閱讀理解解題指導(dǎo)

閱讀理解解題指導(dǎo)【專家支招】做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時，大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問題就是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而應(yīng)采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法，先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語，然后以此為線索，運用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句，仔細(xì)品味，對照比較，確定答案。除了運用掃讀法外，還可以兼用排除法，將“無此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項排除。要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實或細(xì)節(jié)，就需要恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂貌殚喌姆椒凹记?。查閱是在讀者對材料有所熟悉的情況下進行的，它的特點是帶著問題去尋求答案，它往往與略讀綜合使用。〖第一招〗直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題答案與原文掛鉤，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往與原文中的語句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達相同的意思。間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，利用主要事實、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷，此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。其常見命題方式有：1、特殊疑問句形式。以what,who,when,where,which,howmuch/many等引出的問題；2、是非題。通常以true/false,nottrue/false提問以及以accordingtothetext開頭；3、填空題。通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實和細(xì)節(jié)；4、就文中數(shù)字、排序、識圖等提問?！嫉诙小铰宰x材料，大概了解全文，掌握其中心或主旨。〖第三招〗按文章的體裁，如記敘文、說明文和議論文等及作者寫作的組織模式和有關(guān)的信息詞，如forexample,first,second等預(yù)測應(yīng)該到何處尋求自己所需要的事實。段落的組織形式常見的有時間型段落、空間型段落、列舉型段落、例證型段落、程序型段落和對比型段落等。如時間型段落和空間型段落要憑借表達時間和空間的信息詞按時間和空間的組織形式進行查讀，尋找有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)?！嫉谒恼小綄⒕Ψ旁趯ふ夷闼枰募?xì)節(jié)上，快速通篇跳讀，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z型掃讀，直到找到含細(xì)節(jié)句子時，就要放慢速度，仔細(xì)核對、比較內(nèi)容，直至找到答案?！嫉谖逭小搅私饧?xì)節(jié)題干擾選項的特點也能有助于提高答題的正確率。一般情況下，干擾項有以下五個特點：①是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；②符合常識，但不是文內(nèi)容；③與原句的內(nèi)容極為相似，只是在程度上有些變動；④在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；⑤部分正確，部分錯誤。值得一提的是，有時原文中的信息可能只是一個短語甚至一個單詞，因此需要我們閱讀中格外仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。【試題分析】1、直接信息理解題細(xì)節(jié)的直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對客觀的事實作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時還要求讀者記住重要的細(xì)節(jié)，在必要的時候（做判斷、推論或結(jié)論的時候）能準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。解此類題要求考生快速抓住關(guān)鍵信息，直接得出答案。有時需要詞句意的轉(zhuǎn)換理解，將獲得的信息用同義或近義的形式復(fù)述出來。NMET設(shè)計了許多這樣的同義轉(zhuǎn)換理解題，具體的要求是為閱讀材料中某些詞匯、短語及句型找到正確的釋義。例如：2006陜西省西工大附中第三次模擬試題閱讀理解B篇：TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),foundedonJanuary1,1995,aimstoencourageinternationaltradetoflowaspossible,makingsurethattradeagreementsarerespectedandthatanydisputescanbesettled.Inthefiveyearssinceitsfounding,theWTOhasbecomewellknownasoneoftheworld’smostpowerfuleconomicorganizations,takingitsplacealongsidetheWorldBankandInternationalMoneyFund.Thesystemofglobalrulesforinternationaltrade,however,datesbackhalfacenturyto1948whentheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradewasformedafterWorldWarII.Astimewentby,isbecameclearthattheGATThadtwomajordrawbacks-thelimitedareasoftradeitcovered,andthelackofaneffectivesystemtosettledisputes.Aftersevenyearsoftradetalksendingin1994,theso-calledUruguayRoundfinallygivebirthtotheWTO,completewithaneffectivesystemtosettledisputesandnewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty.Evenaftersevenyearsoftalksand22,500pagesofagreements,therewerestillproblems,especiallythedifficultytodealwithareasofagricultureandservices,whichthemembernationsagreedtorevisein2000,TheWTO,withitsheadofficeinGeneva,has135memberswith30morewaitingtojoin.