2014年理工類(lèi)閱讀重點(diǎn)文章

第二十五篇Eatto第十九MusicalRobotCompanionEnhancesListenerExperience（C）第二十九篇I'llBeBach（B）第四十篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety（B）第十七篇ASunshadeforthePlanet（B）第三十篇Digital第三十四篇BatteriesBuilt 第四十八篇ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalkingEattoAmeagerdietmaygiveyouhealthandlonglife,butit'snotmuchfun—anditmightnotevenbenecessary.Wemaybeabletohangontomostofthatyouthfulvigorevenifwedon'tstarttodietuntiloldage. theUniversityofCaliforniaatRiversidehavefoundthatsomeofanelderlymouse'slivergenescanbemadetobehaveastheydidwhenthemousewasyoungsimplybylimitingitsfoodforfourweeks.Teticrejuvenationwon'treverseotherdamagecausedbytimfor課thbutcouldhelpitslivermetabolizedrugsorgetridof fedthreemiceanormaldietfortheirwholelives,andfedanotherthreeonhalf-rations.Threemoremicewereswitchedfromthenormaldiettohalf-feedforamonthwhentheywere34monthsold—equivalenttoabout70humanyears.Theresearcherscheckedtheactivityof11,000genesfromthemouselivers,andfoundthat46changedwithageinthenormallyfedmice.Thechangeswereassociatedwiththingslikeinflammationandfreeradicalproduction—probablybadnewsformousehealth.Inthemicethathaddietedalltheirlives,27ofthose46genescontinuedtobehavelikeyounggenes.Butthemostsurprisingfindingwasthatthemicethatonlystarteddietinginoldagealsobenefitedfrom70percentofthesegenechanges.“Thisisthefirstindicationthattheeeffectskickinprettyquickly,”saysHuberWarnerfromtheNationalInstituteonAgingnearWashington,D.Nooneyetknowsifcalorierestrictionworksinpeopleasitdoesinmice,busSpindlerishopeful.“There'sattractingandtemptingevidenceouttherethatitwillwork,”hesays.Ifitdoesworkinpeople,theremightbegoodreasonsforrejuvenatingtheliver.Aswegetolder,outbodiesarelessefficientatmetabolizingdrugsforexampleAbriefperiodoftimeofdietingsays需indler,cobeenoughtomakesureadrugis ButSpindlerisn'tsurethetrade-offisworthit.“Themicegetlessdisease,theylivelongerbutthey'rehungry,”hesays.“Evenseeingwhatadietdoes,it'sstillhardtogotoarestaurantandsay:'Icanonlyeathalfofthat'.”Spindlerhopeswesoonwon'tneedtodietatall.Hiscompany,LifeSpanGeneticsinCalifornia,islookingfordrugsthathavetheeffectsofcalorierestriction.練習(xí)Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTEatinglessthanusualmightmakeusliveIfwegoonadietwhenold,wemaykeepDietingmightnotbeWehavetobegindietingfromWhydoestheauthormentionanelderlymouseinparagraphTodescribetheinfluenceofoldageonToillustratetheeffectofmeagerfoodon lushowmice'slivergenesToinformusoftheprocessofmetabolizingWhatcanbeinferredaboutcompleynormallyfedmice信ntheTheywillnotexperiencefreeradicalTheywillexperiencemoregeneticrejuvenationintheirTheyhavemoreoldlivergenestobehavelikeyoungTheyaremorelikelytosufferfromAccordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingmostinterestedtheThemicethatstarteddietinginold27ofthose46oldgenesthatcontinuedtobehavelikeyoungCalorierestrictionthatworksinDietingthatmakessureadrugisAccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs,Spindlerbelievescalorierestrictionisveryimportanttoyoungseeingtheeffectofadiet,peoplewilleatlessthandietingisnotagoodmethodtogiveushealthandlongdrugsdonothavetheeffectsofcalorie譯Eatto粗茶淡飯或許能給你健康和長(zhǎng)壽，但這并不有趣--很有可能也必要。即便在年老以后才開(kāi)始節(jié)食我們也能在很大程度上保持住 加加州大學(xué)Riverside分校的斯蒂芬o斯潘德?tīng)柤捌渫掳l(fā)現(xiàn)鼠就會(huì)變得和衰。雖然老鼠的肝恢力不會(huì)逆轉(zhuǎn)它們?cè)谄浞矫娴睦匣菂s有助于這些老鼠的肝臟對(duì)藥物的新陳代謝和清除素斯潘德?tīng)柕年?duì)員們一直給其中的三只老鼠正常量的飼料，而給70歲）喂了一個(gè)月的半量飼料，之前這三只老鼠的飼料是正常的研究者們檢查了這些老鼠肝臟11,000的活性，發(fā)現(xiàn)正飼養(yǎng)的老46隨的改變而改變。