太陽(yáng)能科技英文課件PhotovoltaicSolarEnergy-

PhotovoltaicSolarEnergy

FuturesPresentedtotheMinnesotaFuturists16May2009DickSaundersandDavidKeenanPhotovoltaicSolarEnergy

Futu1ButfirstawordfromoursponsorTheFuturistToolofthedayTrendAnalysisandExtrapolationButfirstawordfromourspon2TrendAnalysis&ExtrapolationAMethodEveryoneUsesTrendanalysisinvolvestheuseofanyofavarietyoftechniquesbasedonhistoricaldata.Trendanalysisinvolvesseveralprocesses.Oneprocessisspottinganemergingtrend,thatis,identifyingachangeintheworldaroundus.Nowyouneedtodosomeanalysistoseewhatthenatureofthetrendisandwhatitsimplicationsmightbe.Youcouldfirstlookathistoricaldata/~goertzel/futuristmethods.htmTrendAnalysis&Extrapolation3TrendAnalysis&ExtrapolationTrendAnalysis&Extrapolation4TrendAnalysis&ExtrapolationTrendanalysisrequiresthatyoudomorethansimplyextrapolatethetrendforward.Youhavetoask,whatiscausingthistrend,andwillthosecausescontinueindefinitely?

Arethereupperlimitstothetrend?Whatotherforcesmayaffectthetrend?

Atthispointtrendanalysisreliesmoreonsubjectivejudgmentratherthanobjectiveextrapolationofhistoricaldata.Assumingthatthefuturewillbelikethepastorthatpastchangeswillcontinueinthesamedirectionandrateisaperfectlysensiblewaytobegintryingtounderstandthefuture.Itcannot,however,betheendofourendeavors,orwewouldendupwithabsurdresults./~goertzel/futuristmethods.htmTrendAnalysis&Extrapolation5TrendstoAnalyzeinThisTalkSolarCellsMarketsizeMarketshareSalesUnitsPowerproducedCostperpowerdeliveredTrendstoAnalyzeinThisTalk6AgendaTheSunSolarCellsBackgroundHowtheyworkTypesMarketsCostsCountriesCompaniesQuestionsAgendaTheSun7NowonwiththeshowNowonwiththeshow8EnergyfromtheSunAbouthalftheincomingsolarenergyreachestheEarth'ssurface.TheEarthreceives174

petawatts(PW)(1015watts)ofincomingsolarradiationattheupperatmosphere.Approximately30%isreflectedbacktospacewhiletherestisabsorbedbyclouds,oceansandlandmasses.Earth'slandsurface,oceansandatmosphereabsorbsolarradiation,andthisraisestheirtemperature.Sunlightabsorbedbytheoceansandlandmasseskeepsthesurfaceatanaveragetemperatureof14

°C.Byphotosynthesisgreenplantsconvertsolarenergyintochemicalenergy,whichproducesfood,woodandthebiomassfromwhichfossilfuelsarederived./wiki/Solar_energyEnergyfromtheSunAbouthalf9Breakdownofincomingsolarenergy/wiki/File:Breakdown_of_the_incoming_solar_energy.svgBreakdownofincomingsolaren10EnergyfromtheSunYearlySolarfluxes&HumanEnergyConsumption

ThetotalsolarenergyabsorbedbyEarth'satmosphere,oceansandlandmassesisapproximately3,850,000

exajoules(EJ)(1018joules)peryear.(70%ofincomingsunlight)(1Joule=energyrequiredtoheatonegramofdry,coolairby1?C)Primaryenergyuse(2019)487

EJ(0.0126%)

Electricity(2019)56.7

EJ(0.0015%)

Thereforeagoodtarget

2019,moreenergyinonehourthantheworldusedintheyear.Photosynthesiscapturesapproximately3,000