總述：本文主要介紹了世貿(mào)組織的演變過程，即由最初的關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定，到后來的烏拉圭回合談判，到1995年1月1日成立的世貿(mào)組織，其演變經(jīng)歷了大半個世紀(jì)，使其成為世界上最大的國際經(jīng)濟組織。45.FromthepassageweknowthattheGATTstoppedworking________.A.soonafterWorldWarIIendedB.alittlemorethan50yearsafterWorldWarIIC.justintheyear1994D.sevenyearsbeforetheUruguayRoundtalk46.ComparedwiththeGATT,theWTO_______.A.didn’tpayenoughattentiontoservicesandintellectualpropertyB.gotitsmemberstosigntheagreementsmoreeasilyC.hasgottomanyareasofinternationaltradetodealwithtoworkeffectivelyD.candobettertosettledisputesinmoreareasofinternationaltrade47.InthenewcenturytheWTOwill________.A.taketheplaceoftheWorldBankandInternationalMonetaryFundB.havemoremembersandsettlemoreproblemsC.makecompletenewrulesineveryareaofinternationaltradeD.havenewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty本文后的這三個題都是細(xì)節(jié)理解題。其中45題，由文第五段中，Aftersevenyearsoftradetalksendingin1994,theso-calledUruguayRoundfinallygivebirthtotheWTO…作為原句，因此先C。46題仍由文第五段原句…completewithaneffectivesystemtosettledisputesandnewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty?？梢钥闯鲞xD。47題問的是“在新世紀(jì)，世貿(mào)組織將如何？”由文中第六段最后一句TheWTO,withitsheadofficeinGeneva,has135memberswith30morewaitingtojoin.可知選B?！嫉诹小嚼蒙舷挛恼Z境線索任何一篇文中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵，這也是近年來高考考查的熱點。例如：1.Charlotte’stalewasinspiredbythegirls’coincollection.“We’vecollectedforeigncoinsforyears-sinceourfamilieswentonholidaytoTenerife,”sheexplains.“ThatwasbeforetheEuro,soweputpesetasin.”Theunderlinedwore“pesetas”inParagraph2isakindof_______.A.storyB.collectionC.inspirationD.foreigncoin分析：本題正確答案為D。由原文中的Euro（歐元，歐洲統(tǒng)一貨幣）可推知該詞是一種在歐元發(fā)行前使用的錢幣。2.In1963aschoolboycalledAndrewWilesreadinginhisschoollibrarycameacrosstheworld’sgreatestmathematical17thcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.分析：本題正確答案為B。從短文中對Fermat’sLastTheorem一書的介紹中有thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds一句，句中兩個并列的謂語動詞baffled和beaten,意義相同，加強語氣，從beat的本意就可以猜測出baffled為“使（某人）困惑，難倒”。3.Todaywhenmanytendtoworrymoreabouttheirownhappiness,Houng’sdeedsremindusofwhatweusuallyneglect:loveandcareforothers.Withoutthese,noneofuscouldsurvive.Houngturneddowndonationsfromothers.Hesaidhefeltencouragedbykindoffers,buthecoulddependonhisownwork.[2006浙江紹興市高三4月教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測卷]42.Theunderlinedword“donation”inParagraph3probablymeans______.A.invitationtogiveaspeechB.something,especiallygiventohelpothersC.questionsaskedbyinterviewersD.chancestobeahero分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很窮，但他拒絕別人對他的“donation”，他說他很感謝人們好心的饋贈，但他能夠靠打工的錢來養(yǎng)活自己和妹妹，由此可以判斷出donation和后文的offer，是近義詞，也是饋贈之意。因此選B。〖第七招〗利用定義和解釋性線索閱讀文中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報導(dǎo)及科普類文章中的生詞，往往在其后有對該詞進行解釋方明性的短語或句子，如tobe,thatis,mean,standfor,namely,toreferto,tomean,inotherwords等，有時也以同位語、定語從句的形式出現(xiàn)，或用破折號、括弧來表示。留心閱讀就可以斷定它們的意思。