GRE高頻argument提綱范文

1.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinabusinessmagazine."Arecentstudyrating300maleandfemaleMentianadvertisingexecutivesaccordingtotheaveragenumberofhourstheysleeppernightshowedanassociationbetweentheamountofsleeptheexecutivesneedandthesuccessoftheirfirms.Oftheadvertisingfirmsstudied,thosewhoseexecutivesreportedneedingnomorethan6hoursofsleeppernighthadhigherprofitmarginsandfastergrowth.Theseresultssuggestthatifabusinesswantstoprosper,itshouldhireonlypeoplewhoneedlessthan6hoursofsleeppernight."Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.以下是14的范文，請(qǐng)大家讀完后，將它改寫為 argument118Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertherecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatetherecommendation.注意盡管題目要求不同但是結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容基本一致 只需要在措辭上進(jìn)行調(diào)整Thearticlearguesthatcompaniesshouldhirepeoplewhoneedlesssleepbecausetheseemployeesaremorelikelytosucceedbasedonasurveyof300advertisingexecutives.Anumberofassumptionshavebeenmadeaboutthegeneralisabilityofthesurveyresult,thereliabilityofthereportedneedofsleepandotherrelatedissues.Weneedtoexaminetheassumptionscarefullyinordertoassesstheargument.Tobeginwith,theassumptionthatthesurveyresultscanbeappliedmorebroadlymaynotholdtrue.Thesubjectsofthesurveyareallfromasingleindustry,namely,advertising.Maybeitisimportantforpeopleinthisfieldtoburnthemidnight’soiltoprosper.Butthisrulemaynotapplytootherindustries,forexample,insuranceormanufacturing.Inaddition,thesurveyonlyaskstheexecutiveswhomayhavetoworkextrahourstoleadthecompanies.Butforemployeesatlowerlevelsleepinglessmaynotbeveryhelpfulforachievingsuccess.Inaddition,itisassumedthattheexecutivesactuallyneedlittlesleepasreportedinthesurvey.Inotherwords,theassumptionisthatthesubjectsweretellingthetruthabouttheirlifestylesduringthesurvey.Itispossiblethatthesurveyrespondentsjustwanttoimpressothersorshowtheirattitudestowardssleepwhenansweringthequestions.Withoutfurtherdatatoverifythereliabilityofthesurveyresults,itisnotreasonabletoapplythefindinginthehiringprocesses.Anotherassumptionbeingmadeisthattheneedoflesssleepisthemainreasonwhytheexecutivesweresuccessful.Asweallknow,correlationdoesnotnecessarilyimplycausation.Ahostofotherfactorsunrelatedtosleepmayhavecausedthesuccessoftheexecutives.Forexample,theymighthappentohaveagoodteamofpeopleworkingefficientlytowardstheirgoals.Ortheywereluckyenoughtomeetsomeclientswhowerewillingtopayhigherfeeswhichboostedtheprofitmarginsandthegrowthrates.Withoutlookingintohowtheyachievedsuccess,itistoohastytoattributetheiraccomplishmentstotheirsleeppatterns.Finally,itisalsoassumedthatexecutiveswithlessneedforsleepcansucceedinthelongterm.Maybetheymanagetoaccomplishmorethantheirpeerswiththeirabilitiestosleepless.Butwedonotknowhowtherelativelysmallamountofsleepwouldhaveanynegativeimpactontheirhealthandtheirperformanceinthelongterm.Wealsodonotknowhowtheirlifestylesmayaffecttheoveralljobsatisfactionofthemselvesandtheirco-workers.Iftheirabilitiestosleeplesswouldenablethemtoworkovertime,maybetheywouldalsoforcetheircolleaguestoworkovertime,whichmaynotbenefitthelong-termsuccessofacompany.Inconclusion,itisnotreasonabletorecommendhiringpeoplewhoneedlesssleepbasedonthissurveyonarelativelysmallgroupofexecutivesfromasingleindustry.Moreinformationisneededbeforewecanchecktheassumptionsdiscussedaboveandmakeamorereasonablehiringpolicy.2.WovenbasketscharacterizedbyaparticulardistinctivepatternhavepreviouslybeenfoundonlyintheimmediatevicinityoftheprehistoricvillageofPaleaandthereforewerebelievedtohavebeenmadeonlybythePaleanpeople.Recently,however,archaeologistsdiscoveredsucha"Palean"basketinLithos,anancientvillageacrosstheBrimRiverfromPalea.TheBrimRiverisverydeepandbroad,andsotheancientPaleanscouldhavecrosseditonlybyboat,andnoPaleanboatshavebeenfound.Thusitfollowsthattheso-calledPaleanbasketswerenotuniquelyPalean.Write aresponse in which you discuss

