英國文學與美國文學的重點

Old&MedievalEnglishLiteratureOldEnglish:450-1066<Beowulf>thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saons

MedievalEnglish：1066-middle14thcentury

GeoffreyChaucer-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)

<TheCanterburyTales>firsttimetouse'heroiccouplet'TheRenaissancePeriod:14th–mid17thstartedinItalyAseriesofhistoricalevents:rediscoveryofancientRoman&Greekculturenewdiscoveriesingeography&astrology(占星學)thereligiousreformation&economicexpansionTheRenaissance-rebirthorrevival

Humanism-theessenceoftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing&theimportanceofthepresentlifeBestrepresentatives:ThomasMore,ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeareTheElizabethandrama:therealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissanceMostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonson

EdmundSpenser-thepoets'poet5quality:1)aperfectmelody2)araresenseofbeauty3)asplendidimagination4)alofty(高尚的)moralpurityandseriousness5)adedicatedidealism<TheShepherdesCalender>lament(哀悼)overthelossofRosalind<TheFaerieQueene>主角：Arthur-whopossess12virtuesGloriana–theFairyQueenThethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic–“Fiercewarresandfaithfullloves”READING:excerptfromTheFaerieQueene仙后Content:RedcrosseKnightsetoutonhisadventures.

ChristopherMarlowe–“UniversityWits”,thepioneerofEnglishdramaHyperbole(夸張)Marlowe’sachievement:1)blankverse無韻詩歌ItisMarlowewhobroughtvitality(活力)andgrandeur(偉大)intotheblankversewithhis“mightylines,”whichcarrystrongemotions.2)hiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.(notstrongindramaticconstruction.)→thepioneerofEnglishdrama3tragedies:<Dr.Faustus>thehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝aplayaboutanambitiousandpitilessoverpoweringking.<TheJewofMalta>馬爾他的猶太人

non-drama<ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove>pastoral(田園的)life，themostbeautifullyrics(抒情詩)READING:1.excerptfromDr.Faustus浮士德博士的悲劇AplaybasedontheGermanlegendContent:Faustusisascholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireknowledge.Byconjuration(念咒文召喚)hecallupMephistophilis,theDevil’sservant.Hemakeabond(契約)tosellhissoultotheDevilinreturnfor24yearsoflifeinwhichMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.Devil’snameisLucifer.Dominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious2.ThePassionate(熱情的)ShepherdtoHisLovethisshortpoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyrics(抒情詩)inEnglishliterature.Theshepherd(牧羊人)enjoyanidealcountrylife,cherishing(珍愛)apastoral(田園的)andpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnature.WilliamShakespeare–playwright&poet(aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime)<HenryⅥ>,<RichardⅢ>…<RichardⅡ>,<HenryⅣ>,<HenryⅤ>,<KingJohn>…Comedies:<AMidsummerNight’sDream>,<TheMerchantofVenice>,<TwelfthNight>…Tragedy:<RomeoandJuliet>romantictragedy.Topraisethefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.Fourtragedies-<Hamlet>,<Othello>,<KingLear>&<Macbeth>tragicomedies：<TheTempest>Achievement:A.exploringthecharacters’sinnermind.soliloquy(獨白)ormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacterscontrasts–bringvividnesstothecharactersB.adroit（精巧的）plotconstructionC.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.Disguiseisanimportantdevicetocreatedramaticirony.D.thelanguage.READING：1.Sonnet18(14line)<Sonnet18>eternalorimmortal（不朽的）beauty,haveafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient(短暫的),butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.2.excerptfromTheMerchantofVenice<TheMerchantofVenice>topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiable（不知足的）greedandbrutalityoftheJew.Doubleplot:(1)BassanioaskAntonioforaloansothathemightmarriagewithPortia(2)AntonioborrowmoneyfromShylock,theJewishusurer.ShylockmakeastrangebondthatrequiresAntoniotosurrenderapoundofhisfleshifhefailtorepayhimwithinacertainperiodoftime.Portiadisguisedasayounglawyerinstructedtojudgethecase:Shylockcantakehispoundofflesh,butthereisnomentionofbloodinthebond.Otherwise,hislandsandgoodswillbeconfiscated(充公)accordingtohelawofVenice.3．ExcerptfromHamlet<Hamlet>hesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction,toosophisticated（復雜的）todegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevengercontent:Hamlet,theprince,appearinginamoodofworld-weariness（厭世）occasionedbyhisfather’sdeathandhismother’shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather’sbrother.HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfatherandthentakenoverbothhisfather’sthroneandwidow.ThusHamletisurgedtoseekrevenge.