這些改變都與炎癥體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)--這對(duì)老鼠的健康來(lái)說(shuō)不是什么好消息。而都在節(jié)食的老鼠來(lái)說(shuō)，那46需件持著青但是最令人吃驚的發(fā)現(xiàn)知期的老鼠們受益于70% 變異邊的國(guó)家老年學(xué)學(xué)院的哈勃o華納說(shuō)。至今仍然沒(méi)有人清楚卡路里的控制對(duì)人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)是否如同對(duì)老鼠樣有效，但是斯潘德?tīng)枌?duì)此充滿(mǎn)了希望："表明這同樣有效。如果這確實(shí)也對(duì)人類(lèi)有效，我們有理由相信肝臟也可能恢力。但是斯潘德?tīng)柌⒉淮_定這個(gè)方法值得嘗試。"老鼠患斯潘德?tīng)栂Ｍ覀兏揪筒挥霉?jié)食。他的公司，加利福尼亞州遺傳學(xué)公司，正在尋找有限制卡路里效能的藥物答案與題解D第一段第一句講“節(jié)食可能不是非做不可的事”，要聯(lián)系上了年紀(jì)再節(jié)食，我們?nèi)匀挥锌赡茉诤艽蟪潭壬媳３智嘈帕Υ耍绊殢男【烷_(kāi)始節(jié)食”是錯(cuò)誤的，D是答案會(huì)發(fā)生變化，這種變化與炎癥和有機(jī)體組織無(wú)限激增有關(guān)”因此正確A第四段最后一個(gè)句子講“老能從70的變化中受益”“最驚人的”自然是“最令研究感的”。CSpinder

第十九篇MusicalRobotCompanionEncs請(qǐng)i系teShimi,amusicalcompaniondevelopedbyGeorgiaTech'sCenterforMusicTechnology, mendssongs,dancestothebeatandkeepsthemusicpumbasedonlistenerfeedback.Thesmartphone-enableds,one-foot-tallrobotisbilledasaninteractive"musicalfriend"."Shimiisdesignedtochangethewaythatpeopleenjoyandthinkabouttheirmusic,"saidProfessorGilWeinberg,therobot'screator.HewillunveiltherobotattheJune27thI/OconferenceinSanFrancisco.AbandofthreeShimirobotswillperformforguests,dancinginsyncwithmusiccreatedinthelabandcomposedaccordingtoitsShimiisessentiallyadockingstationwitha"brain"poweredbyanAndroidphone.Oncedocked,therobotgainsthesensingandmusicalgenerationcapabilitiesoftheuser'smobiledevice.Inotherwords,ifthere'san"app"forthat,Shimiisready.Forinstance,byusingthephone'scameraandface-detectingsoftware,Shimicanfollowalisteneraroundtheroomandpositionits"ears",orspeakers,foroptimalsound.Anotherrecognitionfeatureisbasedonrhythmandtempo.Iftheusertapsabeat,Shimiyzesit,scansthephone'smusicallibraryand yplaysthesongthatbestmatchesthesuggestionsemusicstartsShimidancestothe "Manypeoplethinkthatrobotsarelimitedbytheirprogramminginstructions,"saidMusicTechnologyPh.D.candidateMasonBretan."Shimishowsusthatrobotscanbecreativeandinteractive."FutureappsintheworkswillallowtheusertoshaketheirheadindisagreementorwaveahandintheairtoalertShimitoskiptothenextsongorincrease/decreasethevolume.Therobotwillalsohavethecapabilitytomendnewmusicbasedontheuser'ssongchoicesandprovidefeedbackonthemusicplayWeinberghopesotherdeveloperswillbeinspiredtocreatemoreappstoexpandShimi'screativeandinteractivecapabilities."Ibelievethatourcenterisaheadofarevolutionthatwillseemorerobotsinhomes."Weinbergsaid,WeinbergisintheprocessofcommercializingShimithroughanexclusivelicensingagreementwillGeorgiaTech.Weinberghopestomaketherobotavailabletoconsumersbythe2013holidayseason."Ifrobotsaregoingtoarriveinhomes,wethinkthattheywillbethiskindofmachines-small,entertainingandfun,"Weinbergsaid."Theywillenhanceyourlifeandpavethewayformoreinligentservicerobotsinourlives.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingto需thefirst AShimiisaone-foottallBShimiisthecreatorofthemusicalCShimiisadockingstationwitha"brain"poweredbyanAndroidDShimicangainthesensingandmusicalgenerationcapabilitiesoftheuser'smobiledevice.WhatdoesShimiftheusertapsaAItstoresthebeatinthemusicalBIttransmitsthebeattothedockingCItPositionsitsspeakersforoptimalDItselectsaperfectly-matchedsongandplaysitinsyncwiththatWhichofthefollowingaboutShimiisARobotsarelimitedbytheirprogramminginstructions,andShimiisnoexception.BPresentappsallowtheusertoshaketheirheadtoalertShimitoskiptothenextsong.CExistingappsallowtheusertowaveabandtoalert要hii系tup/downthe