語言學(xué)單元自測(cè)

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:Oneofthetasksofthehistoricallinguistsistoexploremethodstoreconstructlinguistichistoryandestablishtherelationshipbetweenlanguages.Languagechangeisagradualandconstantprocess,thereforeoftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.3.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.4.MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivalofAnglo-Saxons,whoinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.InOldEnglish,allthenounsareinflectedtomarknominative,genitive,dativeandaccusativecases.InOldEnglish,theverbofasentenceoftenprecedesthesubjectratherthanfollowsit.AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissanceMovementwastherevivalofFrenchasaliterarylanguage.8.Ingeneral,linguisticchangeingrammarismorenoticeablethanthatinthesoundsystemandthevocabularyofalanguage.9.Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.10.Theleastwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.11.InOldEnglish,themorphosyntacticruleofadjectiveagreementstipulatedthattheendingsofadjectivemustagreewiththeheadnounincase,numberandgender.12.ThewordorderofModernEnglishismorevariablethanthatofOldEnglish.13.Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stems,orwords.14.“Smog”isawordformedbytheword-formingprocesscalledacronymy.15.“fridge”isawordformedbyabbreviation.16.Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcausesofalltypesoflanguagechange.17.Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England”.18.Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.LanguagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationoflanguagerulesThewaychildrenacquirethelanguageisoneofthecausesforlanguagechange.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.H________linguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.Thehistoricalstudyoflanguageisad________studyoflanguageratherthanasynchronicstudy.23.EuropeanR________MovementseparatestheperiodofMiddleEnglishfromthatofmodernEnglish.24.Animportantsetofextensivesoundchanges,whichaffected7longortensevowelsandwhichledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenphonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemesattheendoftheMiddleEnglishPeriod,isknownastheGreatV_______Shift.25.A_______involvesthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownase__________.ThethreesetsofconsonantshiftsthatGrimmdiscoveredbecameknowncollectivelyasGrimmsL____.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm_______,involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.B________isaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixesofexitingwords.Semanticb________referstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.Theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexistiscalledthep_________.32.Sounda________referstothephysiologicaleffectInthisprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidenticalintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation.

ofonesoundonanother.orsimilartooneanotherInordertoreducetheexceptionalorirregularmorphemes,speakersofaparticularlanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofthegrammarandapplyitgenerally.Thisphenomenoniscalledi_________borrowing.34.Byidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages,historicallinguistsreconstructtheprotoforminthecommonancestrallanguage.Thisprocessiscalledc________reconstruction.35.Them____ruleofadjectiveagreementhasbeenlostfromEnglish.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:36.Historicallinguisticsexplores________________.A.thenatureoflanguagechangeB.thecausesthatleadtolanguagechangeC.therelationshipbetweenlanguagesD.alloftheabove37.Languagechangeis______________.A.universal,continuousand,toalargeextent,regularandsystematicB.continuous,regular,systematic,butnotuniversalC.universal,continuous,butnotregularandsystematicD.alwaysregularandsystematic,butnotuniversalandcontinuousModernEnglishperiodstartsroughly_____________.A.from449to1100B.from1500tothepresentC.from1100tothepresentD.from1700tothepresentOldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifthcenturywhen_________.A.theNormanFrenchinvadersunderWilliamtheConquerorarrivedinEnglandB.theprintingtechnologywasinventedC.Anglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEuropeD.theCelticpeoplebegantoinhabitEnglandMiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedby___________.A.NormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammarB.GreekandLatinbecauseoftheEuropeanrenaissancemovementC.DanishlanguagesbecauseDenmarkplacedakingonthethroneofEnglandD.theCelticpeoplewhowerethefirstinhabitantsofEnglandLanguagechangeisessentiallyamatterofchange________.A.incollocationsB.inmeaningC.ingrammarD.inusages42.InOldandMiddleEnglish,both/k/and/n/intheword“knight”werepronounced,butinmodernEnglish,/k/inthesound/kn-/clusterswasnotpronounced.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.A.soundadditionB.soundlossC.soundshiftD.soundmovementAchangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownas_____.A.apocopeB.epenthesisC.parenthesisD.antithesis44.Segmentswitchofsoundpositionscanbeseenintheexampleofthemodernword“bird”whichcomesfromtheoldEnglishword“bridd”.Thechangeofthewordfrom“bridd”to“bird”isacaseof_________.A.metathesisB.soundlossC.soundadditionD.apocope45._________isaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.A.DerivationB.BlendingC.CompoundingD.Abbreviation46.“Wife”,whichusedtorefertoanywoman,standsfor“amarriedwoman”inmodernEnglish.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.A.semanticshiftB.semanticbroadeningC.semanticelevationD.semanticnarrowing47.Englishlanguagebelongsto_________.A.Indo-EuropeanFamilyB.Sino-TibetanFamilyC.AustronesianFamilyD.AfroasiaticFamily48.Byanalogytothepluralformationoftheword“dog-s”,speakersstartedsaying“cows”asthepluralof“cow”insteadoftheearlierplural“kine”.Thisisthecaseof_________.A.elaborationB.externalborrowingC.soundassimilationD.internalborrowingMorphologcialchangescaninvolve__________.A.thelossofmorphologicalrulesB.theadditionofmorphologicalrulesC.thealterationofmorphologicalrulesD.alloftheaboveThemostdramaticmorphologicallossconcernsthelossof________.A.comparativemarkersB.tensemarkersC.genderandcasemarkersD.noneoftheaboveIV.Definethefollowingterms:Apocope52.Metathesis53.Derivation54.back-formation55.semanticnarrowing57.haplology58.epenthesis59.CompoundingBlending61.semanticbroadening62.semanticshiftGreatVowelShift64.acronym65.soundassimilationWhatisthepurposeorsignificanceofthehistoricalstudyoflanguageWhatarethecharacteristicsofthenatureoflanguagechangeWhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglishAslanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotation.Discussthemajortypesofsemanticchanges.70.OvertheyearsfromOldEnglishperiodtotheModernEnglishperiod,Englishhasundergonesomemajorsoundchanges.Illustratethesechangeswithsomeexamples.Whatarethemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishWhatarethecausesoflanguagechangeDiscussthemindetail.Chapter7HistoricalLinguisticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:28.Metathesis35.morphosyntacticTherearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:46.D48.D49.D50.CIV.Definethefollowingterms:1.Apocope:Apocopeisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.2.Metathesis:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.Itinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoneighbouringsoundseg-ments.Derivation:Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stemsorwords.4.back-formation:Itisaprocess

