2020新譯林版高中英語(yǔ)選擇性必修二全冊(cè)課文及翻譯(英漢對(duì)照)

（2020（2020新牛津譯林版）高中英語(yǔ)選擇性必修二全冊(cè)課文及翻譯蒲公英語(yǔ)PAGE蒲公英語(yǔ)PAGE17unit1課文及翻譯ReadingBeacriticalnewsreader10July成為有判斷力的新聞讀者!7月10日Firefightersputouttowerblockfire消防隊(duì)員撲滅公寓大火FirefightersquicklyputouttheHendersonTowerfirelastnight.Thefire,whichisthoughttohavestartedfromthe8thfloor,spreadquicklythroughthetowerblockon Sundaynight,leavingpeopleontheupperfloorstrapped.Fearsgrewthatthenumberofdeathscouldreach5,accordingtofiguresreleasedbyemergencyservices.Fireenginesandambulancescalledat9:30p.m,reachedthescenewithin15minutes.Bythistime,thefirehadextendedtothe15thfloor.Firefightersgotthesituationundercontrolaround11p.m.Thereisconcernthattheconstructioncompanythatbuiltthetowerblockhadnotfollowedfiresafetyrules.9122130分，消防車(chē)和救護(hù)車(chē)接到報(bào)警，于15勢(shì)已蔓延到16樓。消防隊(duì)員在23時(shí)左右控制住了火情。有人擔(dān)心修建公寓大樓的建筑公司沒(méi)有遵守消防安全規(guī)定。11JulyLocalnewsDeadlyfireintowerblockcausesseriousdamage7月11日本地新聞公寓發(fā)生致命火災(zāi)，造成重大損失AterriblefirebrokeoutonSundaynight,leavingtheHendersonTowerseriouslydamaged.Emergencyservicesestimatethatthenumberofdeathscouldreach9.Bythismorning,4peoplehavebeenconfirmeddead.Thefirehasalsoleftdozensofpeopleinjured,5ofwhomareinacriticalcondition.LisaMayer,29,isamongtheluckyoneswhoonlysufferedminorinjuries.Sherecalled，＂IwasabouttohaveabathwhenIheardpeoplescreaminganddogsbarking.Ilookedoutsideandthesmokewaschokingme.Itwaslikeanawful周日晚上發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)嚴(yán)重的火災(zāi)導(dǎo)致德森樓嚴(yán)重受損應(yīng)急服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)估計(jì)死亡人數(shù)可能達(dá)到30人。至今天早上，已經(jīng)有9人確認(rèn)死亡，還有幾十人仍處于失蹤狀態(tài)。火災(zāi)還造成16人受傷其中5人傷勢(shì)嚴(yán)重9歲的莉薩 梅耶是幸運(yùn)兒之一只受了輕傷她回憶說(shuō)“我正要洗澡，突然聽(tīng)到人們的尖叫聲和狗吹聲。我看了看外面，煙嗆得我喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)。這就像場(chǎng)噩夢(mèng)”MrPeterson,headofthefireservice,confirmsthata10droppedcigaretteendonacarpetofthe8thfloorstartedthefireandthattheautomaticfirealarmsdidnotgooffquicklyenoughtopreventthedisaster.Ateamiscurrentlyinvestigatingtheaccidentfurther.消防部門(mén)的負(fù)責(zé)人得森先生證實(shí)是掉在9樓地上的香煙引發(fā)了火災(zāi)，而且火災(zāi)自動(dòng)報(bào)警器沒(méi)能及時(shí)響起，以致未能及時(shí)阻止災(zāi)難的發(fā)生。一組人員正在對(duì)事故進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步調(diào)查。Readingnewsreportscritically批判性地閱讀新聞報(bào)道Werelyonnewstolearnaboutwhatishappeningintheworldaroundus.However,weusuallyfindthatreportsonthesameeventscontaindifferentorevencontradictoryinformation,Howdothesedifferencescomeabout?報(bào)道包含著不同的，甚至是相互矛盾的信息。這些差異是如何產(chǎn)生的呢?Itisadvisabletorememberthatjournalistsmayhavedifferentpriorities,which5wouldinfluencehowtheyreportanevent.Let'stakethetwonewsreportsontheHendersonTowerFireasanexample.Wecanseethatthefirstnewsreportpaysmoreattentiontotherescueefforts,whilethesecondtalksmoreaboutdeathsandinjuries.Whenwereadmorethanonereport,wecometounderstandaneventinamorecomprehensiveway.全面地了解一個(gè)事件。