Note:Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction

FrancisBacon–philosopher,scientist,essayist,laythefoundationformodernscienceHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions（典故）,metaphors（隱喻）andcadence（韻律）.<TheAdvancementofLearning>man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:historytoman’smemory,poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman’sreason.<NovumOrganum>writteninLatinonmethodology方法論Baconsuggeststheinductivereasoning歸納法(ceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral)inplaceofAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning演繹法(ceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular)READING:OfStudies<OfStudies>usesandbenefitsofstudy–studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience.Differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studiesandexperiencearecomplementary(互補)toeachother.Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.Howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.

JohnDonne

〝Metaphysicalpoetry〞（玄學詩）-breakawayfromlovepoetry,thediction(用語)issimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.A)conceitsB)syllogism(三段論)Poetry早期:<TheSongsandSonnets>holdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.晚期:<HolySonnets><AHymntoGodtheFather>religiouspoemProse:hissermons,whicharebothrichandimaginativeREADING:1.TheSunRising2.Death,BeNotProud(asonnet,14lines)

<TheSunRising>thebusysunisalwaysreadytointerferewithotherthingsandeverywhere

<Death,BeNotProud>whateveryouare,youcannotescapefromdeath.Whenyouareliving,youarealwaysintheshadowofdeath.Deathonlylastsamoment,ourlifeafterdeathiseternal.Themorepleasurethedeathgivespeople,notonlythepleasureoftherest&thesleep,because'whomthegodslovedieyoung'.Thoughdeathisusuallyconsideredpowerful,itactuallyprovidesarestforaman'sbodyandabirthforhissoul.

JohnMilton

Achievement:1)theearlypoeticworks2)themiddleprose(散文)3)thelastgreatpoemsElegy(挽歌)-<lycidas>利西達斯(hisearlywork)Epic(史詩)-<ParadiseLost><ParadiseRegained>Dramaticpoem(詩劇)-<SamsonAgonistes>力士參孫themostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.READING:excerptfromParadiseLost<ParadiseLost>theonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.Theconflictisbetweenhumanloveandspiritualduty.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton’screed(綱領(lǐng)).TakefromtheOldTestament,thethemeisthe“FallofMan”:SatanrebelagainstGodandaredrivenfromHeaven.Hedeterminedtorevengebyseduce(引誘)AdamandEvetoeatthefruitfromtheTreeofKnowledgeagainstGod’sinstructions.So,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.

TheNeoclassicalPeriod:1660-1798withthepublicationofLyricalballadsbyWordsworthandColeridgearevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion(抑制情感)&accuracytheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason–themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)modernEnglishnovel–newlyrisingliteraryform現(xiàn)實主義小說誕生（themid-century）Gothicnovel(哥特式小說)-mystery,horror&castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)

JohnBunyan

REAING:TheVanityFair名利場anexcerptformThePilgrim’sProgress(天路歷程)<ThePilgrim'sProgress>,areligiousallegory(寓言),itspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvation(拯救)throughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils.Itspredominantmetaphor–lifeasajourney

AlexanderPope

oneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland,forhimthesupremevaluewasorder.READING:excerptfromAnEssayonCriticism(論批評)<AnEssayonCriticism>apoemwritteninheroiccouplets(對句),criticizethepresentpoemlackoftruetaste&callonpeopletoturntotheoldGreekandRomanwritersforguidance,truewitwhichisbestsetinaplain(simple&clear)style.

DanielDefoe-thefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular(方言).READING:excerptfromRobinsoncrusoe<RobinsonCrusoe>praisethehumanlaborandthePuritanfortitude(清教徒堅韌).→anadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmarooned(放逐)onalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.→Robinsongrewfromana?veandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.