EJperyearinbiomass.TheamountofsolarenergyreachingthesurfaceoftheplanetissovastthatinoneyearitisabouttwiceasmuchaswilleverbeobtainedfromalloftheEarth'snon-renewableresourcesofcoal,oil,naturalgas,andmineduraniumcombined.Asintermittentresources,solarandwindraiseissues./wiki/Solar_energyEnergyfromtheSunYearlySola11SolarCellsBackground1839-FrenchphysicistA.E.Becquerelfirstrecognizedthephotovoltaiceffect.Photo+voltaic=convertlighttoelectricity1883-firstsolarcellbuilt,byCharlesFritts,coatedsemiconductorseleniumwithanextremelythinlayerofgoldtoformthejunctions.1954-BellLaboratories,experimentingwithsemiconductors,accidentallyfoundthatsilicondopedwithcertainimpuritieswasverysensitivetolight.DarylChapin,CalvinFullerandGeraldPearson,inventedthefirstpracticaldeviceforconvertingsunlightintousefulelectricalpower.Resultedintheproductionofthefirstpracticalsolarcellswithasunlightenergyconversionefficiencyofaround6%.1958-FirstspacecrafttousesolarpanelswasUSsatelliteVanguard1/wiki/Solar_cellSolarCellsBackground1839-F12PVSolarforElectricityPhotovoltaicsForthe2billionpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricity,itwouldbecheapertoinstallsolarpanelsthantoextendtheelectricalgrid.(TheFundforRenewableEnergyEverywhere)

Providingpowerforvillagesindevelopingcountriesisafast-growingmarketforphotovoltaics.TheUnitedNationsestimatesthatmorethan2millionvillagesworldwidearewithoutelectricpowerforwatersupply,refrigeration,lighting,andotherbasicneeds,andthecostofextendingtheutilitygridsisprohibitive,$23,000to$46,000perkilometerin1988.AonekilowattPVsystem*eachmonth:prevents150lbs.ofcoalfrombeingminedprevents300lbs.ofCO2fromenteringtheatmospherekeeps105gallonsofwaterfrombeingconsumedkeepsNOandSO2frombeingreleasedintotheenvironment*inColorado,oranequivalentsystemthatproduces150kWhpermonth/resources/energyfacts.htmlPVSolarforElectricityPhotov13HowSolarCellsWork/wiki/File:Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svgPhotonsinsunlighthitthesolarpanelandareabsorbedbysemiconductingmaterials,suchassilicon.Electrons(negativelycharged)areknockedloosefromtheiratoms,allowingthemtoflowthroughthematerialtoproduceelectricity.Anarrayofsolarcellsconvertssolarenergyintoausableamountofdirectcurrent(DC)electricity.HowSolarCellsWorken.wikipe14SolarCellsBackgroundThreegenerationsofsolarcellsSolarCellsareclassifiedintothreegenerationswhichindicatestheorderofwhicheachbecameimportant.Atpresentthereisconcurrentresearchintoallthreegenerationswhilethefirstgenerationtechnologiesaremosthighlyrepresentedincommercialproduction,accountingfor89.6%of2019production./wiki/Solar_cellSolarCellsBackgroundThreege15SolarCellsBackgroundFirstGeneration–SingleJunctionSiliconCells89.6%of2019Production 45.2%SingleCrystalSi 42.2%Multi-crystalSILarge-area,highqualityandsinglejunctiondevices.Highenergyandlaborinputswhichlimitsignificantprogressinreducingproductioncosts.Singlejunctionsilicondevicesareapproachingtheoreticallimitefficiencyof33%.Achievecostparitywithfossilfuelenergygenerationafterapaybackperiodof5–7years.(3.5yrinEurope)Singlecrystalsilicon-16-19%efficiencyMulti-crystalsilicon-14-15%efficiency/wiki/Solar_cellandSolarGenerationVReportSept08SiliconCellAverageEfficiencySolarCellsBackgroundFirstGe16SolarCellsBackgroundSecondGeneration–ThinFilmCells