Evenifnewsreportsarewrittenfrombasicallythesameperspective,theymaycontradicteachotherintermsoffactualdetails,aseventsintherealworldareusuallycomplicatedandconstantlychanging.Forinstance,thenumbersofdeathsdifferinthetwonewsreportsontheHendersonTowerfire.Whenwecomeacrosssuchfactualdifferences,weshouldnotrushtotheconclusionthatoneof15thenewsreportsgivesfalseinformation.Instead,checkwhenthereportswerewritten.Newsreportswrittenatdifferentstagesofaneventcouldcontaindifferentinformationasnewfactsarebroughttolight.Anotheraspectworthyofmentionisthatjournalistsmayapproachinformationtheygetfromresearchorinterviewsdifferently.Supposeemergencyservicesestimatesofthenumberofdeathsvary20between5and9.Journalistsmaychoosetopresenttheminimum,themaximumorsomethinginbetweenintheirnewsreports.Therefore,checkingdifferentsourcesenablesustodrawamoreinformedconclusion.即使新聞報(bào)道的撰寫(xiě)視角基本一致，它們也可能在事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)上相互矛盾，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)世界中新聞報(bào)道可能色含不同的信息。另ー個(gè)値得一提的方面是，記者可能會(huì)以不同的方式處理從1230Tosumup,itiswisetoreadnewsreportswrittenfromvariousperspectivesandatdifferentstages,whichbringsusamoreaccurateunderstandingofasituation25Wealsoneedtobecriticalabouttheinformationwereceiveandremembernottoblindlytrustwhatwehaveread.Thoughjournalistsarecommittedtopresentingthetruth,itisbettertouseourownjudgementthanrelyentirelyonnewsreports.Withgreatdiscrimination,everyoneofushasthepotentialtobeacriticalnewsreader.ExtendedreadingReadthemagazinearticleaboutadvertisingAdvertising；thepowerofpersuasion廣告:說(shuō)服的力量Injustoneday,apersoncanseehundredsofmarketingmessages.Advertisinghasbecomepartofmodernlife.Butwhatisadvertisingexactly?Inshort,itreferstotheactivityofpromotingaproductorservice.Inotherwords,ittriestopersuadepeopletobuyaproductorservice.但廣告到底是什么?(廣告)試圖說(shuō)服你去購(gòu)買(mǎi)一種產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。ThehistoryofadvertisinghasalwaysbeencloselylinkedwiththatofthemassmediaFromtheancientsimpleadvertisementspaintedonoutdoorsignstothecolourful,interactiveonesinsmartphoneapps,advertisingandthemassmediahavedevelopedhandinhand.Asmediachannelshavegrowninnumberandtype,sohaveadvertisements.廣告也是如此。Becausethemassmediareachessomanypeople,itisaperfectvehicleforadvertisers.IfanadvertisementisplacedonapopularwebsiteoronTVatpeaktimes,ahugenumberofpeoplewillknowabouttheproductorserviceitisadvertising.Inadditiontomakingpeopleawareofaproductorservice,asuccessfuladvertisementwillalsocreateadesiretobuy,thusboostingbusiness,Thatiswhy15whenacompanywantstopromoteaproductorservice,itoftenlaunchesamassmediaadvertisingcampaign.種產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，就經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)起一場(chǎng)大眾傳廣告活動(dòng)的原因。Basedonthepsychologybehindcreatingadesiretobuy,advertisershavedevelopedwaysofpersuadingpeopleintopurchasingtheirproductsorservices.Acommontechniquetomakeanimpactistocreateamemorableslogan.Slogansusesimple20butimpressivelanguagetomakeusremembertheproductorservicebeingadvertised.Someoftheseslogansmayalsoappealtoouremotions.Forexample,asloganmayconnectafinechinateapotitaimstopromotewithourprideinhavinggoodtaste.YouwillhearavarietyofslogansanytimeyouwatchTV.Thinkaboutyourfavouriteone.Whatmakesitspecial?Andwhatmessagedoesittrytogetacross?Asloganwhichcommunicatesanideaeffectivelycanboostsalesandevenbecomepartofpopularculture.Thatisthepowerofmemorableslogans.都會(huì)聽(tīng)到各種各樣的廣告詞。想想你最喜歡的那一條。它有什么特別之處?息?一條能有效地傳達(dá)思想的廣告詞可以增加銷(xiāo)售量，甚至成為流行文化的部分。那就是今人難忘的廣告詞的力量。Anothertechniqueadvertisersoftenemployistolinktheircompanyorproducttoa"brandambassador"-afamousactor,asportsstar,orevenafictionalcharacter.Thinkofapopularrestaurant.Doesithaveabrandambassador?Isthe30brandambassadorpopularamongpotentialcustomers?Themorewelikethebrandambassador,themorewewillbeattractedtobuytheproduct.