例如：1.TheelderlearntomastertheInternetandtoovercomewhatLansdalecallsthemaladiesoftheinstitutionalized:loneliness,helplessness,boredom,andloseofmemory.分析：根據(jù)句意，maladiesoftheinstitutionalized應(yīng)和后面的解釋意思相同，綜合后面的內(nèi)容可得知其意為：“（老年）綜合癥”。2.Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(軍用物資),whileotherscarriedonlypassengers.分析：suchas后所列舉物品均屬“貨物”，由此推斷cargo的意思與之相同，和后句中的passengers形成對比。3.Scientistsgrowlargequantitiesofcommonmould(霉菌)sothattheycangetpenicillinfromitinordertomakeantibiotics,thatis,substancesthatkillgerms.分析：從thatis后的解釋可看出antibiotics是一種能殺死細(xì)菌的物質(zhì)（抗生素）。4.Marinebiology,thestudyofoceanicplantsandanimalsandtheirrelation,hasfurtheredtheefficientdevelopmentoffisheries.分析：從marinebiology后的同位語可知，marinebiology是一門研究海洋動植物及其關(guān)系的學(xué)科。5.－Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchasshoplifter,whoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingforthem.分析：從后面的定語從句解釋可看出，shoplifter為在“商店里偷東西的人”。〖第八招〗利用因果關(guān)系因果關(guān)系的語境，通常由because,so,therefore,sothat,so/such…that…等連詞體現(xiàn)。1.Answerthefollowingquestionsbyusingtheinformationtakenfromadictionarypage.jazz:1.n.atypeofmusicthatoriginatedinNewOrleansandischaracterizedbyrhythmicbeats.2.n.populardancemusicinfluencedbyjazz.3.n.slang.Emptytalk.4.adj.oforlikejazz;ajazzband,jazzrecords.Whatdoestheword“jazz”meaninthefollowingsentence?Don’tgivemethatjazz,forIamapracticalperson.A.Rhythmicbeats.B.Atypeofmusic.C.Akindofdance.D.Meaninglesstalk.分析：本題正確答案為D。從后面的原因forIamapracticalperson可知，說話的人說自己是一個講究實際的人，因此，他或她讓對方不要說空話。2.Thebiggestpowerfailurehappenedyesterday.Allofouricecreamandfrozenfoodsmelted.分析：melted“溶化”。既然停電，必然造成冰激凌和冷凍食品的“溶化”。3.Herandownstairsthroughthesmoke-filledhousetopushandpullatKarenandTodduntiltheysatup.Thenhehelpedeachotheroutofthehousetothesafetyofthegarden.There,hissisterandbrother,takingshortandquickbreathsandcoughing,collapsedonthelawn.分析：collapsed“癱倒”。經(jīng)過一番艱難脫險之后，他們呼吸短促，咳嗽不斷，最終“癱倒”在草坪上。〖第九招〗利用對比線索有時文章作者為了增強表達效果，會用一對反義詞揭示事物的不同點，形成鮮明的對比，這時只要把握其中的一詞，就不難推出另一詞的含義，這時句中多見unlike;although;but;yet;while;onthecontrary;ontheotherhand;foronething;foranother;insteadof;ratherthan等信息詞。1.“UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscan’tbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbecarefullycultivated.”Theunderlinedword“cultivated”(Paragraph1)roughlymeans________.A.encouragedB.comparedC.examinedD.developed分析：本題正確答案為D。從上句的對比可知，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力不是swalloweddown,而是慢慢培養(yǎng)的。2.Oneideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse,businesspolite,lifeitselfisgameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedinplaceof“quitethereverse”?A.Quiteright.B.Timeenough.C.MostunlikelyD.Justtheopposite.分析：由前句中perfectinformation到后imperfectinformation這一組對比關(guān)系的詞，我們不難推斷應(yīng)表示“對比、相反”的意思，因此答案應(yīng)選D。3.Thousandsofpeoplegotstuckinlifts.Butnoonepanicked,Wepassedthetimetellingstories.分析：被困在電梯中，應(yīng)該是“慌張”，“不安”。But引出轉(zhuǎn)折，“我們講故事消磨時間”，因此panicked應(yīng)為“慌張、驚恐”之意。4.UnliketheUniteStateswheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulation,Japan’spopulationisquitehomogeneous.分析：文unlike表明日本和美國在人口組成方面不同，由此可見，homogeneous與manydifferentnationalities意義相反，即ofthesamenationality,“單一民族的”?！嫉谑小嚼猛x線索和同等關(guān)系同義詞替換可以為我們推測詞義提供明顯的語境線索。一些常見的引出同義詞的標(biāo)志性詞語有or,like,similarly等。