what

specific evidence

is

needed

toevaluate the argument and explain

how

the evidence would

weaken

orstrengthentheargument.Outlinefocusonwhethertherivercouldbecrossedbypeoplewithoutanyhelp:notsodeepandbroad;frozeninwinterdiscussthepossiblebridgesandboatswhichmightnotsurvivethetimeexplorethepossibilityofthebasketsbeingcarriedbywaterAccordingtothisargument,thePaleanbasketsmayhavebeenmadebypeoplefromareasotherthanPaleaasthebasketshavebeenfoundintheadjacentvillage.Weneedmoreevidenceaboutgeographicalinformationofthearea,thetechnologiesofbuildingboatsandbridgesandthecharacteristicsofthebasketsinordertoevaluatetheargument.Whiletheauthorassumesthat the basketscould only havebeencarriedboats which had not been found, there are other possible scenarios.Forexample,maybetheriveratthetimewasnotasdeepandbroadasitisnow.Iftheriverwasshallowandnarrow,peopleinPaleaandLithoscouldbetradingbasketsbywalkingacrosstheriver .Ontheotherhand,maybetheweatherwasextremelycoldatthetimeandtheriverwasfrozenduringthewinter .Againthepeoplefromthetwovillagescouldsimplywalkacrosstherivertotrade.Sowe

byneedmoreinformationaboutthegeographyandclimateintheareaatthetimetoassesshowlikelythescenariosdiscussedabovewere.We also need to know more about the technologies of Palean

and

Lithoianpeopleatthetimeforbuildingboatsandbridges.Specifically,wewanttoknowwhether they were able to build boats and bridges and if they

could

whatmaterialstheyused.Maybetheycouldbuildboatsorbridgestocrosstheriverbutthematerialstheyusedcouldnotsurvivethetimeandleftnotracesforarchaeologiststolocate.Theabsenceofanytangibletracesofboatsorbridgesdoesnotnecessarilyimplynoboatsorbridgeswereavailablethen.Moreinformationregardingtheseissuesisneeded.Anotherimportancepieceofevidenceweneedisthematerialsbeingusedtomakethebaskets.Specifically,wewanttoknowwhetherthebasketscouldfloatinthewater.ItispossiblethatsomeofthebasketshadbeendumpedbyPaleanpeopletotheriverandcarriedbythewatertotheothersideoftheriverandthenpickedupbyLithoianpeople.Toassesshowlikelythisscenariois,weneedtoknowthedensityofthematerialsofthebasketsalongwithsomeotherphysicalcharacteristics.In conclusion, it is difficult to decide whether people from Lithos may havelearnedtomakethebaskets.Moreinformationaboutdifferentissuesdiscussedabovehastobegatheredtoassessthestrengthoftheargument.分鐘conclusion; Palean

baskets

were

not

uniquely

Palean;

other

villages

canproducesimilarbasketskeyquestion:arethenewlyfoundbasketslocallyproducedortransportedfromPaleanwhethertheriverwasthatdeepandbroadatthetimeboatsfromothervillages?whatmaterialswereavailableformakingboats;cantheysurvivepossiblebridge?tradingrelationship?3.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.ArcticdeerliveonislandsinCanada'sarcticregions.Theysearchforfoodbymovingovericefromislandtoislandduringthecourseoftheyear.Theirhabitatislimitedtoareaswarmenoughtosustaintheplantsonwhichtheyfeedandcoldenough,atleastsomeoftheyear,fortheicetocovertheseaseparatingtheislands,allowingthedeertotraveloverit.Unfortunately,accordingtoreportsfromlocalhunters,thedeerpopulationsaredeclining.Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that havecausedtheseaicetomelt,wecanconcludethatthepurporteddeclineindeerpopulations isthe result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-oldmigrationpatternsacrossthefrozensea.P1:moreevidenceabouttheaccuracyofthehunters ’reportswhetherthehuntershadscaredawaythedeerwiththeirgunswhetherthehuntershadvisitedtheareainaparticularpointintimewhenthedeerwerelessactivehowmanyhuntershadreportedthedeerpopulation;thenumberwassmall-lessreliableP2:moreevidenceabouttheseaiceinarcticregionwhethertheseaiceinarcticregionhadmelted(globalwarmingtrenddoesnotmeanlocalwarming)whethermorefoodwasavailablenearthehabitatduetotheclimatechange(thennoneedtotravel)P3: evidence that may provide other explanationspopulation