bywhichnewwordsareformed

bytaking

awaythesupposedsuffixofanexistingword.5.semanticnarrowing:Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbe-comeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.Protolanguage:Itistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.Haplology:Itreferstothephenomenonofthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence.8.Epenthesis:Achangethatinvolvesthe

insertion

ofaconsonant

orvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.Compounding:Itisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorethantwowordsintoonelexicalunit.10.Blending:

Itisaprocessof

forming

anewwordbycombiningpartsof

otherwords.11.semanticbroadening:Semanticbroadeningreferstomeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethan

theits

processinhistorically

whichtheearlierdenota-tion.semanticshift:Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquiresanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.GreatVowelShift:ItisaseriesofsystematicsoundchangeattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodapproximatelybetween1400and1600inthehistoryofEnglishthatinvolvedsevenlongvowelsandconsequentlyledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenEnglishpronunciationanditsspellingsystem.64.Acronym:Anacronymisaword

created

bycombiningtheinitials

of

anumberofwords.65.soundassimilation:Soundassimilationreferstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonan-other.Inanassimilativeprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidentical,ormoresimilar,tooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation,orofhaplology.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:66.Whatisthepurposeorsignificanceofthehistoricalstudyoflanguage1)Researchesinhistoricallinguisticsshedlightonprehistoricdevelopmentsintheevolutionoflanguageandtheconnectionsofearlierandlatervariantsofthesamelan-guageandprovidevaluableinsightsintothekinshippatternsofdifferentlanguages.2)Theidentificationofthechangesthataparticularlanguagehasundergoneenablesustoreconstructthelinguistichistoryofthatlanguage,andtherebyhypothesizesitsearlierformsfromwhichcurrentspeechandwritinghaveevolved.3)Thehistoricalstudyoflanguagealsoen-ablesthemtodeterminehownon-linguisticfactors,suchassocial,culturalandpsychologicalfactors,interactovertimetocauselinguisticchange.67.WhatarethecharacteristicsofthenatureoflanguagechangeAlllivinglanguageschangewithtimeandlanguagechangeisinevitable.Asageneralrule,languagechangeisuniversal,continuousand,toaconsiderablede-gree,regularandsystematic.Languagechangeisextensive,takingplaceinvirtuallyallaspectsofthegrammar.Althoughlanguagechangeisuniversal,inevitable,andinsomecases,vigorous,itisneveranovernightoccurrence,butagradualandconstantprocess,oftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.68.WhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglishThemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglishareOldEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom449to1100),MiddleEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom1100to1500),andModernEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom1500tothepre-sent).OldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifth

century

whenAnglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritish

Isles

fromnorthernEurope.ThepronunciationofOldEnglishisverydifferentfromitsmodemform.Forexample,theOldEnglishword"ham"ispronouncedas/ha:m/.Intermsofmorphology,nearlyhalfofthenounsareinflectedtomarknomi-native,genitive,dative,andaccusativecases.Inaddition,suffixesareaddedtoverbstoindicatetense.Syntactical-ly,theverbofanOldEnglishsentenceprecedes,hutdoesnotfollow,thesubject.MiddleEnglishbeganwhentheNormanFrenchinvadersinvadedEnglandunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.MiddleEnglishhadbeendeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,"court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers.ModernEnglishperiodstartswithEuropeanrenaissancemove-ment.Adi-rectconsequenceoftheRenaissancemovementwastherevivalofLatinasaliterarylanguage.Inthepost-Renaissanceperiod,the"BritishEmpire"setupEnglish-speakingcoloniesinmanypartsoftheworld.Bythenineteenthcentury,Englishwasrecognizedasthelanguageofthegovernment,thelaw,highereducation,andbusinessandcommerceintheUnitedStates,Canada,AustraliaandNewZealand.TodayModernEnglishiswidelyusedandhasinfactbecomeanimportanttoolofinternationalcommunicationamongpeoplesofdifferentcountries.Aslanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotation.Discussthemajortypesofsemanticchanges.Majortypesofsemanticchangesaresemanticbroadening,semanticnarrowingandsemanticshift.Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenota-tion.Taketheword"holiday"forexample,Theoldermeaningwasa"holyday."Todayeveryoneenjoysaholiday,whetherheorsheisreligiousornot.Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbe-comeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.Forex-ample,"wife,"usedtomean"anywoman,"butnowitmeans“marriedfe-males”only.Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquiresanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.Forexample,thewordsillymeant“happy”inOldEnglish,andnaiveinMiddleEnglish,but"foolish"inModernEnglish.70.OvertheyearsfromOldEnglishperiodtotheModernEnglishperiod,Englishhasundergonesomemajorsoundchanges.Illustratethesechangeswithsomeexamples.Themajorsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.ThechangesinvowelsoundscanbeseenintheGreatVowelShiftinthehistoryofEnglish,whichledtooneofthemajordis-agreementsbetweenthepronunciationandthespellingsystemofModernEnglish.Thesechangesinvolvesevenlong,ortensevowels,forexampleWordsMiddleEnglishModemEnglishFivefi:vfaivMouseMu:smausFeetfe:tfi:tMoodMo:dmu:dBreakBrε:kenbreikSoundsdonotjustchange,theycanbelost.vowelsoundschange,butsomesoundssimplydisappearedfromthegeneralpronunciationofEnglish.Oneexampleofsoundlossisthe/kn-/clustersintheword-initialposition.InOldandMiddleEnglish,both/k/and/n/werepro-nounced,asisshowninthespellingofsuchwordsas"knight"and"knee."AlthoughModernEnglishspellingofthesewordsstillkeepstheinitialletterk,itssoundisnolongerpronounced.Soundchangescanalsotaketheformofsoundaddition.Soundadditionincludesthegainorinsertionofasound,forexample:spinlespindleemtyemptySoundchangecantaketheformofsoundmovement.Itinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoneighbouringsoundseg-ments.Forexample,the/r/soundintheOldEnglishwords"bridd"("bird")and"hros"("horse")wasmovedtotherightofthevowelsoundsintheirModemEnglishcounterparts"bird"and"horse."Whatarethemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishThemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.AnumberofmorphologicalrulesinOldEnglisharenowlostinModernEnglish.Someoftheserulesareaboutderivationalaffixes,suchassuffixes"-baere"and"-bora".InOldEnglishanadjectivewouldderiveif"-baere"wasaddedtoanoun,suchas:lust("pleasure")+baerelustbaere("agreeable")ButthisrulehasbeenlostinmodernEnglish.Themostdramaticmorphologicallossconcernsthelossofgenderandcasemarking.InOldEnglish,forexample,"stn"("stone")wasmarkedmasculine,while"gief"("gift")and"d?or"("wildanimal")weremarkedrespectivelyfeminineandneuter.InmodernEnglish,thegendermarkersofthesewordshavebeenlost.SomeaffixeshavebeenaddedtotheEnglishmorphological"-able"forexample,ithasbeenaddedtoEnglishsincetheOldEnglishperiod.Atfirst,wordsendingin"-able,"suchas"favourable"and"conceivable,"wereborrowedaltogetherfromFrench.Thenthissuffixbe-cameaproductiveruleinEnglish.Itwasusedwithotherverbstoformad-jectives.ContemporaryEnglishspeakersapplythissuffixruletomorestems,thusproducingnewadjectivessuchas"payable,"and“washable.”arethecausesoflanguagechangeDiscussthemindetail.Languagechangesareduetothefollowingcauses:1)Soundassimilation:Soundassimilationreferstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonan-other.Inanassimilativeprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidentical,ormoresimilar,tooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation,orofhaplology,thelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence.Forexample,theOldEnglishword"Engla-land"("thelandoftheAngles")cametobepronounced“England”throughtheassimilationof"la-lasounds.Rulesimplificationandregularization:Somechangesaretheresultofsimplificationandregularization.Thepluralformsofborrowedwordsareusuallyirregular,thuscomplex.Forexample,thepluralformsof"agendum","datum","curriculum"and"memorandum"are"agenda","data","curricula"and"mem-oranda".Theirregularpluralsofthesenounshavebeenreplacedbyregularpluralsof"agendas","curriculums",and"memorandums"amongmanyspeakers,thusmakingthemsimplifiedandregularized.3)Internalborrowing:Inordertoreducethenumberofex-ceptionalorirregularmorphemes,spe