DShimicanbecreativeandWhatdoestheauthorwant lATheresearchcenterisdeveloastrongerandmoreversatileBWeinbergonlyexpectsstaffsfromGeorgiaTech.todevelopmoreappsforShimi.CShimiisnotyettechnologicallyreadyforDRobotssuchasShimiarecreatedforlargecorporationsratherthanWhichofthefollowingisWeinberg'sAShimiasaroboticmusicalcompanioncanbeappliedtoalltypesofsmartphones.BhumanliveswillbefilledwithmorefunifShimiisgoingtoarriveinhomes.CShimi'screativeandinteractivecapabilitiesareappreciatedbymostofitsusers. commercializeShimi.第十九篇第十九篇MusicalRoboCompanionEnhances 樂(lè)、認(rèn)識(shí)音樂(lè)的方式。"627日在舊金山的谷歌I/O大會(huì)上展示這款機(jī)器人。Shimi實(shí)際上是一個(gè)擴(kuò)充基座，它的"大腦"由安卓控制。一旦連接上，機(jī)器人便從用過(guò)的照相機(jī)和辨認(rèn)臉型的軟件，Shimi就能在房間周?chē)铰?tīng)眾，然后安置好它的"要求的音樂(lè)。一旦音樂(lè)響起來(lái)，Shimi就隨韻律起舞。和與人交互的能力。"音樂(lè)技術(shù)博士MasonBretan如是說(shuō)。正在研發(fā)中的程序?qū)⑹褂肳einberg希望其他研發(fā)者會(huì)因此獲得靈感，開(kāi)發(fā)的應(yīng)用程序，來(lái)擴(kuò)展Shimi的創(chuàng)新和交互功能。他說(shuō)："我認(rèn)為我們中心正在引領(lǐng)這場(chǎng)將機(jī)器人應(yīng)用到家庭中去的。"ComposerDavidCopeistheinventorofacomputerprogramthatwritesoriginalworksofclassicalmusic.IttookCope30yearstodevelopthesoftware.Nowmostpeoplecan'tlthedifferencebetweenmusicbythefamousGermancomposerJ.S.Bach(1685-1750)andtheBach-likecompositionsfromCope'scomputer.Itallstartedin1980intheUnitedStates,whenCopewastryingtowriteanopera.Hewashavingtroublethinkingofnewmelodies,sohewroteacomputerprogramtocreatethemelodies.Atfirstthismusicwasnoteasytolistento.WhatdidCopedo?Hebegantorethinkhowhumanbeingscomposemusic.Herealizedthatcomposers'brainsworklikebigdatabases.First,theytakeinallthemusicthattheyhaveeverheard.Thentheytakeoutthemusicthattheydislike.Finally,theymakenewmusicfromwhatisleft.AccordingtoCope,onlythegreatcomposersareabletocreatethedatabaseaccuray,rememberit,andformnewmusicalpatternsfromit.Copebuiltahugedatabaseofexistingmusic.HebeganwithhundredsofworksbyBach.Thesoftwareyzedthedata:itbrokeitdownintosmallerpiecesandlookedforpatterns.Itthencombinedthepiecesinto tterns.Beforelong,

composeshortBach-likeworks.Theyweren'tgoodbut通twasCopeknewhehadmoreworktodo-hehadawholeoperatowrite.Hecontinuedtoimprovethesoftware.Splexmusic.Healsoaddedmanyothercomposers,includinghisownwork,tothedatabase.,Afewyearslater,Cope'scomputerprogram,called"Emmy",wasreadytohelphimwithhisopera.TheprocessrequiredalotofcollaborationbetweenthecomposerandEmmy.Copelistenedtothecomputer'smusicalideasandusedtheonesthatheliked.WithEmmy,theoperatookonlytwoweekstofinish.ItwascalledCradleFalling,anditwasagreatsuccess!Copereceivedsomeofthebestreviewsofhiscareer,butnooneknewexactlyhowhehadcomposedthework.Sincethatfirstopera,Emmyhaswrittenthousandsofcompositions.CopestillgivesEmmyfeedbackonwhathelikesanddoesn'tlikeofhermusic,butsheisngmostofthehardworkofcomposingthesedays!l.ThemusiccomposedbyDavidcopeisAclassical Bpop C DcountryBydeveloacomputersoftware,DavidCopeAtobelikeBtostudyCtowriteanDtocreateamusicalWhatdidCoperealizeaboutagreatcomposer'sAItformsnewmusicalpatternsallbyBItwritesacomputerCItcanrecognizeanymusicDItcreatesanaccurateWhoisAaBacomputerCacomposerwhohelpedDanWecaninferfromthepassageADavidCopeisacomputerBDavidCopelovesCBach'smusichelpedhimaDEmmydidmuoreworkthana的作品?？破栈?0年才完成這個(gè)軟件，現(xiàn)在，科普的電腦寫(xiě)出的作品與德國(guó)著名作曲家J.S.