for

the

decline

of deeranypollutionthatmaythreatenthedeerpopulationoverhunting4.ThefollowingisalettertotheeditoroftheWaymarshTimes."TraffichereinWaymarshisbecomingaproblem.Althoughjustthreeyearsagoastatetrafficsurveyshowedthatthetypicaldrivingcommutertook20minutestogettowork,thecommutenowtakescloserto40minutes,accordingtothesurveyjustcompleted.Membersofthetowncouncilalreadyhavesuggestedmoreroadbuildingtoaddresstheproblem,butaswellasbeingexpensive,thenewconstructionwillsurelydisruptsomeofourresidentialneighborhoods.ItwouldbebettertofollowtheexampleofthenearbycityofGarville.LastyearGarvilleimplementedapolicythatrewardspeoplewhoshareridestowork,givingthemcouponsforfreegas.PollutionlevelsinGarvillehavedroppedsincethepolicywasimplemented,andpeoplefromGarvilletellmethatcommutingtimeshavefallenconsiderably.ThereisnoreasonwhyapolicylikeGarville'sshouldn'tworkequallywellinWaymarsh."Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.全文示范部分同學(xué)寫這篇的時(shí)候問題較多。有同學(xué)希望我講一下

argument

的中間段如何展開。我在這里試下分析這篇示范。Accordingtotheletter,WaymarshshouldintroduceapolicysimilartothatofGarvilletoencouragemoredriverstosharerideswithotherstosolveaperceivedtrafficproblem.Thispolicywillbebetterthantheroadbuildingprojectproposedbythecitycouncil.Toevaluatethisargument,weneedmoreevidenceaboutthesurveysindicatingthetrafficproblem,thepolicyimplementedinGarvillethatisnowproposedforWaymarsh,aswellasitsstrengthsandweaknessesrelativetotheroadconstructionplan.首先主旨句用