JonathanSwiftInhisopinion,humannatureisseriouslyandpermanentlyflawed(缺點)Achievement:1)amastersatirist.<AModestProposal><Gulliver'sTravels>

2)oneofthegreatestofEnglishprose,hedefinedagoodstyleas“Properwordsinproperplaces”

READING:excerptfromGulliver’sTravels(格列佛游記)<Gulliver'sTravels>fictionalwork,fourparts–Lilliput,Brobdingnag,FlyingIsland&Houyhnhnm(小人國)(大人國)(飛島)(有人類理性的馬)→thebookisoneofthemosteffectiveanddevastatingcriticismsandsatiresofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEuropeanlife.HenryFielding-FatherofEnglishnovel,hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文體史詩),thefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.Headopted“thethird-personnarration”.<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews…>(約瑟夫·安德魯)<TheHistoryofJonathanWildtheGreat>(偉大的喬納森·懷爾德)

<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling>amasterpieceonthesubjectofhumannature<TheHistoryofAmelia>theunfortunatelifeofanidealizedwoman,amaudlin(傷感的)pictureofthesociallifeatthetime.READING:excerptfromTomJonesBringstheauthorthenameofthe“ProseHomer”Inaway,TomandSophia,standsforawayfaring(旅行的)Everyman,whoisexpelledfromtheparadiseandhastogothroughhardexperiencetogainaknowledgeofhimselfandfinallytoapproachperfectness.

SamuelJohnson–theauthorofthefirstEnglishdictionarybyanEnglishman,thelastneoclassicistenlightener.

<ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage>英語大詞典READING:TotheRightHonorabletheEarlofChesterfield

<TotheRightHonorabletheEarlofChesterfield>theletteriswritteninarefinedandverypolitelanguage,withabitterundertoneofdefianceandanger.Theseeminglypeacefulretrospection,reasoningandquestioningexpress,tothebestsatiriceffect,theauthor’sstrongindignationatthelord’sfame-fishing.

RichardBrinsleySheridan-theonlyimportantEnglishdramatistofthe18thcentury<TheRivals>and<TheSchoolforScandal>areregardedasimportantlinksbetweenthemasterpiecesofShakespeareandthoseofBernardShaw.READING:excerptfromTheSchoolforScandalAstoryabouttwobrothers:JosephSurfaceandCharlesSurface.CharlesinlovewithMaria,SirPeterTeazleislovedbyLadySneerwell.Theladyinstigates(教唆)JosephtopursueMariaForherMoney.Josephsecretlyseduce(引誘)LadyTeazle,SirPeter’syoungwife.TheplayendswithgreatdisgraceforJosephandCharleswinshislovesandtheinheritanceofhisrichuncle.Itisasharpsatireonthemoraldegeneracy(墮落)ofthearistocratic-bourgeoissocietyinthe18thEngland.

ThomasGray

theleaderofthesentimental(悲情的)poetryoftheday,especially“TheGraveyardSchool”READING:ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard<ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard>reflectsondeath,thesorrowsoflife,andthemysteriesofhumanlifewithatouchofhispersonalmelancholy.Hesympathizedforthepoorandtheunknown,butmocksthegreatoneswhodespisethepoorandbringhavoc(破壞)onthem.TheRomanticPeriod△Romantic-emotionoverreason,spontaneous(自發(fā))emotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace△Theromanticemphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual’smind.

△Theromanticperiodbeganwith：in1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge's<LyricalBallads>endin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath△twomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).

WilliamBlake-poet&engraver(雕刻家)

<SongsofInnocence>:ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren'seye

<SongsofExperience>:aworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholy(憂郁的)tonefrommeneyes.Childhood,paradoxes,apairingofopposites<MarriageofHeavenandHell>markshisentryintomaturity.<ThebookofUrizen>(先知書)prophetic(預言的)bookinhislaterperiodHepresentshisviewinvisualimages.Symbolismisalsoadistinctivefeatureofhispoetry.READING:1.TheChimneySweeper(fromSongsofInnocence)2.TheChimneySweeper(fromSongsofExperience)

3.TheTyger(fromSongsofExperience)

WilliamWordsworth-theleadingfigureoftheEnglishromanticpoetry,simple,spontaneous(自發(fā)的),“worshipperofnature”-Hedefinesthepoetasa'manspeakingtomen',andpoetryas'thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings,whichoriginatesin'emotionrecollectedintranquillity'.“LakePoets”:WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge&RobertSouthey<ThePrelude>(序曲)hismasterpiece<ToaSkylark><TinternAbbey>READING:1.IWanderedLonelyasaCloud