巴赫寫(xiě)的作品很相人能分這一切始于1980年的，那時(shí)科普正在寫(xiě)一部戲劇，但是他無(wú)法創(chuàng)作出新的旋律于是他編寫(xiě)了一個(gè)電腦軟件來(lái)幫他編曲。最開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，軟件寫(xiě)出的樂(lè)曲并不動(dòng)聽(tīng)?？破帐窃趺醋龅哪?？他幵新考慮人們作曲的方式。他認(rèn)識(shí)到作曲家的大腦就像課聯(lián) 他們先是吸收他 聽(tīng)過(guò)的所有音樂(lè)，然后去除他們不微知，再根據(jù)留下的音樂(lè)來(lái)創(chuàng)作出新的旋律?？破照J(rèn)為，只有偉大的作曲科普根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的音樂(lè)建立了龐大的數(shù)據(jù)庳，最開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包含了幾百部巴赫的作品?？破盏能浖⑦@些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析：首先它將音樂(lè)拆解成小的片段，從中找出固定模式，然后將片段組合成新的模式。不久，這個(gè)軟件就能夠?qū)懗龊桶秃诊L(fēng)格很像的小曲子。它們并不完美，但這只是個(gè)開(kāi)始?？破罩?，他要做的還有很多,他得寫(xiě)出一整部歌劇。他進(jìn)一步完善他的軟件，不久它就能夠?qū)懗龈鼜?fù)雜的音樂(lè)了。他還在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中幾年后，科普的軟件“艾米”要作曲家和艾米共同配合。科普聆聽(tīng)艾米寫(xiě)出的音樂(lè)片段，從中選取他認(rèn)為好的。有了艾米的幫助，科蓊只用了兩個(gè)星期就完成了這生以來(lái)最高的評(píng)價(jià)，但是沒(méi)有人知道他究竟是怎樣創(chuàng)作出這部歌劇吿訴她自己哪些音樂(lè)是他喜歡的，哪些是不喜歡的，但是現(xiàn)在大部分艱巨的工作是由艾米來(lái)完成的！

2.C從第二段的第一句可以看出，David編寫(xiě)電腦軟件的目的是寫(xiě)歌劇。A、B和D都屬于創(chuàng)作歌劇的一部分。3.D第二段的后半部分講的是偉大的歌劇作者與一般的歌劇作者Emmy大大提高了David的創(chuàng)作速度，最后一句，大部分的工作都由Emmy來(lái)做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。第四十 TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety理工（B級(jí)Inanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,thepsychologistsattheUniversityofChicagol1SianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemaleteachers fortablewithherownmathskills,thenherfemalestudentsaremorelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsat"Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxious

需要課件請(qǐng)23gradesitmaycreateasnowballeffectontheirmathachieeetsLevine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers4.Thestudysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelievingthatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmaynotdoaswellastheywouldhaveiftheyweremoreconfident.Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfindcertainsubjectstobedifficulttolearn--andteach.Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.Researchersusetheword"anxiety"todescribesuchfeelings:anxietyisuneasinessorworry.Thenewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,thatfeelingcaninfluencehowherfemalestudentsfeelaboutmath.Thestudyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-andsecond-gradeteachersinelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmathachievementtestsatthebeginningandendoftheschoolyear,andtheresearcherscomparedthescores.Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststolwhetherthestudentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy.Thentheresearchersturnedtotheteachers:Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt5.Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasale課re請(qǐng)it,example,wasprobablyanxiousabout Boys,oage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'sanxiety.Oage,girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthetestshowingwhethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetteratmath--andallofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety."Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedaspreliminaryandinneedofreplicationwithalargersample6,"saidDavidGeary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri7inColumbia.