CdTe4.7%&CIGS0.5%of2019ProductionNewmaterialsandprocessestoimproveefficiencyandreducecost.Asmanufacturingtechniquesevolve,productioncostswillbedominatedbyconstituentmaterialrequirements,whetherthisbeasiliconsubstrate,orglasscover.Thinfilmcellsuseabout1%oftheexpensivesemiconductorscomparedtoFirstGenerationcells.Themostsuccessfulsecondgenerationmaterialshavebeencadmiumtelluride(CdTe),copperindiumgalliumselenide(CIGS),amorphoussiliconandmicromorphoussilicon.Trendtowardsecondgen.,butcommercializationhasprovendifficult.2019-FirstSolarproduced200

MWofCdTesolarcells,5thlargestproducerin2019andthefirsttoreachtop10fromofsecondgenerationtechnologiesalone.2019-WurthSolarcommercializeditsCIGStechnologyproducing15

MW.2019-NanosolarcommercializeditsCIGStechnologyin2019withaproduction.capacityof430

MWfor2019intheUSAandGermany.2019-HondabegantocommercializetheirCIGSbasesolarpanel.CdTe–8–11%efficiency(18%demonstrated)CIGS–7-11%efficiency(20%demonstrated)Paybacktime<1yearinEurope/wiki/Solar_cellandSolarGenerationVReportSept08SolarCellsBackgroundSecondG17SolarCellsBackgroundThirdGeneration–Multi-junctionCellsThirdgenerationtechnologiesaimtoenhancepoorelectricalperformanceofsecondgeneration(thin-filmtechnologies)whilemaintainingverylowproductioncosts.Currentresearchistargetingconversionefficienciesof30-60%whileretaininglowcostmaterialsandmanufacturingtechniques.Theycanexceedthetheoreticalsolarconversionefficiencylimitforasingleenergythresholdmaterial,31%under1sunilluminationand40.8%underthemaximalartificialconcentrationofsunlight(46,200suns).Approachestoachievingthesehighefficienciesincludingtheuseofmultijunctionphotovoltaiccells,concentrationoftheincidentspectrum,theuseofthermalgenerationbyUVlighttoenhancevoltageorcarriercollection,ortheuseoftheinfraredspectrumfornight-timeoperation.Typicallyusefresnellens(3M)orotherconcentrators,butcannotusediffusesunlightandrequiresuntrackinghardwareMulti-junctioncells–30%efficiency(40-43%demonstrated)/wiki/Solar_cellandSolarGenerationVReportSept08SolarCellsBackgroundThirdGe18GlobalCumulativePVPower/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/publications/epia/Global_Market_Outlook_Until_2019.pdfGlobalCumulativePVPowerepia19GlobalAnnualPVMarket/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/publications/epia/Global_Market_Outlook_Until_2019.pdfGlobalAnnualPVMarketepia.or20SolarCellMarketEstimate--FirstGeneration----SecondGeneration---ThirdGen-SEMIPVGroupMarch2009fromsourceYoleDevelopmentSolarCellMarketEstimate--21GlobalAnnualPVMarketOutlook/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/publications/epia/Global_Market_Outlook_Until_2019.pdfGlobalAnnualPVMarketOutloo22SolarPVMarketOutlookSEMIPVGroupMarch2009fromsourceEPIASolarGenerationVSept08by20308.9%ofGlobalEnergy,1,864GWProductionCapacity,2,646TWhElectricitySolarPVMarketOutlookSEMIPV23CostProjectionsEPIASolarGenerationVReportSept08$1.35$1.07$0.81$0.54$0.27$0.13$/kWh“Gridparity’wherePVcostareequaltoresidentialelectricitycostsisexpectedtobeachievedfirstinsouthernEuropeancountriesandthentomovenorthCostPEPIA24Cumulativeinstalledsolarelectricpowerby20191stGermany 3.8GW2ndJapan 1.9GW3rdUS 814MW4thSpain 632MWCumulativeinstalledsolarele25World'slargestphotovoltaic(PV)powerplants(12MWorlarger)1]