同等關(guān)系是指一個詞、一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分，而且他們的詞義屬一范疇。只要我們認(rèn)識其中一個或幾個詞或短語，即可確定同等關(guān)系中生詞的詞性，作用和大概意思。1.MillionsofanimalsdieeachyearonUSroads,theFederalHighwayadministrationreports.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcatexistintheUStoday.Themainreason?Roadkill.分析：從后面的同謂語anendangeredwildcat可知“ocelot”是一種野生貓。2.mansion,church,battlesite,theatreandotherpublichallscanbepreserved.分析：句中mansion應(yīng)和church,battlesite,theatreandotherpublichalls的詞義同屬“建筑物或場所”這一范疇。3.Weshould,therefore,learntochooseourwordscarefullyandusethemaccurately,oftheywillmakeourspeechsillyandvulgar.分析：句中vulgar應(yīng)和silly意義相近，“粗俗的，庸俗的”?！嫉谑徽小嚼美C性線索某些冷僻的詞匯后會舉一個例子，使詞匯具體易懂。Suchas,like,forexample,forinstance等連接性詞語往往用來列舉說明前面較難理解的名詞。1.Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachinginSchool,ofEnglishlearning.分析：通過后面的舉例：《英語世界》，《中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)》，《英語學(xué)習(xí)》，說明periodicals為“期刊雜志”。2.ManyUnitednationsemployeesarepolyglots:Mr.Simpson,forexample,speaksfivelanguagesfluently.分析：通過例舉Mr.Simpson一人通曉五國語言，說明許多聯(lián)合國雇員都是“通曉多國語言”。〖第十二招〗根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法閱讀中常會遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞，可利用構(gòu)詞法知識來推測其意思?！督虒W(xué)大綱》已經(jīng)明確地將構(gòu)詞法列在語法附表中，因此利用所學(xué)構(gòu)詞法生成的詞不應(yīng)被認(rèn)定為生詞。1.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.分析：anti-poison是由poison加前綴anti-構(gòu)成的，anti-意思是“反對、排斥、抵抗”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。2.AlthoughsimplifiedChinesecharacterswereacceptedforusemanyyearsago,itseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplelikeChinesecharactersinthecomplexform.分析：simplified跟simple是同根詞，帶有-ed顯然是過去分詞形式的形容詞。許多年以前我們采用了什么跟“簡單”有關(guān)的漢字呢？不難想到是“簡化的”漢字?！嫉谑小阶⒁馐煸~生義英語中大量的詞匯具有多義性，其含義并非完全等同于詞典所標(biāo)注的漢語意思，具體的詞義需要在一定的上下文中體現(xiàn)出來。閱讀理解中的熟悉詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考對生詞的數(shù)量有量的規(guī)定，不得超過3%；其二，熟悉詞生義很容易引起考生的誤解；其三，熟悉詞生義的數(shù)量沒有限制。如果這種現(xiàn)象在一篇文章中出現(xiàn)得多，那就更難理解了。下題中劃線的詞可換為：1.NewYork,10November,5:27p.m.,yesterday.Biggestpowerfailureinthecity’shistory.A.enoughB.notpassingC.lackofD.lack分析：本題正確答案為D。failure是fail變來的名詞，有“失?。皇≌?；失敗的事”的意思。本句powerfailure可翻譯為“停電”。再如：cropfailure“莊稼欠收”；heartfailure“心力衰竭”。2.AbiketourandracewillbeheldinAugust26and27.At5:30a.m.,theriderswillleaveTian’anMensquareandridethefirst35kilometersasatraininglge.Thenthenext55kilometersfromYanjiaotoJixian,willbethefirstcompetitivepartforthetour.A.raceB.practiceC.partofthetrainingD.partofthetour分析：本題正確答案為D。從first35kilometers可看出，自行車賽車手從天安門出發(fā)，開始的三十五公里作為賽程的一部分，從后句…leg…willbe…partofthetour也可確定答案為D。〖第十四招〗根據(jù)常識或經(jīng)驗猜測詞義在閱讀中碰到生詞時，我們有時可以運用邏輯推理能力、自身的生活經(jīng)驗及生活常識去推斷生詞的含義。當(dāng)然也要結(jié)合語境。1.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup”inthesecondparagraphmeans_______.A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingup分析：本題正確答案為B。由常識可知，雨林可以“吸收”空氣中CO2。所以mopup意為“吸收、吸納”，故選B。另外根據(jù)下文CurrentlythetreesintheAmazontakeinaround500milliontonesofCO2eachyear也可推知答案。2.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookamop.Shepushedpastthedeskandasthenurselookedup.Mumnoddedandsaid,“Verydirtyfloor.”分析：從文中可看出，母親用mop從桌子前面擦過去，還說了一句“地板真臟”。不言而喻mop的詞義是“拖把”?！嫉谑逭小嚼迷~性轉(zhuǎn)化1.Themostimportantreasonforsuchavisitistorealizehowourancestorsbattlednaturewiththebasictoolstheyhad.