weneedmoreevidenceaboutA,BaswellasC

的句型 分別呼應(yīng)中間三段Tobeginwith,weneedtoexaminethesurveysmorecriticallytodecideifthereisindeedatrafficprobleminWaymarsh.Weneedtoknowmoreabouthowparticipantswererecruitedinthetworespectivesurveystodetermineiftheresultsarecomparable.Maybeonesurveyfocusedmoreononegroupofpeoplewhogotoworkat6amandtheotheronthosetravellingat8am.Undersuchcircumtances,thedifferenceincommutetimedoesnotmeanthetrafficinWaymarshhadturnedworse.Also,itisimportanttolookintohowreliabletheself-reporteddataaboutcommutetimewasinbothsurveys.Driversdonotnecessarilyrecallhowmuchtimetheyspentcommutingaccuratelyandtheirestimationcandeviateconsiderablyfromthereality.Ifthesurveyauthorsdidnotcollectotherdatatoverifytheresults,theconclusionbasedonthesurveyswouldbequestionable.IfWaymarshtraffichasnoproblem,thereisnoneedtointroducetheproposedpolicy.主題句這里提出關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)在于究竟交通有沒有問題Weneedtoknowmoreabouthowparticipantswererecruitedinthetworespectivesurveystodetermineiftheresultsarecomparable.這句話是回應(yīng)題目的要求需要什么證據(jù)其實(shí)就是需要什么信息Maybeonesurveyfocusedmoreononegroupofpeoplewhogotoworkat6amandtheotheronthosetravellingat8am.接下來提出某種可能性Undersuchcircumtances,thedifferenceincommutetimedoesnotmeanthetrafficinWaymarshhadturnedworse.然后指出這種情況下會(huì)發(fā)生什么往往是和原題相反或矛盾的情況Also,itisimportanttolookintohowreliabletheself-reporteddataaboutcommutetimewasinbothsurveys.再回應(yīng)題目另一種需要的信息Driversdonotnecessarilyrecallhowmuchtimetheyspentcommutingaccuratelyandtheirestimationcandeviateconsiderablyfromthereality.再提出其他可能性Ifthesurveyauthorsdidnotcollectotherdatatoverifytheresults,theconclusionbasedonthesurveyswouldbequestionable.指出這種可能性下結(jié)論不成立IfWaymarshtraffichasnoproblem,thereisnoneedtointroducetheproposedpolicy. 最后呼應(yīng)主題句，指出這個(gè)點(diǎn)和原文論證某個(gè)基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)系由此可見本段基本上就是提出需要的證據(jù)提出其他可能性指出這種可能性成立對(duì)原論證的影響這樣一個(gè)三步循環(huán)我想我大部分的 argument 都是依照這個(gè)套路的 具體還要再找些文章來驗(yàn)證一下Inaddition,weneedtocollectmoreinformationabouthowthepolicyhaschangedthetrafficinGarvilleandhowasimilarpolicywillaffectpeople’sbehaviorsinWaymarsh.ThefactthatpollutionlevelsdroppeddoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthepolicyhadreducedthetrafficandtheamountofexhaustinGarville.MaybewhenthepolicywasintroducedmoredraconianmeasureswerealsotakentoreducepollutioncausedbyfactoriesinGarville.Also,itwasnotclearthatthecommutingtimehavedecreasedformostofGarvilledriversandpassengersbasedontheanecdotalevidencethattheauthorofthelettercollectedthroughcasualconversationwithsomepeopleinGarville.MoresystematicdatacollectionisnecessarytoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthepolicyinGarville.Meanwhile,wedonotknowhowattractivethecouponswouldseemtotheWaymarshdrivers.MaybetheincomelevelismuchhigheramongWaymarshresidentsthatthesmallamountofsavingfromthecouponswouldnotcreateenoughincentivesforthemtogiveuptheirprivacyandsharerideswithstrangers.Likewise,maybeWaymarshdriversandpassengersaremoreconcernedwithsafetyandreluctanttoshareridesdespitethefinancialrewards.UnlessweknowmoreaboutWaymarshdriversandcommuters’attitudestowardsthepolicy,wecannotbesurewhetherthepolicywillworkinWaymarsh.Inaddition,weneedtocollectmoreinformationabouthowthepolicyhaschangedthetrafficinGarvilleandhowasimilarpolicywillaffectpeople’sbehaviorsinWaymarsh.這句還是回應(yīng)題目要求指出需要哪方面的證據(jù)或信息注意主旨句中說的是thepolicyimplementedinGarvillethatisnowproposedforWaymarsh這里就更細(xì)致的展開 但是還是圍繞policy 來說的ThefactthatpollutionlevelsdroppeddoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthepolicyhadreducedthetrafficandtheamountofexhaustinGarville.這句話有同學(xué)覺得讀起來有些復(fù)雜主要是主語和賓語都是從句然后imply這個(gè)詞可能不太熟悉但這個(gè)Thefactthat...doesnotnecessarilyimplythat...的句型還是挺有用的這里是質(zhì)疑原題對(duì)某個(gè)事實(shí)潛在的詮釋MaybewhenthepolicywasintroducedmoredraconianmeasureswerealsotakentoreducepollutioncausedbyfactoriesinGarville.這句提出其他可能性Also,itwasnotclearthatthecommutingtimehavedecreasedformostofGarvilledriversandpassengersbasedontheanecdotalevidencethattheauthorofthelettercollectedthroughcasualconversationwithsomepeopleinGarville.這里質(zhì)疑原題中的證據(jù)的可靠性Moresystematic datacollection isnecessarytoevaluate theeffectivenessofthepolicyinGarville.提出需要更多的數(shù)據(jù)Meanwhile,wedonotknowhowattractivethecouponswouldseemtotheWaymarshdrivers.提出另一個(gè)問題willaffectpeople

開始回應(yīng)主題句中howasimilarpolicy’sbehaviorsinWaymarsh.MaybetheincomelevelismuchhigheramongWaymarshresidentsthatthesmallamountofsavingfromthecouponswouldnotcreate enoughincentives for themtogiveuptheirprivacyandsharerideswithstrangers.提出其他可能性Likewise,maybeWaymarshdriversandpassengersaremoreconcernedwithsafetyandreluctanttoshareridesdespitethefinancialrewards.再提出其他可能性UnlessweknowmoreaboutWaymarshdriversandcommutersattitudestowardsthepolicy,wecannotbesurewhetherthepolicywillworkinWaymarsh.