<IWanderedLonelyasaCloud>thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet'sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.2.ComposeduponWestminsterBridge,September3,1802

<ComposeduponWestminsterBridge,September3,1802>thesonnetdescribesavividpictureofabeautifulmorninginLondon,silent,bright,glittering（閃爍的）,smokeless&mildly（柔和的）.Itissotouchingasightthatthepoetexpressedhisreligionpiety（虔誠）fornature.3.SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays4.TheSolitaryReaper

<TheSolitaryReaper>thankstopoet'srichimagination,themassofassociations,thiscommonplacehappeningbecomesastrikingevent,thepoetsucceedsinmakingthereader'ssharehisemotion.Thepoemalsoshowsthepoet'spassionateloveofnature.

SamuelTaylorColeridge-supernatural,remoteWilliamWordsworthandColeridge:<LyricalBallads>Poetcanbedividedintotwogroups-thedemonic惡魔的(supernatural)&theconversational

-Thedemonicgroupincludes3masterpieces:<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>,<Chrisabel>,<KublaKhan>老水手之行克麗斯塔貝爾忽必烈汗Feature:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory-Conversationalpoem:<FrostatMidnight><TheNightingale>READING:KublaKhan

GeorgeGordonByron

'Byronichero':isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannical（暴君的）rulesormoralprinciples.Suchaheroappearsfirstin<ChildeHarold'sPilgrimage>懷爾德·哈羅德游記<DonJuan>（唐璜）(themasterpieceofByron,alongsatiricalpoem,comicepic)bymakeuseofJuan’sadventures,topresentapanoramic（全面）viewofdifferenttypesofsociety.READING:1.SongfortheLuddites<SongfortheLuddites>'willdiefighting,orlivefree'ByronshowhissupportoftheLudditeswhodestroyedthemachinesintheirprotestagainstunemployment.Thepoet'sgreatsympathyoftheworkersintheirstruggleagainstthecapitalistsisclearlyshown.2.TheIslesofGreece(fromDonJuan)

<TheIslesofGreece>songbyaGreeksingerattheweddingofDonJuanandHaidee.'FillhighthebowlwithSamianwine'?BycontrastingthefreedomofancientGreeceandthepresentenslavement,thepoetappealedtopeopletostruggleforliberty.

PercyByssheShelley

1)Lyrics（抒情詩）<TheCloud><OdetotheWestWind><ToaSkylark>云雀頌thebird,suspendedbetweenrealityandpoeticimage2)poeticdrama（詩劇）<PrometheusUnbound>解放了的米羅普修斯READING:1.ASong:MenofEngland<MenofEngland>ItisnotonlyawarcrycallinguponallworkingpeopleofEnglandtoriseupagainsttheirpoliticaloppressors,butalsoanaddresstopointouttothemtheintolerableinjusticeofeconomicexploitation.2.OdetotheWestWind

<OdetotheWestWind>terzarima,destructive-constructivepotential,hopeful,'Ifalluponthethornsoflife!Ibleed!','IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?'Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.

JohnKeats

4greatodes:<OdeonMelancholy>,<OdeonaGrecianUrn>,<OdetoaNightingale>,<OdetoPsyche>希臘古甕頌夜鶯頌READING:OdeonaGrecianUrn