練習(xí) theUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?Girlscomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboysat fortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgoodasboysatmath.Femaleteachers'mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'mathisted請(qǐng)isted請(qǐng)ogimathWhatisimpliedinthethirdMathteachers,likemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectduetoitsAdifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidenceinteachingthesubject.TeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudentslearningMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachAccordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfeltnervousmemorizingthenumbersofasaleshelplesssavingthenumbersofasalesuneasyreadingthenumbersofasaleshopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesThesixth lsusthattheresearchproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents'mathachievements.showthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedyteirmanxietythanfemale providestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelytobemalesthanfemales.discoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'mathanxietyandtheirstudents'mathachievements.DavidGearythinksthestudyisinterestingbutitisbasedonunreliableresearchtheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargertheresearchresultsneedtobereinterpretedtobethestudyiswellbasedandproducessignificant第四十篇教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦慮在一項(xiàng)關(guān)于小學(xué)生學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)的研究中，芝加哥大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家SianBeilock和Susan"如果一直由對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)，就會(huì)對(duì)她們的數(shù)學(xué)成績(jī)產(chǎn)生雪球效應(yīng)"，

位在中西部教一二年級(jí)的教師。學(xué)生們?cè)趯W(xué)年的開(kāi)始和結(jié)束時(shí) 平均來(lái)師的焦慮不會(huì)影響到男孩子。但是，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，如果教子的教師有數(shù)學(xué)來(lái)自密蘇里大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家DavidGeary說(shuō)"這是一個(gè)有趣的研究，但是這只是初步結(jié)1.D該段告訴我們女教師的想法（whatfemaleteachersthink）（whatfemalestudentslearn）之間有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)度，也就是說(shuō)，女教師如果對(duì)自己的數(shù)學(xué)技能沒(méi)有自信，女學(xué)生很可能相信男孩子會(huì)在數(shù)學(xué)方面超過(guò)particularlydifficultforeveryone)，如同學(xué)生，教師也會(huì)覺(jué)得數(shù)學(xué)難學(xué)和難教，這3.C第五段第三句“Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt”了答案。memorizingthenumbers；意為“記住數(shù)字”；savingthenumbers意為“保存數(shù)字”；fillinginthenumbers意為“陸續(xù)編入數(shù)字”，而且文中沒(méi)有提到asalesreport；它們均不是答案。（girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredloweron-of-the-yearmathtests)，女教師（allofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety.)D所以不是正確的選因?yàn)橹惶岬絫eachers和students,而不是femaleteachers和femalestudents。5.BDavidGeary的說(shuō)法，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果還是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的樣本對(duì)其進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗(yàn)證（inneedofreplicationwithalargersample)。他沒(méi)有認(rèn)為AD第十七篇ASunshadeforthePlanet（理工通Evenwiththebestwill1intheworld,reducingourcarbonemissionsisnotgoingpreventglobalwarming.Ithas eclearthatevenifwetakethemoststrongmeasurestocontrolemissions,theuncertaintiesinourclimatemodelsstillleaveopenthepossibilityofextremewarmingandrisesinsealevel.Atthesametime,byernmentsandspecialinterestgroupsmakesitquitepossiblethattheactionssuggestedbyclimatescientistsmightnotbeimplementedsoonenough.Fortunay,iftheworstcomestotheworse,scientistsstillhaveafewtricksuptheirsleeves有錦囊妙計(jì).Forthemostparttheyhavestronglyresisteddiscussingtheseoptionsforfearofinvitingasenseofcomplacencythatmightthwarteffortstotackletherootoftheproblem.Untilnow,thatisAgrowingnumberofresearchersaretakingafreshlookatlarge-scale“geoengineering”projectsthatmightbeusedtocounteractglobalwarming.