NameofPVpowerplant

Country

DC

Peak

Power

(MW)GW·h

/year

Notes

OlmedillaPhotovoltaicParkSpain6085CompletedSeptember2019PuertollanoPhotovoltaicParkSpain502019MouraphotovoltaicpowerstationPortugal4693CompletedDecember2019WaldpolenzSolarParkGermany4040550,000FirstSolarthin-filmCdTemodules.CompletedDec2019ArnedoSolarPlantSpain34CompletedOctober2019Merida/DonAlvaroSolarParkSpain30CompletedSeptember201917more2moreSpainKoreaAvg20Avg20KoethenGermany14.7513200,000FirstSolarthin-filmCdTemodules.CompletedDec2019NellisSolarPowerPlantUSA14.023070,000solarpanelsPlantaSolardeSalamanca6moreSpain,1US,1GermanySpain13.8Avg12n.a.70,000Kyocerapanels/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stationsWorld'slargestphotovoltaic(26LargesystemsinplanningorunderconstructionNameofPlant

CountryDC

Peak

Power

(MW)GW·h

/year

Notes

RanchoCieloSolarFarmUSA600ThinfilmsiliconfromSignetSolar**TopazSolarFarmUSA5501,100ThinfilmsiliconfromOptiSolar**HighPlainsRanchUSA250550MonocrystalinesiliconfromSunPowerwithtracking**MilduraSolarconcentratorpowerstationAustralia154270HeliostatconcentratorusingGaAscellsfromSpectrolab**KCRDSolarFarmUSA80Scheduledtobecompletedin2019**DeSotoCounty,FloridaUSA25TobeconstructedbySunPowerforFPLEnergy,completiondate2009.*DavidsonCountysolarfarmUSA21.536individualstructures**CádizsolarpowerplantSpain20.136*KennedySpaceCenter,FloridaUSA10TobeconstructedbySunPowerforFPLEnergy,completiondate2019.***Underconstruction;**Proposed/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stationsLargesystemsinplanningoru27SpainBlessedwithalmostyear-roundsunshine,Spain'ssocialistgovernmentistryingtocapitalizeonthisnaturalresource.Inanefforttoencourageprivateindividualsandcompaniestoinstallsolarpower,Spainintroducedsubsidiesof€0.42perkilowattperhour($0.57/KWhr)(‘feed-in’tariffandoff-gridsubsidies)ButtheSpanishgovernmentisconsideringreducingthissubsidyinSeptember,amovewhichislikelytofaceoppositionfromwithinthesolarenergyindustry.2019:26,800employeesinSpanishsolarcompaniesguardian.co.uk/environment/2019/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy9July2019

SolarGenerationVReportSep2019SpainBlessedwithalmostyear-28OlmedillaSolarPark60MWpphotovoltaicparkinstalledbyNobesolwithmodulesfromSilikinsiliken/clientes_proyectos/instalaciones/ficha?contentId=572OlmedillaSolarPark60MWppho29Germany10,000companies,includinginstallersworkinsolarPV80companiesarecellandmodulemakers42,000employeesSaleswere$5.7Bincluding$2.5BinexportsThe‘feed-in’tariff2019Germanutilitiespay$0.47to$0.68/kWhdependingontypeandsizeofsystemfornewsolarsystemsUtilitiespasscosttoconsumers–Germanyaverageis$1.65/monthSolarGenerationVReportSep2019Germany10,000companies,inclu30WaldpolenzSolarParkTheWaldpolenzSolarParkisbuiltonasurfaceareaequivalentto200soccerfields,thesolarparkwillbecapableoffeeding40megawattsintothepowergridwhenfullyoperationalin2009.Inthestart-upphase,the130-million-euro($201million)plantitwillhaveacapacityof24megawatts,accordingtotheJuwigroup,whichoperatestheinstallation.