一部分廣告商經(jīng)常使用的另一種手法是將他們的公司成產(chǎn)品與ー個(gè)“品牌大使”聯(lián)系起來(lái)一位著名的演員、體育明星甚至是一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的人物。想想一家受歡的快餐店。它有品牌大使嗎?品牌大使應(yīng)在潛在客戶中享有知名度。我們?cè)较矚g這位品牌大使，就越會(huì)被吸引去購(gòu)買(mǎi)這個(gè)產(chǎn)品。Ofcourse,someadvertisementsarenotsoobvious:productplacementistypicallyusedinfilmswithhugebox-officesuccessandTVshowswithhighratings.Somefilmsarenowsponsoredbyleadingbrands,sothatonlytheirproductsappearinthefilms,likethewatcheswornbythetitlecharacterintheJamesBondfilms.Othertypesofmassmediauseproductplacementtoo,includingvideogames.Itisnotuncommonforsportsvideogameseriestofeaturedifferentin-gameequipmentwithrealbrandnames,Weabsorbthesemarketingmessageswithoutthinkingaboutthemtoomuch,yettheywillprobablyhaveaneffectonusthenexttimewegoshopping.當(dāng)然，有些廣告并不是那么明顯。例如，植入廣告常用于高收視率的電影和電視節(jié)目?，F(xiàn)在有些電影由知名品牌贊助，所以只有他們的產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)在電影中，比如詹姆斯·邦德電影中主角戴的手表。其他類(lèi)型的大眾媒也使用植入廣告，包括電子游戲。在體育類(lèi)電子游戲系列中，給不同游戲備貼上真實(shí)品牌標(biāo)簽是很常見(jiàn)的。我們不假惡就接收了這些營(yíng)信息，而這些信息有可能對(duì)我們下次購(gòu)物產(chǎn)生影響。Inthepast,advertisingwasallaboutreachingasmanypeopleaspossiblewiththesamemessage.Now,advertisingisbecomingmoredigitalandmorepersonalized.AlreadywemayseeonlineadvertisementsforproductsorserviceswehavepreviouslysearchedforontheInternet,andweareverylikelytoreceivespecialdiscountsandpromotionstargetedspecificallyatus.Inthefuture,advertisingwillbeevenmoreaboutunderstandingindividualcustomersandsendingthemadvertisementsthataretailoredtospecificneeds.Notonlywillthismakethemfeelmorevaluedandenablethemtoseewhattheyaremostinterestedin,butitwillalsohelpcompaniestargettheircustomersmoreefficientlytohaveapositiveeffectonsales.過(guò)去，廣告是以同樣的信息打動(dòng)盡可能多的人?，F(xiàn)在，廣告正變得越來(lái)越數(shù)字化和個(gè)性化。會(huì)幫助公司有效地定位客戶，以對(duì)銷(xiāo)售產(chǎn)生積極的影響。Unit2ReadingTheOlympicGames奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)Everyfouryears,thousandsofhighlytrainedandtalentedathletesgathertogetherinthespiritoffriendship,solidarityandfairplay,readytotesttheirabilitiesagainsteachotherinthehopeofbeingrecognizedasthebestofthebest.ThisistheOlympics—anextraordinarysportingeventthatwasfirstcelebratedabout3,000yearsago.每隔四年，成千上萬(wàn)訓(xùn)練有素、極具天賦的運(yùn)動(dòng)員承著友誼、團(tuán)結(jié)和公平爭(zhēng)的奧林匹克精神3，000年前。[Subheading1]TheancientOlympicGamesbeganintheyear776BCE.DuringtheearlyGames,onlyGreekmenwereallowedtoparticipate.Theycompetedinsucheventsas boxing,runningandthelongjump.The ancient Olympic Games were held atOlympia in Greece every yearsforalmost12centuries,untiltheyeventuallydiedoutaroundtheyear393.7712393年左右才最終停止舉辦。Morethan1,500yearslater,however,theGamesroseagain.ThemodernOlympicswerefirstheldin1896,inAthens.ItwasaFrenchman,PierredeCoubertin,whobroughttheOlympicsbacktolife.HisdreamwasthattheOlympicswouldhelppeopleofdifferentracialoriginsandfromdifferentcultureslivesidebysideinpeace.Foroveracentury,peoplefromdiversebackgroundshavemadejointeffortstohelprealizeCoubertin’sdream.MotivatedbytheOlympicmotto“Faster,Higher,Stronger”,manywell-knownathletes,bothmaleandfemale,havedevotedthemselvestoachievingsportingexcellenceandpushingtheboundariesofhumanachievement.