“Iusetheogyofmethadone4,”saysStephenSchneider,aclimateresearcheratStanfordUniversityinCaliforniawhowasamongthefirsttodrawattentiontoglobalwarming.“Ifyouhaveaaddict,thecorrecttreatmentishospitalization,andalongrehab.Butiftheyabsoluyrefuse,methadoneisbetterthan.”3Basicallytheideaistoapply“sunscreen”tothewholeplanet.OneastronomerhascomeupwitharadicalplantocoolEarth:launchtrillionsoffeather-lightdiscsintospace,wheretheywouldformavastcloudthatwouldblockthesun’srays.It’scontroversial,butrecentstudiessuggesttherearewaystodeflectjustenoughofthesunlightreachingtheEarth’ssurfacetocounteractthewarmingproducedbythegreenhouseeffect.Globalclimatemodelsshowthatblockingjust1.8percentoftheincidentenergyinthesun’srayswouldcanceloutthewarmingeffectsproducedbyadoublingofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Thatcouldbecrucial,becauseeventhemostsevereemissions-controlmeasuresbeingproposedwouldleaveuswithadoublingofcarbondioxidebyofthiscentury,andthatwouldlastforatleastacenturymore.練習(xí)Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs，theauthorthinksAstrongmeasureshavebeentakenby ernmenttopreventglobalBtoreducecarbonemissionsisanimpossibleCdespitethedifficultyscientistshavesomeoptionstopreventglobalDactionssuggestedbyscientistswillneverheScientistsresisttalkingabouttheiroptionsbecausetheydon’twantpeopleAknowwhattheyareBfeeltheireffortsareCthinktheproblemhasbeenDseetherealWhatdoesStephenSchneidersayaboutaaddictandAMethadoneisaneffectivewaytotreatahardBMethadoneisnotacorrectwaytotreataCHospitalizationtogetherwithmethadonecanworkeffectivelywithaDMethadoneandarcequallyeffectiveintreatingaWhatisStephenSchneider’sideaofpreventingglobalATo ernmentstotakestrongerBToincreasethesunlightreachingtheCToapplysunscreentotheDTodecreasegreenhouseWhatisNOTtrueoftheeffectivenessof“sunscreen”,accordingtothelastAItdeflectssunlightreachingtheEarthtocounteracttheBItblockstheincidentenergyinthesun’sCItisacontroversialDItdecreasesgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere大氣譯第十七篇ASunshadeforthePlanet（B）就算懷著最美好的愿望，僅僅減少二氧化碳的排放量還是不能制止全球變暖。很明顯，即便采取最強(qiáng)硬的措施來(lái)控制排放，氣候的變化無(wú)常仍能導(dǎo)致極速變暖和海平面上升。另一方面，受到和特殊利益群體的阻撓，氣候?qū)W家往往不需要討論這些措施，害怕人們會(huì)喜而使這個(gè)問(wèn)題不能被徹底解決。至少目前是這樣。越來(lái)越多的研究者相信一項(xiàng)大型的地質(zhì)工程建設(shè)可用來(lái)抵御全球變暖。斯坦福大學(xué)的一位氣象學(xué)家StephenSchneider是很早提出氣候變暖這項(xiàng)議題的學(xué)者之一。他說(shuō)，“我把它比作美沙酮。如果你那里有一個(gè)上癮者，那么正確的治療方法就是住院，接受長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的康復(fù)治療。正常住院治療，那總體思路是給地球也涂上防曬霜。一個(gè)天文學(xué)家突發(fā)奇想，想借此冷卻地球：發(fā)射億萬(wàn)輕如羽毛的碟片進(jìn)入太空形成巨大“云層”以阻礙光。這個(gè)想法備受爭(zhēng)議，但最近的研究表明，有一些方法可以控制到這地球表面的陽(yáng)光以抵消溫室效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的氣候變暖。全球氣候模型表明，阻斷百分之一點(diǎn)八的能剛好可以抵消大氣中雙倍的溫室氣體所引起的氣候變暖現(xiàn)象。這個(gè)想法影響深遠(yuǎn)，因?yàn)榧词共扇∽顕?yán)段說(shuō)，盡管如此，科學(xué)家還是有些辦法，所以C是正確選擇。