Thefacility,locatedeastofLeipzig,usesstate-of-the-art,thin-filmtechnology.Some550,000thin-filmmoduleswillbeused,ofwhich350,000havealreadybeeninstalled.ThedirectcurrentproducedinthePVsolarmoduleswillbeconvertedintoalternatingcurrentandfedcompletelyintothepowergrid.Afterjustayearthesolarpowerstationwillhaveproducedtheenergyneededtobuildit,accordingtotheJuwigroup.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3430319,00.htmlWaldpolenzSolarParkTheWaldp31WaldpolenzSolarParkdw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3430319,00.htmlWaldpolenzSolarParkdw-world.32WaldpolenzSolarParklumbergusa/main/Bild/sp_pv_07/Brandis-Waldpolenz-Fotomont.jpgWaldpolenzSolarParklumbergus33UnitedStates2019-PVproductiongrewinallareasofUSmarketUSleadsdevelopmentofthin-filmtechnologyaccountingfornearlyhalftheglobalproduction2019–about50,000employeesCAdominateswith60%ofinstalledcapacityVariousstateRenewablePortfolioStandards(RPS)andFederalInvestmentTaxCredits(ITC)areincentives.SolarAmericaInitiativemakingprogressongoaltobringPVcoststogridparityby2019SolarGenerationVReportSep2019UnitedStates2019-PVproduct34RenewableEnergyConsumption

intheUSEnergySupply,2019/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/trends/highlight1.htmlRenewableEnergyConsumption

35ChartDataFigure1.1TheRoleofRenewableEnergyConsumptionintheNation'sEnergySupply,2019(QuadrillionBtu)

ConsumptionShareTotalUS101.545Coal22.77622%NaturalGas23.63723%Petroleum39.77339%NuclearElectricPower8.4158%RenewableEnergy:6.8137%Ofwhich:Hydroelectric2.44636%GeothermalEnergy0.3495%Biomass3.59653%

SolarEnergy0.0811%WindEnergy0.3415%/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/trends/figure1_1.xlsChartDataFigure1.1TheRole36USSolarIndustryDataSizeofU.S.Market

2019-U.S.hadabout8,800megawatts(MW)ofinstalledsolarcapacity.

1,100MWofphotovoltaics(PV),

418MWofutility-scaleconcentratingsolarpower, 485MWTh(megawattsthermalequivalent)ofsolarwaterheatingsystems7,000MWThofsolarpoolheatingsystems.RankingofU.S.Market:Cumulativeinstalledsolarelectricpowerby2019.1stGermany3.8GW,2ndJapan1.9GW,3rdUS814MW,4thSpain632MWGrowthofU.S.Market2019-morethan18,000individualPVsystemswereinstalled.Totaled342MW:292MWwasgrid-connected.GrowthofU.S.Manufacturing2019domesticPVcellmanufacturingcapacitygrew65percentto685MWandproductiongrew53percentto414MW.(Resultspreliminary)(Source:GreentechMediaResearchandthePrometheusInstitute)/cs/about_solar_energy/industry_dataandSolarGenerationVReportSep2019Solarenergyrepresentslessthan1%oftheU.S.energymix.However,asaresultofgrowingawarenessaboutreliable,off-the-shelftechnology,concernsaboutrisingcosts,energysecurityandsupplies,andnewstateandfederalincentives,deploymentofsolarenergyhasexplodedsince2019.USSolarIndustryDataSizeof37NellisAFBSolarpanels/wiki/File:Nellis_AFB_Solar_panels.jpgNellisAFBSolarpanelsen.wik38GMinstallsworld'sbiggestrooftopsolarpanelsThelargestrooftopsolarpowerstationintheworldisbeingbuiltinSpain.Withacapacityof12MWofpower,thestationismadeupof85,000lightweightpanelscoveringanareaoftwomillionSqFt.Manufacturedinrolls,ratherlikecarpet,thephotovoltaicpanelsaretobeinstalledontheroofofaGeneralMotorscarfactoryinZaragoza,Spain.GeneralMotors,whichplanstoinstallsolarpanelsatanother11plantsacrossEurope,unveiledthe€50M($68M)projectyesterday.ThepowerstationshouldbeproducingenergybySeptember.Thepanelswillproduceanexpectedannualoutputof15.1millionkilowatthours(kWh)-enoughtomeettheneedsof4,600householdswithanaverageconsumptionof3,300kWh,orpowerathirdoftheGMfactory.ThesolarenergyproducedshouldcutCO2emissionsby6,700tonsayear.EnergyConversionDeviceswhomakesthepanels,saiditwouldbethelargestrooftopsolararrayintheworld.guardian.co.uk/environment/2019/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy9July2019