分析：此處picture為動詞，“使腦海中出現(xiàn)圖畫”即“描繪”.在理解原詞的基礎(chǔ)上，分析它的新詞性，并結(jié)合原詞含義發(fā)揮便理想象，從而概括抽象出它的新詞義。3.TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbusiness.Theunderlinedwork“aging”means______.A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesB.thenumbersofyearssomeonelivesC.becomingolderD.makingsomeonelookingolder分析：本題正確答案為C。我們熟悉的是age作名詞用時是“年齡”的意思，而此處是作動詞用，意思是“老化”。怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意【專家支招】文章是由段落組成的，段落的主題是段落的中心思想。而就一篇文章而言，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的，尋找中心思想的方法是：通過分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，進而通過主題句找出文章主題，主題句通常有這樣的特點：①有一個題；②闡述控制性概念。主題句偶爾也可在一段文章中間；有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句陷含在段意之中，這就需要讀者進一步加工概括了。〖第一招〗在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據(jù)其篇章特點我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭結(jié)尾同時出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法。瀏覽時，一般不需逐句瀏覽，只需選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。有些文章的主題句或者說“文眼”出現(xiàn)在文章的最后，此類文章往往以列舉事實開頭，通過論證，最后闡述核心觀點，或者引用某個人的話印證自己的觀點，以此歸納文章的主旨大意，所以有時要找出這樣的信息，從中提煉標(biāo)題或歸納大意。例如：河北唐山市高三第二次模擬考試題E篇：Inrecentyearsmanycountriesoftheworldhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofhowtomaketheirworkersmoreproductive.Someexpertsclaimtheansweristomakejobsmorevaried.Butdomorevariedjobsleadtogreaterproductivity?Thereisevidencetosuggestthatwhilevarietycertainlymakestheworkers’lifemoreenjoyable,itdoesn’tactuallymakehimworkharder.Asfarasincreasingproductivityisconcerned,thevarietyisnotanimportantfactor.Otherexpertsfeelthatgivingtheworkerfreedomtodohisjobinhisownwayisimportantandthereisnodoubtthatthisistrue.Theproblemwasthatthiskindoffreedomcannoteasilybegiveninfixedway.Thusfreedomofchoicemaybeimportant,thereisusuallyverylittlethatcanbedonetocreateit.Anotherimportantconsiderationishowmucheachworkercontributedtotheproductheismaking.Inmostfactoriestheworkerseesonlyonesmallpartoftheproduct.Somecarfactoriesarenowexperimentingwithhavingmanysmallproductionlinesratherthanonelargeone,sothateachworkercontributesmoretotheproductionofthecarsonhisline.Itwouldseemthatnotonlyisthedegreeofworkers’contributionanimportantfactor,therefore,butitisalsoonewedosomethingabout.Towhatextentmoremoneyledtogreaterproductivity?Theworkersthemselvescertainlythinkthisisimportant.Butperhapstheywantmoremoneyonlybecausetheworktheydoissoboring.Moneyjustletsthemenjoytheirsparetimemore.Asimilarargumentmayexplaindemandsforshorterworkinghours.Perhapsifwesucceedinmakingtheirjobsmoreinteresting,theywillneitherwantmoremoney,norwillshorterworkinghoursbesoimportanttothem.59.Inthispassage,theauthormainlytalksabout______.A.howtomaketheworkerscontributemoreB.possiblewaysleadingtogreaterproductivityC.towhatextentmoremoneyleadstogreaterproductivityD.howtomakeworkers’jobsmoreinteresting分析：本文就如何能使工人們的工作效率得到提高而進行討論。根據(jù)作者文中所提到的觀點，就工人們的工作效率問題專家們提到了很多不同的觀點，如使工作多樣化、給工人們更多的自由時間、使工人們意識到自己工作的重要性以及增加工資等等，而作者的觀點是盡可能地使工作更有趣，以吸引工人的興趣，從而達到提高生產(chǎn)效率的目的，因此59題的正確答案應(yīng)該是B，即提高工人們工作效率的措施的方法?！嫉诙小阶プ∥恼露温浯笠猓爬ㄖ行乃枷雽ふ艺恼碌闹行乃枷胧墙⒃趯ふ揖唧w段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。在這個過程中，考生們不能只依據(jù)只言片語，或光看文章的某一些段落，而應(yīng)該觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的重點，考慮文章中材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的，分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心來安排的。