<OdeonaGrecianUrn>thecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetransience(短暫)ofhumanpassion,'Heardmelodiesaresweet,butthoseunheardaresweeter','Beautyistruth,truthbeauty'JaneAusten6novels:<SenseandSensibility><PrideandPrejudice><NorthangerAbbey><MansfieldPark><Emma><Persuasion>諾桑覺寺蔓斯菲爾德公園→Storyofloveandmarriageprovidethemajorthemesinallhernovels.→3typesofattitudesinpursuitofmarriage:whowouldmarryformaterialwealthandsocialpositionwhowouldmarryjustforbeautyandpassionwhowouldmarryfortruelovewithaconsiderationofthepartner’spersonalmeritandhiseconomicalandsocialstatus.→concerning3or4landedgentryfamilieswiththeirdailyroutinelife:relationshipswithmembersoftheirownfamilyandwiththeirfriends,dancingparties,teaparties,picnics,andgossips.READING:excerptfromPrideandprejudiceElizabethBennet&Darcy:intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved.Collins&CharlotteLucas:seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthewretchedness(不幸)ofagingspinsterhood（未婚婦女身份）.Lydia&Wickham:shownthedangersoffeckless（不負責任的）relationshipsunsupportedbymoney.Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh:comiccharactersTheVictorianPeriod:1836-1901Commonsenseandmoralpropriety（規(guī)矩）,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Darwin's<TheOriginofSpecies>and<TheDescentofMan>shookthetraditionalfaith,everythingiscreatedbyGodGeorgeEliot,thepioneeringwoman,wasthefirstnovelistthat“startedputtingalltheactionsinside”ThomasHardy,thatWessexmanwhonotonlyexposeandcriticizeallsortsofsocialiniquities,butfinallycametoquestionandattacktheVictorianconventionsandmorals.RobertBrowning,createdtheversenovel,revelandstudycharacters’innerworld(psycho-analytical)

CharlesDickens-oneofthegreatestcriticalrealistwritersoftheVictorianAge

-Character-portrayalisthemostdistinguishingfeatureofhisworks1)childcharacters2)horribleandgrotesque（可笑的）characters3)broadlyhumorousorcomicalcharacters-characterizedbyamingling(混合)ofhumorandpathos(悲傷)pathos:littleNell<TheOldCuriosityShop>,littlePaul<DombeyandSon>

<ATaleofTwoCities>READING:excerptfromOliverTwist霧都孤兒

<OliverTwist>isaboybroughtupintheworkhouse.Oneday,asOliveraskedformorefood,hewassenttoworkasanapprenticeandthenranaway…Thenovelisfamousforitsvividdescriptionsoftheworkhouseandlifeoftheunderworld（下層社會）in19thLondon.TheBronteSisters

TheBronteSisters-Charlotte,Emily&AnneEmily,aratherreservedandsimplegirl,wasverymuchachildofnature.Charlotte,isawriterofrealismcombinedwithromanticism.Herworksarefamousforthedepictionofthelifeofthemiddle-classworkingwomen,particularlygovernesses（家庭女教師）.READING:1.excerptfromJaneEyrebyCharlotteBronte

<JaneEyre>簡·愛JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameagovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.-Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodSchool-successfulintroductiontotheEnglishnovelthefirstgovernessheroine,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.2.excerptfromWutheringHeightsbyEmilyBronte<WutheringHeights>呼嘯山莊astoryabout2familiesandanintruding(闖入的)stranger.TheEarnshawfamily(Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine)-HeathcliffTheLintonfamily(Mr.Linton,hiswifesonEdgar,daughterIsabella

AlfredTennyson-inventsdramaticmonologue(獨腳戲),PoetLaureate桂冠詩人,arealartistHehasthenaturalpoweroflinkingvisualpictureswithmusicalexpressions,andwiththefeelings.<InMemoriam>悼念<LdyllsoftheKing>國王敘事詩representacyclichistoryofwesterncivilization,which,inTennyson’smind,isgoingonaspiritualdeclineandwillendindestruction.READING:1.Break,Break,Break2.CrossingtheBar3.ULysses

<Break,Break,Break>inmemoryofthedeathofhisbestfriend,hissadnessfeelingarecontrastedwiththecarefree,innocentjoysofthechildrenandtheunfeelingmovementoftheshipandtheseawaves

<CrossingtheBar>過沙洲wecanfeelhisfearlessnesstowardsdeath,hisfaithinGodandanafterlife.'Crossingthebar'meansleavingthisworldandenteringthenextworld

<Ulysses>尤利西斯notendurethepeacefulcommonplaceeverydaylife,oldasheis,hepersuadeshisoldfollowerstogowithhimandtosetsailagaintopursueanewworldandnewknowledge,dramaticmonologue,'Myselfnotleast,buthonour'dofthemall'meansIamnottheleastimportant,but

honouredbyallofthem

RobertBrowning-themostoriginalpoet,whoimproveandmaturethedramaticmonologue（戲劇獨白）

<TheRingandtheBook>指環(huán)與書hismasterpiece.Itssymbolicmeaning,the“ring”–thegoldsmith’s（金匠的）techniqueofalloyinggold（合金）inmakingrings.The“book”–thehardtruthREADING:1.MyLastDuchess2.MeetingatNight3.PartingatMorning

<MyLastDuchess>我逝去的公爵夫人thisdramaticmonologueistheduke'sspeechaddressedtotheagentwhocomestonegotiatethemarriage,thedukeisaself-conceited,cruelandtyrannical（殘暴的）man

<MeetingatNight>黑夜相會theman,alover,describesthewhereaboutsoftheirmeetingplace.

