstartinlearningnomenclatureifhehaslearnedtheValenceTable3whichgivesbothchargesonionsandnamesforthemorecommonones2.Acompoundisacombinationofpositiveandnegativeionsintheproperratiotogiveabalancedchargeandthenameofthecompoundfollowsfromnamesoftheions,forexample,NaCl,issodiumchloride;Al(OH)isaluminumhydroxide;FeBrisiron(I)bromideor32ferrousbromide;Ca(CHO)iscalciumacetate;Cr(SO,)is32223chromium(I)sulfateorchromicsulfate,andsoon.Table4givessomeadditionalexamplesofthenamingofmetalcompounds.Ofthetwocommonsystemsused,theStocksystemispreferred.Notethateveninthissystem;however,thenameofthenegativeionwillneedtobeobtainedfromValenceTable4.Negativeions,anions,maybemonatomicorpolyatomic.Allmonatomicanionshavenamesendingwithide.Twopolyatomicanionswhichalsohavenamesendingwithidearethehydroxide

ion,OH-,andthecyanideion,CN-.Manypolyatomicanionscontainoxygeninadditiontoanotherelement.Thenumberofoxygenatomsinsuchoxyanionsisdenotedbytheuseofthesulffixesiteandate,meaningfewerandmoreoxygenatomsrespectively.Incaseswhereitisnecessarytodenotemorethantwooxyanionsofthesameelement,theprefixeshypoandper,meaningstillfewerandstillmoreoxygenatoms,respectively,maybeused.AseriesofoxyanionsisnamedinTable5.Table3.SomeCommonIons1+2+2+3+ammoniuNH+4bariumBa2+magnesiumMg2+aluminumAl3+mcopper(Cu+calciumCa2+manganeseMn2+chromiumCr3+1)(I)(I)hydrogeH+chromiumCr2+mercuryHg2+iron(I)Fe3+n(II)(I)potassiK+copperCu2+mercury(Hg2+um(II)I)2silverAg+iron(II)Fe2+tin(I)Sn2+sodiumNa+lead(II)Pb2+strontiumSr2+zincZn2+3-2-1-1-arsenatA043-carbonateCO2-acetateCHO-hydrogenHSO-S32322esulfitearsenitAO3S3chromateCrO2-4bromideBr-hydrideH-ephosphaPO3-4dichromatCrO2-27chlorateClO-3hydroxidOH-teeephosphiPO3-3oxalateO2-2chlorideCl-hypochloClO-teriteoxideCO2-chloriteClOiodateIO-24sulfideS2-2cyanideCN-3nitrateNO-sulfateSO2-fluorideF-3iodideI-4sulfiteSO2-hydrogenHCO-nitrateNO-33carbonate3nitriteNO-(bicarbon2

Table4.Namesofsomemetaloxides.bases.andsaltsFeOiron(II)oxideferrousoxideFeO23iron(III)oxideferricoxideSn(OH)2tin(II)hydroxidestannoushydroxideSn(OH)4tin(IV)hydroxidestannichydroxideHgSO24mercury(I)sulfatemercuroussulfateHgSO4mercury(II)sulfatemercuricsulfateNaClOsodiumhypochloritesodiumhypochloriteKCrO227potassiumdichromatepotassiumdichromateCu(AsO)342copper(II)arsenatecupricarsenateCr(CHO)22423chromium(III)acetatechromicacetateate)hydrogenHSO-ate)hydrogenHSO-4sulfateperchlorNO-3ateMnO-4permanganateNamingNonmetaloxidesTheoldersystemofnamingandonestillwidelyusedemploysGreekprefixesforboththenumberofoxygenatomsandthatoftheotherelementinthecompounds.Theprefixesusedare(l)mono-,sometimesreducedtomon-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-,(6)hexa-,(7)hepata-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-and(10)deca-.Generallytheletteraisomittedfromtheprefix(fromtetraon)whennaminganonmetaloxideandoftenmono-isomittedfromthenamealtogether.TheStocksystemisalsousedwithinonmetaloxides.HeretheRomannumeralreferstotheoxidationstateoftheelementotherthanoxygen.

Table5.NamesofoxyanionsFewestFewerOxygenMoreOxygenMostOxygenOxygenAtomsAtomsAtomsAtomshypo一ite一iteateper——ateClOhypochloClO-chloriteClO-chlorateCperchlorClO-rite234ate門chypobromBrO-.BrO-bromiteBrO-bromate門cperbromaBrO-ite234te“hypoiodiIOperiodat10-ioditeIO-iodatete234e“hypophosPO3-phosphitPO3-PO3-phosphate2phite3e4NO-nitriteNO-nitrate23SO2-sulfateSO2-sulfite43CO2-carbonate3Ineithersystem.theelementotherthanoxygenisnamedfirst,thefullnamebeingusedfollowedbyoxide.Table6showssomeexamples.NamingAcidsAcidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromaknowledgeofValenceTable3bychangingthenameoftheacidion(negativeion)inthetableasfollows:IoninTable3CorrespondingAcidateiciteousidehydroicTable7showsexamplesofthisrelationship.Thereareafewcaseswherenameoftheacidischangedslightlyfromthatoftheacidradical;forexampleHSO,is24sulfuricacidratherthansulfic.Similarly,HPO,is4phosphoricacidratherthanphosphic.Table6.NamesofsomenonmetaloxidesFormulaCOcarbon(H)carbonmonoxideoxideCOCarbon(IV)carbondioxide2oxideSO3sulfur(VI)sulfurtrioxide

oxideNOo只nitrogen(I)dinitiogen25oxidetrioxidePOo只phosphorus(V)diphosphorus25oxidepentoxideClOchlorine(VI)dichlorine27oxideheptoxideTable7.NamesofsomeacidsFormulaofAcidAcidIoninTable3NameofAcidHCHO232CHO-acetate232aceticacidHCO23CO2-3carbonatecarbonicacidHClOClO-chloritechlorousacid2HClO42ClO-4perchlorateperchloricacidHCNCN-cyanidehydrocyanicacidHBrBr-bromidehydrobromicacidHSiO24SiO4-4silicatesilicicacidHAsO33AsO3-4arsenatearsenicacidHMnO4MnO-4permanganatepermanganicacidThelesscommonnegativeionsarenotincludedintheValenceTable3.Forexample,BO~istheborateionandHBOisboric333acid;TeO2-isthetellurateionandHTeOistelluricacid,424andsoon.AcidandBasicSaltsItisconceivablethatintheneutralizationofanacidbyabase,onlyapartofthehydrogenmightbeneutralized;thusNaOH+HSONaHSO+HO2442ThecompoundNaHSQhasacidproperties>sinceitcontains4hydrogen,andisalsoasalt,sinceitcontainsbothametalandanacidradical.Suchasaltcontainingacidichydrogenistermedanacidsalt.Phosphoricacid(HPO)mightbe34progressivelyneutralizedtoformthesalts,NaHP0,NaHP0,TOC\o"1-5"\h\z2424andNaPO.Thefirsttwoareacidsalts,sincetheycontain34replaceablehydrogen.AwayofnamingthesesaltsistocallNaHPOOdisodiumhydrogenphosphateandNaHPO,sodium2424di-hydrogenphosphate.Theseacidphosphatesareimportantincontrollingthealkalinityoftheblood.Thethirdcompound,sodiumphosphateNaPO,whichcontainsnoreplaceablehydrogen,34isoftenreferredtoasnormalsodiumphosphate,ortrisodiumphosphate.todifferentiateitfromthetwoacidsalts.Historically,theprefixbi-hasbeenusedinnamingso