最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達出來。即不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。例如：2006石家莊市高中畢業(yè)班第二次模擬考試卷A篇：Manypeoplethinkatelephoneisessential.ButIthinkit’sapestandatimewaster.Veryoftenyoufinditimpossibletoescapefromsomeidleorcuriouschatterbox,orfromsomebodywhowantssomethingfornothing.Ifyouhaveatelephoneinyourownhouse,youwilladmitthatittendstoringwhenyouareasleep,ofinthemiddleofamealoraconversation,orwhenyouarejustgoingout,orwhenyouaretakingyourbath.Areyoustrong-mindedenoughtoignoreit,tosaytoyourself,“Ah,well,itwillallbethesameinahundredyear’stime?”Youarenot.Youthinktherearemaybesomeimportantnewsormessagesforyou.Icanassureyouthatifamessageisreallyimportantitwillreachyousoonerorlater.Haven’tyoueverrusheddrippingfromthebath,orchewingfromthetable,ordazedfromthebed,onlytobetoldthatyouareawrongnumber?Butyouwillsay,youneednothaveyournameprintedinthetelephonedirectory,andyoucanhaveatelephonewhichisonlyunableforoutgoingcalls.Besidesyouwillsay,isn’titimportanttohaveatelephoneincaseofemergency-illness,anaccident,orfire?Ofcourseyouareright,buthereinathicklypopulatedcountrylikeEngland,oneisseldomfarfromatelephoneincaseofdreadfulnecessity.IthinkperhapsIhadbettertrytojustifymyselfbytryingtoprovethatwhatIlikeisgood.Iadmitthatindifferentcircumstances-IfyouwereabusinessVIP,forinstance,orabedriddenperson-Imightfindatelephoneessential.ButthenifIwereataxidriver,Ishouldfindacaressential.Letmeputitanotherway:therearetwothingsforwhichtheEnglishseemtoshowparticulartalent.Oneismechanicalinvention,theotherisliterature.MyownbusinesshappenstobewiththeuseofwordsbutIseeImustnowstopusingthem.ForIhavejustbeenhandedaslipofpapertosaythatsomebodyiswaitingtospeaktomeonthetelephone.IthinkIhadbetteranswerit.Afterall,oneneverknows,itmaybesomethingimportant.41.Thepassageismainlyabout_______.A.thatweshouldbestrongenoughtoignoreaphonecallB.thatimportantmessagewillreachyousoonerorlaterC.whetherit’snecessarytoansweralltelephonecallsD.whetheritisnecessarytohaveatelephone分析：文章每一自然段的主題句分別是：1.Manypeoplethinkatelephoneisessential.ButIthinkit’sapestandatimewaster.2.…butinathicklypopulatedcountrylikeEngland,oneisseldomfarfromatelephoneincaseofdreadfulnecessity.3.IthinkperhapsIhadbettertrytojustifymyselfbytryingtoprovethatwhatIlikeisgood.4.Letmeputitanotherway.都是圍繞是否有必要擁有電話而展開的，作者的觀點很明確，就是沒有必要擁有一部電話機，因此本題應(yīng)選D。〖第三招〗抓住文章主線和關(guān)鍵詞語，歸納文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。如：TomBrennanwasworkinginaPhiladelphiaofficebuildingwhenhenoticedablackbag.Thebagcontainedabook.Thischancediscoveryendeda12-daysearchbytheLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphiaforahistoricaltreasurea120diarydept190yearsagebyDeborahLogan,“awomanwhokneweverybodyinherday,”JamesGreen,thelibrariantoldthemagazineAmericanLibraries.MostofthediaryisarecordofbigeventsinPhiladelphia.ItalsoincludesadescriptionofBritishsoldiersburningWashington.D.Cinthewarof1812.ShedescribesPresidentJamesMadisononhorsebackas“perfectlyshakingwithfear”duringthetroubleddays.GeorgeWashington,shewrites,mistookherforthewifeofaFrenchmanandpraisedherexcellentEnglish.TheadventureofthelostbookbeganonSeptember4whenCoryLuxmoorearrivedfromEnglandtodeliverthediaryofhisancestortotheLibraryCompany,whichheandhiswifeconsideredtobethebesthomeforthediary.GreentoldAmericanLibrarieshehadthediaryinhispossession“aboutfiveminutes”whenLuxmooretookitbackbecausehehadpromisedtoshowittooneotherperson.OnreturningtohishotelaftershowingthepreciousbooktoGreen,Luxmoorewasshockedtorealizethathehadleftitinthetaxi.Withoutanydelay,Greenbegancallingeverytaxicompanyinthecity,withnoluck,“I’vefeltsicksincethen”Luxmooretoldreporters.AccordingtoGreenononehasyetlearnedhowthediarycametotheofficebuilding.TomBrennanreceivedarewardof1,000,Philadelphiagainedanothertreasureforitshistory,andLuxmooretoldreporters,“It’swonderfulnews.I’monhigh.”51.Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof“__________”.A.AlostdiaryB.DeborahC.CoryLuxmooreD.TheLibraryCompany分析：解題時必須首先理順文章時間順序：1.DeborahLogankepta120diary190yearsago.2.CoryLuxmooredeliveredthediarytothelibraryCompany.3.JamesGreen,thelibrarian,hadthediaryinhispossessionaboutfiveminutes.4.CoryLuxmooreleftthediaryinthetaxi.5.TomBrennannoticedablackbagwhichcontainedabook(thediary).從以上的時間順序中，可以清楚地看到5個時間段內(nèi)所發(fā)生的事情均與thediary有關(guān)，它就是貫穿全文的主線，故此題應(yīng)選A。怎樣選擇文章的標(biāo)題【專家支招】標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點明文章主題。它是段落中心思想的最精煉的表達形式，它的特點是：短小精煉，多為一個短語；涵蓋性強，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，即不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮了眼睛，太小則發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用且風(fēng)一吹必跑；精確性強，不能隨意改變語言表達的程度及色彩。它可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖，那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？〖第一招〗要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮這句話或短語與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系；再看它對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何；然后要注意題目是否過大或過小，要避免下列三種錯誤：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小）；②過度概括（多表現(xiàn)為人為擴大范圍）；③以事實、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象的大意。要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方式。一般來說，標(biāo)題的擬定方式是：以話題為核心，與控制性的概念詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括句意或中心思想的詞組。例如：2006石家莊市高中畢業(yè)班第二次模擬考試題C篇Peoplesayteenagersarenogood.Theymaketoomuchnoiseinshoppingmalls;theydriverecklesslyupanddownAmerica’smainstreets;theycarrychipsontheirshouldersasbigastheSearsTower.Andatleastsomeofthetimethosethingsaretrue.ButweshouldnIwatchedsuchamomentnotlongagoatawoman’sfuneral.Ididn’texpecttheeventtoaffectme.Throughmuchoftheceremony,infactIremainedunmoved.Thenherteenagegrandsonsteppedforward.Withhisfirstverydeepbreath,everyheartinthatchurchwasachinglyremindedofsomethingwehadallforgotten.Softlyhebegan:“IwanttoshareafewvaluesthatNanataughtme.Sheneverfailedtoseelightinanysituation.Ifourfamilydogshouldattackher,whatwouldNanasay?”“Oh,whatbeautifulmarkingsthatdoghas!”ThatwasNana.“Shewasastrongwomanwhooftenlivedintheshadowofmygrandpa,whowasasuccessfulbusinessmaninthecity.ButshewastheonebehindthesceneswhoprovidedthestrengthandsupportforGrandpa’scareer,”hesaid,withavoicenowtrembling.