GMinstallsworld'sbiggest39GMinstallsworld'sbiggestrooftopsolarpanelsguardian.co.uk/environment/2019/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy9July2019

GMinstallsworld'sbiggest40Japan2019-BasicActonEnergyPolicytosecurestableenergysupply,environmentalsuitabilityanduseofmarketmechanismsBy2019,installed1.2GWfor350,000homes2019–Newresearchinitiativetoimproveyieldsfrom10-15%to40%andreducecostfrom$0.48/kWhto$0.073/kWhSolarGenerationVReportSep2019Japan2019-BasicActonEnerg41China2019NationalRenewableEnergytargets10%by2019(300MW)15%by2020(1.8GW)Supplies1,130tonsofpolysiliconfrom6companiesSupplies21,400tonsofsiliconingotfrom70companiesNumber1PVpanelproducer–1.1GW50PVpanelcompaniesincludingSuntech,Yingli,HebeiJingao,JiansuLinyang,andNangjingCEEG82,800employees(6timesthatof2019)SolarGenerationVReportSep2019China2019SolarGener42Top10PVCellProducersUntilrecentlyBPSolarwasdominantsupplier.NewTop10produce53%ofworldtotalQ-Cells,SolarWorld-GermanySharp,Kyocera,Sharp,Sanyo–JapanSuntech,Yingli,JASolar–ChinaMotech-TaiwanTop10PVCellProducersUntil43BPSolarBPSolartosupplyPVpowersystemsforWal-MartinCA22April2009Underapowerpurchaseagreement(PPA),BPwillfinance,installandmaintainthesystemsandWal-Martwillhaveimmediateaccesstocleanelectricitywithnoupfrontcapitalcosttotheretailer.Willinitiallybuild10to20rooftopsystemsatWal-MartlocationsinCalifornia,andwouldworkwiththeretailertoevaluatethepotentialforadditionalprojects.Expectstocompletethefirstset,10MWofinstalledsolarpower,withinabout18months.2019BPcompleted4.1MWsolarsystemsfor7Wal-Marts&Sam’sClubsinCA.Since2019,BPguaranteesitsmodulesfor25years.BPSolar,partofBPAlternativeEnergy,isaglobalcompanywithabout2000employees.Withover35yearsofexperienceandinstallationsinmostcountries,BPSolarisoneoftheworld'sleadingsolarcompanies.BPisoneoftheworld’slargestenergycompanies,inmorethan100countriesandover96,000employees.bp/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9025044&contentId=7046577BPSolarBPSolartosupplyPV44BPaxes620jobsfromsolarbusiness01April,2009-BPtoaxe620jobsfromitssolarpowerbusiness–morethanaquarterofthatworkforce–inamoveitsaidwaspartofthelong-termstrategyto"reducethecostofsolarpowertothatofconventionalelectricity.“TwocellmanufactureandmoduleassemblyplantsnearMadrid,willbeshutwiththelossof480postswhilemoduleassemblywillalsobephasedoutatitsFrederickfacilityinMaryland,US,withafurther140redundancies.BPblamedthecutbacksonthecreditcrunchandlower-costcompetitionsayingitsglobalmanufacturingcapacitywouldstillincreaseduringthisyearandnextviaaseriesofstrategicallianceswithothercompanies.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/apr/01/bp-solarBPaxes620jobsfromsolarbu45QCellsSE2019founded,2019beganwiththeproductionofsiliconsolarcellswith19employees.By2009,2,600employees(2019,1700employees)Nowthelargestsolarcellmanufacturerintheworld.(since2019)ContinuetoexpandproductioninBitterfeld-Wolfen,GermanyandstartconstructionofnewMalaysianproductionfacility.Alongsidethemonocrystallineandpolycrystalline(90%ofbusiness)corebusiness,weuseawiderangeoftechnologiestodevelopandproducethin-filmmodules.(thin-film-25%shareofsmallermarket)2019Sales$1.69B2019Sales$1.16BprofitableQCE:Frankfurtexchangeq-cells/enandgoogle/finance?q=FRA%3AQCEQCellsSE2019founded,2019b46SharpSolarSubsidiaryofSharpElectronics,Osaka,JapanProducessiliconsolarcellsandthinfilm,leveragingsiliconknowledgefromLCDmanufacturing2019,capacitywillreach1.6millionsquaremetersofthin-filmmodules,aswesimultaneouslybuildtheworld'slargestthinfilmmanufacturingcomplex,capableof10millionsquaremetersperyear.Andthisgigawatt-scalefactoryisonlythefirsttocome.KatsugaCity,NaraandSakaiCity,Osaka,Japan