<PartingatMorning>晨別heredescribethesun-rise,thepoetunconsciouslyexpresseshishelplessnessinhavingtofaceuphisdutyasaman.

GeorgeEliot:Asawomanofexceptional（特有的）intelligenceandlifeexperience,sheshowsaparticularconcernforthedestinyofwomen.Sheshowsthattheneedoftheindividualforexpansionandgrowthhastobebroughtintoharmonywithasenseofsocialresponsibility.（人與社會的關(guān)系）Naturalisticandpsychologicalnovel心理分析READING:excerptfromMiddlemarch

<Middlemarch>米德爾馬契asharpcontrastissetbetweenthecold,lifeless,dullhouseandDorotheawhoisfullofyouthfullifeandvigorDorotheaBrooke(abeautiful,intelligentyounglady)andLydgate(aproud,ambitiousyoungdoctor),bothfailinachievingtheirgoalsowingtothesocialenvironmentaswellastheirownvulnerabilities.（易受傷）

ThomasHardy-bothanaturalisticandacriticalrealistwriterLocal-colored,Wessex,'novelsofcharacterandenvironment':thefictional（虛構(gòu)的）primitiveandcruderuralregionwhichisreallythehomeplacehebothlovesandhates.

<TessoftheD'Urbervilles>德伯家的苔絲experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration（持續(xù)）Tess,asapurewomanbroughtupwiththetraditionalideaofwomanlyvirtues,isabusedanddestroyedbybothAlecandAngel,agentsofthedestructiveforceofthesociety.TheModernPeriodThewriterconcentratedontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Thethreetrilogies（三部曲）ofGalsworthy’sForsytenovelsaremasterpiecesofcriticalrealismintheearly20thcentury.“theAngryYoungMen”withlower-middle-classorworkingclassbackground.KingsleyAmis,JohnWain,JohnBraineandAlanSillitoewerethemajornovelistsinthisgroup.Osborne,thefirst“AngryYoungMan”JamesJoyceisthemostoutstandingstream-of-consciousnessnovelist;<Ulysses>Shaw,isconsideredtobethebest-knownEnglishdramatistsinceShakespeare.Yeats,theleaderoftheIrishNationalTheaterMovement.GeorgeBernardshaw-dramatist(leadingplaywright)早期<Widowers’Houses>鰥夫的房產(chǎn)<Candida>康蒂坦<Mrs.Warren’sProfession>華倫夫人的職業(yè)<CaesarandCleopatra>凱撒和克莉奧佩特拉中期<ManandSuperman>人與超人晚期<BacktoMethuselah>回到麥修色拉<TheAppleCart>蘋果車Feature:1.hemakesthetrickofshowinguponecharactervividlyattheexpenseofanother.2.Shaw’scharactersaretherepresentativesofideas,pointsofview,thatshiftandalter,forheisinterestedindoctrines.heinversion（倒裝）,adevicefoundinShawformbeginningtoend.Actionisreducedtoaminimum,whilethedialogueandtheinterplayofthemindsmaintaintheinterestoftheaudience.READING:excerptfromMrs.Warren’sProfessionabouttheeconomicoppressionofwomenJohnGalsworthyAconventionalwriter,havinginheritedthetraditionsofVictoriannovelistsofthecriticalrealismPlay:<TheSilverBox>銀盒Novels:<TheForsyteSaga>福賽特世家(trilogy三部曲:<TheManofProperty>有產(chǎn)業(yè)的人<InChancery>騎虎<ToLet>出租)<AModernComedy>現(xiàn)代喜劇READING:excerptfromTheManofProperty<TheManofProperty>SoamesForsyte,wealthisthesoleaim