中西翻譯理論整理匯總Word版

整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式翻譯理論整理匯總翻譯腔（translationeses）是在譯文中留有源語言特征等翻譯痕跡的現(xiàn)象，嚴(yán)重的翻譯腔使譯文讀起來不夠通順。出現(xiàn)翻譯腔有時是很難免的。形成翻譯腔有以下幾個原因：1）英漢語言本身的不同，包括句型結(jié)構(gòu)等，在翻譯時如果不能做到自由轉(zhuǎn)換就會有種不是地道目標(biāo)語的感覺。2）英漢文化的不同，不同的文化背景下，單詞或習(xí)語有時會出現(xiàn)偏差甚至零對等（zero-correspondence）。有時只講詞對詞的反應(yīng)就會出現(xiàn)翻譯腔。3）譯者自身水平。奈達(dá)的功能對等就要求譯者注重譯文對讀者的影響，好的譯文讓讀者感覺是母語的寫作、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能的對等。Venuti主張同化和異化的結(jié)合，通過同化讓讀者獲得相識的反應(yīng)，通過異化使讀者領(lǐng)略異國語言和文化。譯者應(yīng)該提高自己翻譯水平，在翻譯策略上實(shí)現(xiàn)功能對等，從而盡量避免翻譯腔的出現(xiàn)。中國的翻譯理論家嚴(yán)復(fù)、茅盾、魯迅、朱光潛、傅雷、錢鐘書嚴(yán)復(fù)信、達(dá)、雅——faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance/gracefulness茅盾他也主張“直譯”，反對“意譯”，他認(rèn)為漢語確實(shí)存在語言組織上欠嚴(yán)密的不足，有必要吸引印歐語系的句法形態(tài)。但是矛盾與魯迅觀點(diǎn)同中有異，他認(rèn)為“直譯”并不是“字對字”，一個不多，一個不少。因?yàn)橹形魑姆ńY(jié)構(gòu)截然不同，純粹的“字對字”是不可能的。魯迅魯迅的“寧信而不順”是“凡是翻譯，必須兼顧兩面，一當(dāng)然是力求易解，一則保存著原作風(fēng)姿”，這是魯迅的基本思想。針對當(dāng)年那種“牛頭不對馬嘴”的胡譯、亂譯以及所謂“與其信而不順，不如順而不信”的說法（梁秋實(shí)），提出了“寧信而不順”這一原則，主張直譯，以照顧輸入新表現(xiàn)法和保持原作的風(fēng)貌。他還認(rèn)為，翻譯一要“移情”、“益志”，譯文要有“異國情調(diào)”，二要“輸入新的表現(xiàn)法”，以改進(jìn)中文的文法，在當(dāng)時主要表現(xiàn)為改進(jìn)白話文。必須強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，魯迅其實(shí)是主張翻譯要通順，又要忠實(shí)的。只是二者不可兼得的情況下，“寧信而不順”。林語堂他是在中國議學(xué)史上第一個最明確地將現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)和心理學(xué)作為翻譯理論的“學(xué)理剖析”的基礎(chǔ)的。了解翻譯的三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：忠實(shí)、通順和美。朱光潛他的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：第一，不違背作者的意思；第二，要使讀者在肯用心了解時能夠了解。傅雷的“神似說”（spiritalikeness）傅雷對翻譯有兩個比喻，一是“以效果而言，翻譯應(yīng)該像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式”。二是就手法而言“以甲國文字傳達(dá)乙國文字所包含的那些特點(diǎn)，必須像伯樂相馬，要得其精而忘其粗，在其內(nèi)而忘其外”。錢鐘書的“化境”說（sublimation）所謂“化境”（sublimation），是指原作在譯文中就像“投胎轉(zhuǎn)世”，軀體換了一個，但精魄依然故我。換句話說，譯本對原作應(yīng)該忠實(shí)得讀起來不像譯本，因?yàn)樽髌吩谠睦锝^不會讀起來想翻譯出的東西的：“文學(xué)翻譯的最高理想可以說是‘化’，把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)換成另一國文字，既能不因語文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于‘化境’”。國外的翻譯理論家JohnDrydenMetaphrase(逐詞譯),turninganauthorwordbyword,andlinebyline,fromonelanguageintoanother.Paraphrase(釋譯),ortranslationwithlatitude,wheretheauthor'swordsarenotsostrictlyfollowedbuthissense.Imitation(擬議),wherethetranslationassumestheliberty,botonlytovaryfrothewordsandthesense,buttoforsakethembothasheseesoccasion.AlexanderFraserTytlerThatthetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.Thatthetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.EugeneA.NidaNida:translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.所謂翻譯，就是從語義到文體在譯語中用最切近而又最自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息。Reproducingthemessage;Equivalenceratherthanidentity;Anaturalequivalent;Theclosestequivalent;Thestyle;Dynamicequivalenceistodescribeitas"theclosestnaturalequivalenttothesource-languagemessage".Thistypeofdefinitioncontainsthreeessentialterms:1)equivalent,whichpointstowardthesource-languagemessage;2)natural,whichpointsrowardthereceptorlanguage,and3)closest,whichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.PeterNewmark1.Semantictranslation:"ispersonalandindividualfollowsthethoughtprocessesoftheauthor,tendstoover-translate,pursuesnuancesofmeaning,yetaimsatconcisioninordertoreproducepragmaticimpact",expressive(literary)textstendmoretowardthesemanticmethodoftranslation.