但是1，500多年后，奧運(yùn)會(huì)再次興起。首屆現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)于1896年在雅典舉行。是一位叫皮塊爾德·顧拜旦的法國(guó)人使奧運(yùn)會(huì)重現(xiàn)生機(jī)。他的夢(mèng)想是奧運(yùn)會(huì)能夠幫助不同種族、不同文化的人們和平共處。一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，來(lái)自不同背景的人們共同努力，幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)顧拜旦的夢(mèng)想。他們當(dāng)中有許多著名的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，有男有女。在奧林匹克口號(hào)“更快、更高、更強(qiáng)”的激勵(lì)下，他們力爭(zhēng)取得體育運(yùn)動(dòng)上的杰出成就并不斷突破人類(lèi)成就的極限。[Subheading2]One suchOlympian was theboxerCassiusClay.He came to public attentionduringthe1960RomeOlympics,whenhewonthelight-heavyweightgoldmedalfortheUSA,demonstratinggreattalentandpersonalityintheprocess.Afterwards,thisyoung manproceededtobecometheworldheavyweightchampionin1964,andlaterchangedhisnametotheoneweallknow—MuhammadAli.Hereturnedtothe1996AtlantaOlympicGamestolighttheOlympicflameattheopeningceremony.By the timehedied in2016,Alihad been recognized asoneof greatestboxersofalltime.奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上的知名運(yùn)動(dòng)員拳擊手卡修新·19601964冠軍，后來(lái)改名為我們熟知的那個(gè)名字一穆軍默德·1996年亞特蘭大奧運(yùn)會(huì)，2016一。Another sportsperson thatshouldbeapplaudedisJessicaEnnis-Hill. Her storyisaremarkableexampleofhowhardworkanddevotioncanleadtosportingexcellence.AformertrackandfieldathletefromtheUK,shewonanOlympicgoldmedalinherhomecountryin2012.Asifthatwerenotenough,shereturnedtotheOlympicsandwonasilvermedalin2016,justtwoyearsaftergivingbirthtoherfirstchild.Inaninterviewsherevealedthatthesecretofherconsistentgoodperformancewasthetrainingthatshenevermissed.另一位值得稱贊的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是杰西卡-思尼斯-2012年在祖國(guó)贏得了一枚奧運(yùn)會(huì)金牌。似乎這還不夠，她僅在生完一個(gè)孩子兩年后的2016年，就重返奧運(yùn)會(huì)，并獲得了銀牌。在一次采訪中，她透露始終保持好的表現(xiàn)的秘訣是她從未停止訓(xùn)練。[Subheading3]The2008BeijingOlympicscalledonthewholeworldtojoinintheOlympicspiritandbuildabetterfutureforhumanitywiththeslogan“OneWorld,OneDream”.InadditiontohostingtheOlympicsforthe first time, China also ranked first themedaltable.Thissuccessistrulyremarkableifyouconsiderthatjust24yearsbefore,atthe1984LosAngelesOlympics,XuHaifengwonourcountry’sfirst-evergoldmedal.SincethentheupwardtrendforChinesesporthasbeenunstoppable.Atthe2004AthensOlympicGames,LiuXiangbecamethefirstAsiantowinthegoldmedal themen’s110-metrehurdles,whileatthe2016RioOlympicGames,theChinesewomen’svolleyballteamwonahard-foughtvictoryinthefinal.Theyear2022willbeanotherhistoricmomentforChina,asBeijingwontheelectiontohosttheWinterOlympics.2008”，號(hào)召全世界一起弘揚(yáng)奧林匹克精24年19842004年雅典奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，劉翔成為第一個(gè)1102016年里約熱內(nèi)盧運(yùn)會(huì)上，中國(guó)女子球隊(duì)在決賽中贏得20222022個(gè)歷史性的時(shí)刻。TheOlympicGamesbringjoyandexcitementtopeopleacrosstheworld.AsCoubertinbelieved,“WiththeOlympicGames,eachgenerationcelebratesitsadvent,itsjoyofliving,itsfaithinthefuture,itsambitionanditswilltoascend.”:“ExtendedreadingSportsidoms體育習(xí)語(yǔ)Everylanguagehasitsidioms,whicharegroupsofwordswithmeaningsdifferentfromthemeaningsoftheindividualwords.Idiomsmakelanguagemorecolourful andexpressive.Sincesport is an inseparable part of day-to-day life, there are lots ofsportsidiomsthathavefoundtheirwayintoeverydaylanguage.takealookatsomeofthem!中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了許多體育習(xí)語(yǔ)。