“ThatwasNana’sway.”Throughasob,hecontinued,“Whenevershedidanythingworthrecognition,you’dhavetohearaboutitfromadifferentsource,becauseshewasnevertheonetobrag.”Finally,inavoicebreakingfreeofsorrow,helookedupandsaid,“Nanataughtmecourage.Sheputupanincrediblefighttotheend,whenshediedpeacefully,whichishowshelivedherlife.ThatwasNana’sway,andIhopeIcancarryonintheasmemanner.”Therearenoheartsassensitiveasthoseofteenagers,becauseeverythingishappeningtothemforthefirsttime.Thetroublewiththeteenagersisthattheyhaven’tlearnttobecontrolled.Whenthatboyrosetospeakaboutthewomanwhosurelyhadtruestallyanddearestfriend,hishonestvoicedraggedeachofusoutintotheopenwherecouldnolongerhideinthecalmritual.Heexposedustothetruthaboutthisveryrealwomanwhobelievedinaboywhoprobablytriedthepatienceofmanyadults.Heremindedusthathisgrandmotherwasmorethananotherdotonthechartoflifeanddeath.Alloveragainwefeltthosepowerfullossescrisscrossingourownhearts.Asweknow,whenyousaygoodbyetoabelovedgrandparent,yousaygoodbyetosomethinghappy,somethingyounginyourself,andevenifsomethingneverreallyreturns,thepainneverreallygoesaway.52.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AMovingFuneralB.AreTeenagersAlwaysLight-hearted?C.TeenagersAreNoGoodD.ATeenagerAndHisGrandma分析：本文通過作者在一個葬禮上所看到的一位少年對其祖母的感情的表白，來說明青少年并非總是玩世不恭，因此本題正確答案應(yīng)該是B，用疑問句作為文章題目更能引起讀者的深入思考?！嫉诙小接行┪恼?，比如記敘文，主題思想不是通過一兩句話就可以表達的。這時就需要閱讀全文，抓住關(guān)鍵字眼或主要論題來歸納文章主題。例如：2006河北省保定市高三模擬試題A篇“Jinglebells,jinglebells,jinglealltheway…”goesthepopularChristmastune.Withthesonginmyhead,Ifeltabitsorryformyself.Insteadofrushingbackandforthacrossafreezingschoolcampus,IcouldhavehadacozyChristmasdinnerathomeorenjoyedthefabulousfireworkslightingupcampusatnight.ButthisChristmaswouldnotbecelebratedasusual.Onemonthago,allsixgirlsinmydormitory(includingme)hadmadedetailedplansforamore-exciting-than-everChristmasholiday.Butonedaywereceivedanunusualmission:wewereaskedtoorganizeapartythatwouldbeafund-miserformentallydisabledchildrenfromthehospital.Thechildrenwouldperformonstagewhilevolunteersofferedfoodtothespectatorsandcollectsomemoneyfortheorganization.Naturally,weweresupposedtosupporttheideaswholeheartedly,andwedid.ButthedateoftheshowwassetrightonChristmasEve!ThismeantthatallouroriginalChristmasplanswouldhavetobesetaside.However,wetooktheplungeintopreparationsfortheparty.Wesparednoeffortinorganizing,designing,propagandizing,makingcontactswiththepotentialsponsors,negotiatingandsoon.Wewentthroughthickandthinandfinallymadeit,thoughwithabitofreluctance.Finally,ChristmasEvearrived.AsIdraggedmyselfintotheauditorium,IdiscoveredthenotesofabeautifulChristmassongthatimmediatelyfilledmewithhappiness.Ilookedtofindthesourceofthesong…itwasagroupofchildrensingingonstage.Thoughdisabled,theyappearedextraordinarilyearnestandsincereinfrontoftheaudience.Everyoneattendingwasdeeplymovedbythesight.Peoplewantedtodonatesomemoneyorshowtheirsupport.Theperformanceearnedrecognitionandrespectfromallofus.Atthatpoint,IfoundthatallIhaddoneintheone-monthtimewasworthwhile.AndallmyclassmateswhohadbeenparticipatinginthisChristmaspartysharedthesamefeeling:gettingthetruemeaningofChristmasandreceivingthelovefromoneanother.41.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ChristmasonstageB.AnunusualChristmasC.ChristmaspartyD.Volunteersfordisabledchildren分析：本文是作者通過自己的一次圣誕晚會的經(jīng)歷，來表達他本人的心理變化。在圣誕節(jié)前的一個月里，作者和其他同學(xué)被安排為精神殘疾的孩子組織一場圣誕晚會，作者心里很不情愿，所以在排練時敷衍了事，但當(dāng)晚會開始時，他們聽到了殘疾孩子的合唱后深受觸動，他們這時才覺得他們的這次圣誕活動非常有意義。文章中沒