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式語義性翻譯：屈從原語文化和原作者，翻譯原文的語義，只在原文的內(nèi)涵意義構(gòu)成理解的最大障礙時才加以解釋。屬超額翻譯。2.Communicativetranslation:ontheotherhand,"attemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership".Informativeandnon-literarytextsrequirecommunicativetranslation.交際性翻譯：譯作所產(chǎn)生的效果應(yīng)力求接近原作，首先終于譯語和譯文讀者，即使原語屈從譯語和譯語文化，不給讀者留下任何疑點(diǎn)和難懂之處，屬欠額翻譯。Skopostheory德國目的論1.TranslationStudiesreturnstheattentiontotheReceptorside.Skopostheorybeginsbyseeingtranslationasapurposeful"action",whichleadto"aresult,anewsituation,andpossiblytoa'new'object".Theaimofthetranslationalactionandthewayinwhichitisrealizedisnotrandom,butmustbe"negotiatedwiththeclientwhocommissionstheaction".Theendsjustifythemeans.2.AsVermeerinsists:"ifthereforefollowsthatsourceandtargettextsmaydivergefromeachotherquiteconsiderablynotonlyintheformulationanddistributionofthecontentbutalsoasregardsthegoalswhicharesetforeach".HolmesHedividesTranslationStudiesintotwomajorbranches,"Pure"and"Applied",andthensun-dividesthe"Pure"intotwofurthersub-branches:"Theoretical"and"Descriptive"TranslationStudies.TranslationMethods:Word-forwordtranslationThisisoftendemonstratedasinterlineartranslation,withtheTLimmediatelybelowtheSLwords.TheSLword-orderispreservedandthewordstranslatedsinglybytheirmostcommonmeanings,outofcontext.Culturalwordsaretranslatedliterally.Themainuseofword-for-wordtranslationiseithertounderstandthemechanicsofthesourcelanguageoftoconstrueadifficulttextasapre-translationprocess.LiteraltranslationTheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.Asapre-translationprocess,thisindicatestheproblemstobesolved.FaithfultranslationAfaithfultranslationattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginalwithintheconstraintsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures.It"transfers"culturalwordsandpreservesthedegreeofgrammaticalandlexical"abnormality"(deviationfromSLandnorms)inthetranslation.Itattemptstobecompletelyfaithfultotheintentionsandthetext-realizationoftheSLwrite.整理為word格式整理為word格式整理為word格式SemantictranslationSemantictranslationdiffersfrom"faithfultranslation"onlyinasfarasitmusttakemoreaccountoftheaestheticvalue(thatis,thebeautifulandnaturalsound)oftheSLtext,compromisingon"meaning"whereappropriatesothatnoassonance,word-playorrepetitionjarsinthefinishedversion.Further,itmaytranslatelessimportantculturalwordsbyculturallyneutralthirdorfunctionaltermsbutnotbyculturalequivalentsanditmaymakeothersmallconcessionstothereadership.Thedistinctionbetween"faithful"and"semantic"translationisthatthefirstisuncompromisinganddogmatic,whilethesecondismoreflexible,admitsthecreativeexceptionto100%fidelityandallowsforthetranslator'sintuitiveempathywiththeoriginal.AdaptationThististhe"freest"fromoftranslation.Itisusedmainlyforplays(comedies)andpoetry;thethemes,characters,