讓我們來(lái)看看其中的一些體育習(xí)語(yǔ)吧!FootballFootball(orsoccer,asitiscalledintheUSA)isoneofthemostpopularsportsintheworldandmanycountrieshavetheirownfootballleagues.TheEnglishlanguageisfullofidiomswhicharethoughttohavecomefromfootball.足球足球Asyouknow,inafootballmatch,playerstrytokickorheadtheballintotheopposingteam’sgoal,whichisthenetbetweentwobiggoalpostsfixedtotheground.Canyouimaginethateverytimeyouhaveachancetoscore,thegoalpostsaremoved?Thatwouldbenotonlydifficult,butalsoupsetting.Ifsomeone“movesthegoalposts”ineverydaylife,itmeanstheyunfairlychangetherulesorrequirementsforsomething.Aninsurancesalesmanwhoisabouttoreachhisannualsalestarget,onlyforthecompanytomakethetargethigher,couldrightlycomplainaboutthecompanymovingthegoalposts.門(mén)柱之間的。你能想象，每當(dāng)你有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)球時(shí)，球門(mén)柱就被移動(dòng)嗎?這不僅很難做到，而且也“移動(dòng)門(mén)柱”Thankfully,goalpostsdonotreallymove—butwhenaplayerscoresanowngoal,heorshemightwishtheydid.“Scoringanowngoal”infootballmeansaccidentallykickingorheadingtheballintoone’sownnet,anditisoneoftheworstthingsthatcanhappentoafootballplayer.Ifsomeonemakesabadmistakewhichunintentionallyharmstheirowninterests,theyaresaidtohavescoredanowngoal.Youmightseethisexpressioninthenewspaperswhenthelocalcouncilmakesadecisionwhichbackfiresterribly!謝天謝地，足門(mén)柱并不會(huì)真正移動(dòng)。一但當(dāng)一名球員把球踢進(jìn)自家的球門(mén)時(shí)，他/她可能會(huì)希Scoringanowngoal(進(jìn)烏龍球)”的意思是不小心把球踢“進(jìn)烏龍球”反的決定時(shí)，你可能會(huì)在報(bào)紙上看到這種說(shuō)法!BaseballBaseballisanoldandpopularsportthathasgiventheEnglishlanguagemanydifferentidioms.Youmighthaveheardexpressionslike“intheballpark”or“aballparkThevenuewhereabaseballgameisplayediscalledaballpark.So,evenifwedonotknowexactlywheretheballisduringthegame,wecanassumethatitissomewhereintheballpark.Forthisreason,peopleusethetheballpark”or“aballparkestimate”totalkaboutroughestimates.棒球棒球是一項(xiàng)古老而流行的運(yùn)動(dòng)，它給英語(yǔ)帶來(lái)了許多不同的習(xí)語(yǔ)。你可能聽(tīng)過(guò)intheballpark(差不多)”或“aballparkestimate(大致的估計(jì))”這樣的表達(dá)。舉行棒球比賽的場(chǎng)地叫作ballpark＂。所以，即使我們不知道球在比賽中的確切位置，我們也可以假設(shè)它在球場(chǎng)里的某intheballpark”aballparkestimate”來(lái)談?wù)摯致缘墓烙?jì)。Anothercommonbaseballexpressionis“throwingsomeoneaCurveballsareballsthatsuddenlyturnintheair,andtheseareofcoursedifficultfortheotherteamtohandle.Weusethisexpressiontodescribethingsthatareunexpectedanddifficulttorespondto.“Threestrikesandyouareout”isanotheridiomthatcomesfrombaseball.Asitsuggests,inbaseballthismeansthat a batter(theperson with the baseballbatin hisorherhands)isoutaftermakingthreeunsuccessfulattemptstohittheball.Thisidiomisoftenusedtotalkaboutsituationswherepeoplefailafterwastingthreechances.throwingsomeoneacurveball(給某人出難題)”。Curveballs(曲線球)”Threestrikesandyouareout(三振出局)”是另一個(gè)來(lái)自棒球的習(xí)(手里拿著棒球球棒的人)就出局了。這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用來(lái)形容你錯(cuò)失了三次機(jī)會(huì)的情況。BoxingEnglishalsohasalargenumberofidiomsconnectedwithboxing,whichhasbeenapopularsportforthousandsofyears.Aboxerisnotallowedtousehisorherfiststohittheopponentbelowthewaist.Hencecomestheidiom“belowtheInday-to-daylife,ifsomeonemakesanunfairandcruelremark,wecandescribeitas“belowthebelt”.拳擊拳擊是一項(xiàng)流行了幾千年的運(yùn)動(dòng)，英語(yǔ)中也有很多與其有關(guān)的習(xí)語(yǔ)。拳擊手不允許用他/拳頭擊打?qū)κ盅恳韵碌牟课?。因此就有了hittingbelowthebelt做不公正、傷人的事)”這一習(xí)語(yǔ)。