Thinfilmefficiency9%,expecting10%fromGWfactoryline.Sharppowersmorehomesandbusinessesthananyothersolarmfgintheworld.Firstmfgrtoreach2GWcumulativeproductionsincemassproductionstartin1963Memphis,TN–100MWmanufacturingfacilitysolar.sharpusa/solar/solar_thin_film/1,,3-6,00.htmlandsharpusa/files/sol_dow_ThinFilm_101408.pdfSharpSolarSubsidiaryofSharp47SunTechPowerBEIJING,Jan12,2009(XinhuaviaCOMTEX)China’ssolarproductmakerSunTechPowerHoldingsCo.,Ltd.(STP.NYSE)recentlylaidoff800workersor10percentofitstotalemployeesandpostponeditspreviousplanonrecruiting2,000people,saidShiZhengrong,chairmanandCEO.SunTechdelayedplantoexpandproductioncapacityto1.5GWin2009,whichrequires2,000moreemployees.PlantsinWuxiandotherareasareinnormaloperationwithmorethan50%capacityrunning,comparedwith85%priortofinancialmeltdown.SunTechhasreceivedmorethan800MWofordersin2009including650MWfromEurope.2019overallordersof500MW.tradingmarkets/.site/news/Stock%20News/2119252/SunTechPowerBEIJING,Jan12,48SunTechPowerSales$1.9B2019,1.3B2019profitableEmployees:6784STP:NYSEWuxi,ChinaWorldslargestsiliconcellmakerAverageconversionefficiencyratesoftheirmonocrystallineandmulticrystallinesiliconPVcells16.4%and14.9%respectively10May2009announcesplantobuildmanufacturingplantinUS,nowshoppingstatesforincentivesgoogle/finance?q=NYSE:STPSunTechPowerSales$1.9B2019,49KyoceraSolarUSSolarDivision–Scottsdale,AZSubsidiaryofKyocera,Kyoto,Japan(KYO:NYSE)$13B20192019brokegroundfornewplantinTianjinCity,Chinatoexpandtherefrom60MWto240MWby2019.FirstoneinChina‘032019totalproductioncapacitytobe650MWfromJapan,Mexico,theCzechRepublicandTianjin.Technologybuiltonknowledgeoffineceramics,withmetals,plastics,andelectronicsdevelopedforcopiersandprinterskyocerasolar/about/KyoceraSolarUSSolarDivision50FirstSolarTEMPE,Ariz.--(BUSINESSWIRE)--Feb.24,2009--FirstSolar,Inc.(Nasdaq:FSLR)todayannounceditreduceditsmanufacturingcostforsolarmodulesinthefourthquarterto98centsperwatt,breakingthe$1perwattpricebarrier.2019Beganfullcommercialoperation.Manufacturingcapacityhasgrowntomorethan500MWin2019andwilldoublein2009tomorethan1GW,theequivalentofanaverage-sizednuclearpowerplant.Escalatingvolumesaccompaniedbyarapidreductioninmanufacturingcos