是錯(cuò)誤選擇，因?yàn)樽髡哒J(rèn)為和一些了科學(xué)家所倡導(dǎo)的行動(dòng)的實(shí)施 不是作者的觀(guān) 是正確選擇，因?yàn)榈谝欢蔚淖詈笠痪洹癿ight implementedsoonenough”并不表明不能實(shí)現(xiàn)。C文章的第二段說(shuō)，即使最糟糕的情況發(fā)生，科學(xué)家還是有幾招的。但他們不希望討論他們的招數(shù)，因?yàn)榭峙氯藗儾辉儆懈卸魅鯊氐捉鉀Q問(wèn)題的努力。所以C是正確選AStehgenSchneider教授將自己解決地球變時(shí)，服用是一種緩解毒癮的有效方法。所以A是C文章最后一段的第一個(gè)句子提供的答D短文最后一段描述了“unsceen”如何解決地球變暖問(wèn)題。盡管有爭(zhēng)議，但是研究證明，“屏”能反射和阻礙陽(yáng)光，起到抵消由溫室效應(yīng)引起的地球升溫。最后一段的第三和第四句是理解這個(gè)問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。D不是文章所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，所以是正確答案。第三十 Digital realm,thenextbigad需要件請(qǐng) bevoicerecognition.Therudimentsarelread “recognizespeech,”anditislikelytothinkyouwantitto“wreckanicebeach.”3Butinadecadeorsowe’llbeabletochatawayandmachineswillsoakitallin.Microchipswillbetrulyembeddedinourliveswhenwecantalktothem.Notonlytoourcomputers,we’llalsobeabletochatwithourautomobilenavigationsystems,ephoneconsoles,browsers,thermostats.VCRs,microwavesandanyotherdeviceswewanttobossThatwillopenthewaytothenextphaseofthedigitalage:artificialin ligence.Byourprovidingsomanythoughtsandpreferencestoourmachineseachday,they’llaccumulateenoughinformationabouthowwethinksothatthey’llbeabletomimicourminds仿anda ouragents.Scary,huh9?Butpotentiallyquiteuseful.Atleastuntiltheydecidetheydon’tneedusanymoreandstartbuildingevensmartermachinestheycanbossaround. beenMoore’s:that willdoubleinpowerandhalveinprice格減至一半every18monthsorso.BillGatesrulesbecauseearlyonheactedonassumptionthatcomputingpower—thecapacityofmicroprocessorsandmemorychips—wouldenearlyfree;hiscompanykeptchurning12outmoreandmorelines13ofcomplextomakeuseofthecheapbounty14.Thelawthatwillpowerthenextfewdecadesisthatthebandwidth(thecapacityoffiber-opticandotherpipelinestocarrydigitalcommunications)enearlyAlongwith15therecentadvancesindigitalswitchingandstoragetechnologies,this16mesnewspapers,youraunt’srecipesandhomes—willbeinstantlyavailableandemand.Anyonewillbeabletobeaproducerofanycontent;you’llbeabletocreateamovieormagazine,makeitavailabletotheworldandchargeforit,justlikeTimeWarner!Theresultwillbeatransitionfromamass-market18 to one.Insteadofcentralizedfactories studiosthatdistributeorbroadcastthesameproducttomillions,technologyisalreadyallowingproductstobetailoredto,eachuser.Youcansubscribetonewssourcesthatserveuponlytopicsandopinionsthatfityourfancy.Everythingfromshoestosteelcanbecustomizedtomeetindividual練習(xí)ThetechniquesofvoiceAarematureenoughforextensiveBareinitsinitialstageofCwillaidpeopletochatthroughDwillassistpeopletorecognizeeachother’sAccordingtothesecondparagraph,whenwereachthestageofartificialinligence（人工智AmachinescanbeouragentstheyunderstandourBmachineswillgiveorderstosmartermachinestheyCmachineswillnotneedusanyDmachineswillbeinligentenoughtobossWhat’sthebestdescriptionofGordonMoore’slawasmentionedinthethirdAItmotivatesthedevelopmentofthedigitalBBillGatesrulesthedigitalworldwiththeCItenablescomputingpower eDIthelpsthedevelopmentoftheWhatcanpeoplenafuturesceneasdescribedinthefourthAComposemusicandmakeitavailabletotheBMake andchargeforCWritebooksandsellDAlloftheWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofaalizedAThealizedmarkettendstobereplacedbythemassBThesameproductisdistributedtomillionsofCInaalizedmarket,productsaretailored調(diào)整使適應(yīng)toeachDIndividualscancontrolcentralizedfactoriesand譯而它也能完全理解我們的意思。當(dāng)我們能與電腦維，扮演著人的角色。嚇著了，哈？但這個(gè)設(shè)想的潛在迄今為止的數(shù)碼時(shí)代的法則是由戈登·課每18個(gè)月左右電腦的功能加倍而價(jià)格減至稍早些，比爾·蓋茨之所以能夠操控著電腦界是因?yàn)樗缇桶凑沼?jì)算機(jī)的動(dòng)力——微處理器和的價(jià)格會(huì)趨于零的假定行動(dòng)；他和他的公司一直大量地銷(xiāo)售越來(lái)越多的系列軟件。而接下來(lái)的幾十年中，新的法則會(huì)是光纖寬帶及其他輸送數(shù)碼通訊的費(fèi)用趨于零。隨著數(shù)碼啟動(dòng)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，上述法則意味著未來(lái)所有的相關(guān)內(nèi)容——、音樂(lè)、演出、書(shū)籍、資料、雜志、報(bào)紙，甚至你嬸嬸的菜譜和家庭——隨時(shí)隨地都可以立即。任何人都可以成為上述內(nèi)容的者；你甚至也能創(chuàng)出一本雜志或是制作一部，提供給全世界的人并答案與題解