在日常生活中，如果有人言論有失公平，過(guò)于殘忍，我們可以用hittingbelowthebelt來(lái)形容?！癟hrowingintheanothercommonidiomthatcomesfromboxing.Whenaboxerislosingbadlyandistootiredorconfusedtogiveuponhisorherown,thecoachwillliterallythrowatowelintothe ring to end the fight. In everydaylife,thisidiomsimplymeansadmittingdefeatandgivingup.Throwinginthetowel(認(rèn)輸)”常生活中，這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)就是指認(rèn)輸并投降。Sportischallengingandsoislife.However,whenyouarethrownacurveball,donotthrowinthetowel—workhard,becarefulnottoscoreanowngoal,andyouaresuretomakeit!運(yùn)動(dòng)是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的，學(xué)英語(yǔ)也一樣。但是，當(dāng)你遇到出人意料的事情(bethrownacurveball)時(shí)，不要認(rèn)輸(throwinthetowel)，努力，小心別鬧烏龍(scoreanowngoal)，你一定能獲得成功!Unit3ReadingThefutureisinourgenes我們的基因決定了未來(lái)Goodafternoon,ladiesandgentlemen.Thankyouallforcomingtothislecture.Overthecourseofmycareer,Ihaveseenmanywonderfulscientificdevelopments,butnoneareasgame-changingasgenomeediting.IamfullofexcitementaboutthepossibilitiesthisscientificadvancecanbringandIhopetosharemyexcitementwithyoutoday.女士們，先生們，下午好!謝謝大家來(lái)聽(tīng)這個(gè)講座。在我的職業(yè)生涯中，我見(jiàn)證了許多了能性感到萬(wàn)分激動(dòng)，我希望今天能與你們分享我激動(dòng)的心情。Asmanyofyoumayalreadyknow,genesplayacriticalroleinshapingourlives.Everythingfromthecolourofoureyestoourtalentformathsdependsongenes.Thecompletesetofgenesinsideacelloranylivingbeingiscalledagenome.Ourownpersonalgenomecarriesalltheinformationneededtomakeusgrowanddevelop.Italsocontainsinformationthathelpsdetermineourlifespanandaffectsourchancesofcontractingcertaindiseases.Somepeople,forexample,carryagenethatmakesthemmorelikelytocatchacertain virusordevelopaparticularformofcancer.你們很多人可能已經(jīng)知道，基因在塑造我們的人生方面起著至關(guān)重要的作用。從眼睛的顏色到我們的數(shù)學(xué)天賦，一切都取決于基因?；蚪M是指一個(gè)細(xì)胞或任生物體內(nèi)的一整套基因。我們的個(gè)人基因組攜帶著我們成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展所需的所有信息。它(基因組)還包含其他信息，這些信息有助于決定我們壽命的長(zhǎng)短并影響我們患某些疾病的概率。例如，有些人攜帶著一種讓他們更有可能感染某種病毒或患上某種癌癥的基因。Geneticistshavebeentryingtoidentifywhichgenesrelatetowhichdiseases,astheybelievegenomeeditingisaneffectivemeansofdiseasetreatmentandprevention.Itallowsgeneticiststomakechangestothegenomebycorrecting,adding,deletingorreplacingspecificpartsofthegeneticmaterial.Inthenearfuture,geneticistshopetoapplythistechnologytotreatawiderangeofhealthproblems.Soonwemaybeabletousesuchtreatmentstorestoreablindperson’svisionorgivesomeonewhowasborndeafanexcellentsenseofhearing.Ultimately,thisnewtechnologymightevenmakeitpossibletopreventdiseasesfromeverdevelopingbycorrectingabnormalgenesearlyon.Genomeediting,servingasanewweaponinthefightagainstdiseases,willleadtoafundamentalchangeinourapproachtohealthcare.Asthetechnologycontinuestodevelopatafastpace,however,questionsariseabouthowtouseitappropriately.Shouldwerestrictouruseofthistechnologytothetreatmentandpreventionofdiseases?Shouldweprohibitgeneticistsfromusingittoenhancehealthybodies?Onedaysoonwewillbeabletousegenomeeditingtoincreasethehumanresistancetocoldsandflus,tomakepeopletaller,tohelptheirmusclesdevelopfaster,tosharpenalloftheirsensesortomakethemmoreintelligent.Wewillbeabletoselectspecificcharacteristicsforchildrenbeforetheyareborn,creatingwhatsomehavecalled“designerbabies”.However,isthisagoodthing?Whatconsequencesmightithave?Philosophers,geneticistsandgovernmentofficialshaveallstartedtowrestlewithsuchmoralissues.Wehavetofigureouthow tokeepthetechnologyfromrunningwild.Thismeansputtingappropriatecontrolsinplacetomakesurethatgenomeeditingwillworktoouradvantage.Withoutthem,genomeeditingcouldbeasdangerousasacaroutofcontrol.