’總結(jié)第二點(diǎn)Finally,weneedtocomparethecostandbenefitsoftheridesharingpolicywiththeproposedroadconstructionproject.Itistruethatsomeneighborhoodwillhavetolivewithnoiseanddisruptionforafewmonthswhentheroadisbuilt.Butthisdisruptioncanbemeasuredquantitativelybyofferingtheaffectedresidentssomemonetarycompensation.Ontheotherhand,thegascouponswillalsocostmoney,nottomentiontheextrapoliceforcesthatmightbenecessarytoensurethesafetyofpeoplewhosharerideswithstrangers.Ultimately,weneedtocalculatethetotalcostsofbothproposalsandcomparedthemwiththebenefitsofeachintermsoftimethatcanbesavedforcommuting.Unlesswehavemorequantitativedataaboutthecostandbenefitofbothsolutions,itisdifficultforustodecidewhichoneismoredesirable.Finally,weneedtocomparethecostandbenefitsoftheridesharingpolicywiththeproposedroadconstructionproject.這里已經(jīng)看不到 weneedmoreinformationabout提出要比較其實(shí)也需要收集數(shù)據(jù)或證據(jù)

的句型 但是Itistruethatsomeneighborhoodwillhavetolivewithnoiseanddisruptionforafewmonthswhentheroadisbuilt.先對(duì)原題的事實(shí)作出回應(yīng)和讓步Butthisdisruptioncanbemeasuredquantitativelybyofferingtheaffectedresidentssomemonetarycompensation.這里是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的思考方式這個(gè)寫法可能稍微有點(diǎn)難是有關(guān)系的

所有的東西都換算成貨幣不過argument有不少內(nèi)容和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)還Ontheotherhand,thegascouponswillalsocostmoney,nottomentiontheextrapoliceforcesthatmightbenecessarytoensurethesafetyofpeoplewhosharerideswithstrangers.指出另一個(gè)方案的成本

除了明顯的成本

還有隱形成本 呼應(yīng)前面提到的安全問題Ultimately,weneedtocalculatethetotalcostsofbothproposalsandcomparedthemwiththebenefitsofeachintermsoftimethatcanbesavedforcommuting.基于前面對(duì)兩種方案成本的分析提出需要計(jì)算總的成本進(jìn)行比較Unlesswehavemorequantitativedataaboutthecostandbenefitofbothsolutions,itisdifficultforustodecidewhichoneismoredesirable.最后總結(jié) 提出需要定量數(shù)據(jù)（其實(shí)這也是文科越來越不值錢的原因 大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代 磨嘴皮已經(jīng)沒什么意思 建模寫代碼才是王道）我的提綱里提到 50年但實(shí)際示范中并沒有寫這個(gè)點(diǎn) 具體怎么寫大家自己決定Inconclusion,whiletheproposedpolicyseemsuseful,weneedtocollectmoreinformationtoaddresstheissuesdiscussedabovetoevaluatethesoundnessoftheargument.5.ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheschoolboardinthetownofCenterville."Allstudentsshouldberequiredtotakethedriver'seducationcourseatCentervilleHighSchool.Inthepasttwoyears,severalaccidentsinandaroundCentervillehaveinvolvedteenagedrivers.SinceanumberofparentsinCentervillehavecomplainedthattheyaretoobusytoteachtheirteenagerstodrive,someotherinstructionisnecessarytoensurethattheseteenagersaresafedrivers.AlthoughtherearetwodrivingschoolsinCenterville,parentsonatightbudgetcannotaffordtopayfordrivinginstruction.Thereforeaneffectiveandmandatoryprogramsponsoredbythehighschoolistheonlysolutiontothisseriousproblem."Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.TheauthoroftheletterarguesthattheonlywaytosolvetheproblemofaccidentsinvolvingteenagedriversistointroduceacompulsoryprogramfundedbyCentervillHighSchool.Weneedtogathermoreinformationtoexamineanumberofassumptionsabouttheaccidents,theparents,thedrivingschoolsandthehighschoolinordertodecidewhethertheargumentisreasonable.Itisassumedthattheproblemofaccidentsinvolvingteenagedriversisseriousenoughtojustifytheresourcesrequiredtoruntheproposedprogram.Theauthormentionedthattherewereseveralaccidentsinvolvingteenagedrivers.Butwedonotknowhowserioustheaccidentswere.Weretherepeoplekilledorseverelyinjured?Wereautomobilesinvolvedcompletelydestroyed?Iftheaccidentswerenotseriousenough,maybeitisnotworthwhiletorunaneducationprogramforallteenagedrivers.Inaddition,weneedtoknowtheactualcausesoftheaccidentsinordertodecidewhetherteenagedriversshouldbeblamed.Maybetheaccidentswereduetothemistakesmadebyadultdriversintheaccidents.Ortheywereduetomechanicalfailure.Insuchscenarios,theeducationprogramswouldnotbehelpful.Anotherassumptionisthatmostpare