不件系因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)整篇文章，尤其是第一段的內(nèi)容，語(yǔ)音技然處于初始階段，但在十年左右的時(shí)間里，這種技術(shù)將得到以C和D是錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)。A:(這樣的智能機(jī)器是很有用的)除非發(fā)展到他們不再需要我們?nèi)祟?lèi)，并且開(kāi)始制造他們能夠指使的機(jī)器。這個(gè)句子表達(dá)的是人們不愿看到的情景，并不是人工智能的必然結(jié)果。所以，不能選擇C、D。A第三段的第一句和該段第三句告訴我們，穆?tīng)柖梢恢睂拵У陌l(fā)展空間。所A是最佳選項(xiàng)。B、CD表達(dá)的內(nèi)D:數(shù)字電子技術(shù)的未來(lái)將不但能提供式的內(nèi)容。所以D是正確的選項(xiàng)。C最后一段的第二句提供了答第四十八篇ResearchersDiscover WalkingUprightMostofuswalkandcarryitemsinourhandseverydaareseeminglysimpleactivitiesthatthemajorityofusdon'tquestion.Butaninternationalteamofresearchers,includingDr.RifromGW'sColumbianCollegeofArtsandSciences,havediscoveredthathumanwalkingupright,mayhaveoriginatedmillionsofyearsagoasanadaptationtocarryingscarce,high-qualityresources.TheteamofresearchersfromtheU.S.,England,JapanandPortugalinvestigatedthebehaviorofmodern-daychimpanzeesastheycompetedforfoodresources,inanefforttounderstandwhatecologicalsettingswouldleadalargeape-onethatresemblesthe6million-yearoldancestorwesharedincommonwithlivingchimpanzees-towalkontwolegs."Thesechimpanzeesprovideamodeloftheecologicalconditionsunderwhichourearliestancestorsmighthavebegunwalkingontwolegs,"saidDr.Riond.Theresearchfindingssuggestthatchimpanzeesswitchtomovingontwolimbsinsteadoffourinsituationswheretheyneedtomonopolizearesource.Standingontwolegsallowsthemtocarrymuoreatonetimebecauseitfreesuptheirhands.Overtime,intenseburstsofbipedalactivitymayhaveledtoanatomicalTwostudieswereconductedbytheteaminGuinea.ThefirststudywasconductedbytheteaminKyotoUniversity's"outdoorlaboratory"inanaturalclearinginBossouForest.Researchersallowedthewildchimpanzeesaccesstodifferentcombinationsoftwodifferenttypesofnut—theoilpalmnut,whichisnaturallywidelyavailable,andthecoulanut,whichisnot.Thechimpanzees"behaviorwasmonitoredinthreesituations:(a)whenonlyoilpalmnutswereavailable,(b)whenasmallnumberofcopulanutswereavailable,and(c)whencoulanutswerethemajorityavailableresource.Whentherarecoulanutswereavailableonlyinsmallnumbers,thechimpanzeestransportedmoreatonetime.Similarly,whencoulanutswerethemajorityresource,thechimpanzeesignoredtheoilpalmnutsaltogether.Thechimpanzeesregardedthecoulanutsasamorehighly-prizedresourceandcompetedforthemmoreintensely.Insuch petitionsettings,thefrequencyofcasesinwhichthechimpanzeesstartedmovingontwolegsincreasedbyafactoroffour.Notonlywasitobviousthatbipedalmovementallowedthemtocarrymoreofthispreciousresource,butalsothattheywereactivelytryingtomoveasmuchastheybyusingeverythingavailable-eventheirThesecondstudy,byKimberleyHockings

University",wasa14-monthstudyofBossouchimpanzeescrop-raiding,asituationinwhichtheyhavetocompeteforrateandunpredictableresources.Here,35percentofthechimpanzees'activityinvolvedsomesortofbipedalmovement,andonceagain,thisbehaviorappearedtobelinkedtoaclearattempttocarryasmuchaspossibleatonetime.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?AManypeoplequestionthesimplehumanactivitiesofwalkingandcarryingitems.BChimpanzee'sbehaviorsmaysuggestwhyhumanswalkontwoCHumanwalkinguprightisviewedasanadapt