然而，隨著這一技術(shù)不斷迅猛發(fā)展，如何恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠@一技術(shù)也成了問(wèn)題。我們是否應(yīng)該?(基因組編輯技術(shù))來(lái)增強(qiáng)人們的身體健康?“設(shè)計(jì)嬰兒”?可能會(huì)有什么后果呢?一樣危險(xiǎn)。Thereisstillmuchtobeexploredanddebatedonthesubjectofgenomeediting.Despitethepublicargumentoverthistechnology,itspossibilitieshavebeencreatingmuchexcitementthroughouttheentiremedicalcommunityandbeyond.Withoutdoubt,genomeeditingisoneofthegreatestinnovationsinthehistoryofscience.Thankyouforlistening.在基因組編這個(gè)題上還有很多有待探索和討論的問(wèn)題。盡管公眾對(duì)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)爭(zhēng)論不一，但創(chuàng)新之一。謝謝大家的聆聽(tīng)。ExtendedreadingAcupuncture:magicneedles針灸:神針OneofthemostfamousChinesemedicaltreatmentsistheartof“magicorChineseacupuncture.Itwasdevelopedlongago,perhapsasearlyas2000BCE.ThereisevidencethatacupuncturedatesbacktotheStoneAge,whenstonetoolscalledbianwereusedtopressareasofthebody.“神針”，或稱中國(guó)針灸，是最著名的中醫(yī)療法之一。它源于很久以前，也許早至公元前2000年。有證據(jù)表明針灸始于石器時(shí)代，當(dāng)時(shí)人們用一種叫作“砭”的石器來(lái)接壓身體部位。Asacupuncturedeveloped,thesimplebianstoneswerereplacedbystoneneedles.Eventually,metalneedlesbegantoappearandtooktheplaceofstoneneedles.Thesesolidneedlesaremadeofdifferentmetals,suchasgoldandsilver.Someacupuncturiststodaystillusegoldandsilverneedles,butthemajorityhavenowswitchedtostainlesssteelones.Inadditiontothechangesinmaterial,theshapesoftheneedleshavealsochangedovertime.Originally,therewereninedifferentkindsofneedles,withvariationsinshape.Nowadays,thefinesharpneedlesthatmeasureusuallybetween15and75millimetresinlengtharestillused,whilemostoftheothershavebeenreplacedbymorecomplexmedicalinstruments.隨著針灸的發(fā)展，簡(jiǎn)單的砭石被石針?biāo)〈Ｗ罱K，金屬開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)并取代了石針。這些實(shí)初，有九種不同的針，其形狀和用途各不相同。如今，用于針負(fù)的針又細(xì)又尖，長(zhǎng)度通常在1575米之間，而其他大多數(shù)都已被更復(fù)雜的醫(yī)療器械所取代。Sowhathappensduringavisittotheacupunctureclinic?First,theacupuncturistexaminesthepatient,lookingatthepatient’sskinandtongue,listeningtothesoundofhisorhervoiceandbreathing,andsmellinghisorherbreath.Thentheacupuncturistaskssomequestionsaboutthepatient’sconditionandfeelshisorherpulse.Thisisaparticularlyimportantstepaccordingtotheenergytheorybehindacupuncture.Theacupuncturistcancheckthepulseinthreepositionsoneachwrist,andeveryoneofthemisconnectedwithamajorbodyorgan.Bycheckingallthepositions,theacupuncturistcanfindoutwhichenergychanneldoesnothaveenoughenergy.那么去針灸診所治療的時(shí)候會(huì)發(fā)生什么呢?首先，針灸師會(huì)檢查病人，看病人的皮膚和舌象，聽(tīng)他/地的聲音和氣息，還要聞他/Accordingtotheresultsofthecheck-up,theacupuncturistthenselectscertainpointsonthebodycalledacupuncturepoints.Needlesarepushedintotheskinatthesepointssothatahealthproblemcanbetreated.Uptonow,morethan360acupuncturepointshavebeenidentified,eachlinkedtoadifferentpartofthebody.Sometimestheneedlesarepushedintopointsnearthebodypartaffectedbyadisease,andsometimesintopointsthatarenotsoclosetoit.360Overtheyears,acupuncturehasbeenusedtotreatawidevarietyofhealthproblems,includingseverepains,bloodpressureissues,stomachdiscomfort,sportsinjuriesandweightproblems.Andithasbeenusedtotreatmorethanjustphysicalproblems—acupuncturistshavediscoveredthatthetreatmenthelpswithmentalproblemslikedepressionandanxietytoo.Acupuncturehasalsobeenappliedtotreatpeoplewhoabusealcohol,tobaccoordrugs.Howacupunctureactuallyworksisnotclearlyunderstood.Forexample,therearedifferenttheoriestryingtoexplainhowiteasespain,butnoagreementhasbeenreached.Onetheoryexplainingthisphenomenonsuggeststhatacupunctureblockspainsignalsfromreachingthebrain.Anothertheoryrelatesacupuncturetotheproductionofasubstanceinthebodywhichcanreducepain.針灸的實(shí)際工作原理尚不清楚。有不同的理論試圖解釋針灸如何減輕痛苦，但眾說(shuō)紛紜。一種解釋這一現(xiàn)象的理論認(rèn)為，針灸阻止了疼痛信號(hào)到達(dá)大腦。另種理論認(rèn)為，針灸讓人體產(chǎn)生了一種能減輕疼痛的物質(zhì)。Despitetheuncertaintyaboutitsmedicalbasis,acupuncturehasbecomeapopularformoftreatment.AsauniquecontributionoftraditionalChinesemedicine,acupuncturespreadtomanyotherAsiancountries,suchasJapan,asearlyasthe6thcentury.ItwasintroducedtotheWestaroundthe16thcentury.In2010,acupuncturewasincludedintheUNESCOListofIntangibleCulturalHeritage.Today,acupunctureisrecognizedasasymboloftraditionalChinesecultureandhascomeintowidespreadusearoundtheworld.TheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendsacupunctureasagoodtreatmentforover100medicalproblems.Whiledoubtsaboutitssafetyhavegraduallydisappeared,interestcontinuestogrow.盡管針灸的醫(yī)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)還不確定，但它已經(jīng)成為一種流行的治療形式。針灸為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)617西方。2010年，針灸被列入聯(lián)合國(guó)教料文組織非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。如今，針灸被認(rèn)為是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的象征，在世界各地廣泛使用。世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦使用針灸這種優(yōu)良療法來(lái)治療100多種醫(yī)學(xué)疾病。人們對(duì)針灸安全性的懷疑逐漸減少，而對(duì)它的興趣不斷增加。Unit4 ReadingArtificialintelligence:friendlyorfrightening?人工智能:友好還是可怕?Imaginewakinguponemorningwiththeoptionofstayinginbedandpressingabuttontosendarobottodoalltheworkforyou.Howcoolthatwouldbe!Itmayseemlikebuildingcastlesintheair,butgiventherateatwhichartificialintelligence,orAI,isbeingdeveloped,inthefuturesuchdreamsmayactuallycometrue.那該多酷啊!這看上去可能像建造空中樓一樣(不切實(shí)際)，但是考慮到目前人工智能(AI)速度，將來(lái)這樣的夢(mèng)想很可能會(huì)真的實(shí)現(xiàn)。Atthebasiclevel,artificialintelligenceisabranchofcomputersciencethataimstodevelopintelligentmachines.OneoftheessentialaimsofAIistodevelopcomputerintelligencecapableoflearningfromexperience,adjustingtonewinputsandperformingtaskslikehumans.Toachievethisaim,manyapproachestocreatingtrueAIhavebeenputforward,including“deeplearning”,whichenablesamachinetoimproveitsownperformancebylearningfromtheresultsofitspreviousactions.Deep-learningAIhasthecapacitytoanalysemassiveamountsofdatathroughmultiplelayers,imitatingthecomplexnetworksofthehumanbrain.“深度學(xué)習(xí)”ThedreamofAIhasbeenaroundforcenturies,andthedevelopmentofcomputerssincethe1940shasfinallymadeitareality.Yearsbeforetheterm“artificialintelligence”wascoinedinthemid-1950s,thetheoryhadbeenexploredbyAlanTuring,oneofthepioneersinthefieldofcomputerscience.However,foralongtime,AItechnologydevelopedveryslowly.AmajorbreakthroughinAIcamein1997,whenDeepBlue,achess-playingcomputer,beattheworldchesschampionGarryKasparov.Thenin2017,acomputerprogramnamedAlphaGodefeatedKeJie,arguablythebesthumanGoplayer,whichdemonstratedasignificantadvanceindeep-learningAIsystems.2040“人工智能”2050城的先驅(qū)之一艾倫?發(fā)展非常緩。1997