高分子材料-塑料講解課件

高分子材料

—塑料篇唐凱榮KardosTangMacro-molecularMaterials——Plastic高分子材料

—塑料篇唐凱榮KardosTangMacro-塑料是以樹(shù)脂為主要成分，適當(dāng)加入各類添加劑，可用塑化、燒結(jié)或溶液等方法成型，并能在常溫下保持成型形狀的一類高分子材料。美觀、質(zhì)輕、電絕緣、耐化學(xué)腐蝕、容易成型加工成各種形狀和多種性能高分子材料。應(yīng)用分類：通用塑料和工程塑料。受熱變化分類：熱固性塑料和熱塑性塑料。樹(shù)脂塑料橡膠纖維塑料是以樹(shù)脂為主要成分，適當(dāng)加入各類添加劑，可用塑化、燒結(jié)或Plasticisakindofmaterialthatuseresinasmaincompound，andsomeadditive，useplasticizing、heatordissovesomewaystoproduce，andcanmaintainit`sshapeinroomtemperature.AkindofpolymerthatBeautiful、light、insulated、chemicalresistent,

andeasytoproducetomanydifferentshapeandfunction.Applicationsort:GeneraluseplasticandEngineeringplastic..Heatingtransformationsort：thermosetandthermoplastic.resinPlasticrubberfibrePlasticisakindofmaterial熱塑性PVCPE聚乙烯PS聚苯乙烯PP聚丙烯聚氯乙烯polyethylenePolyvinylchloridepolypropylenepolystyreneABS通用熱塑性樹(shù)脂Generalusedthermoplasticresinthermoplastic熱塑性PVCPE聚乙烯PS聚苯乙烯PP聚丙烯聚氯乙烯poly優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)優(yōu)良的耐水性、電性能?？箾_擊強(qiáng)度好、具有良好的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性。常溫下耐酸、堿等。聚乙烯PE低密度聚乙烯LDPE高密度聚乙烯HDPE線型低密度聚乙烯LLDPE表面能低，易于清潔。力學(xué)性能一般，拉伸強(qiáng)度較低，抗蠕變性不好。耐熱性不好。透氣性較大，不適于保鮮包裝，但適合防潮包裝。

PE分子中含有少量雙鍵和醚基，導(dǎo)致其耐候性不好。EVA應(yīng)用范圍：薄膜類制品是PE的最主要用途。LDPE樹(shù)脂用于膜類制品可占50%以上。HDPE膜制品占10%以上。PE因加工型好還廣泛用于注塑制品。還可用于漁網(wǎng)、纜繩、及民用紗窗等。聚乙烯是由乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而成的聚合物。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)優(yōu)良的耐水性、電性能?？箾_擊強(qiáng)度好、具有良好的MeritDefect

Goodwaterresistentandelectricinsulation.

Goodimpactresistent.

Goodchemicalstability,chemicalresistent.polyethylene

PELowdensityPE(LDPE)HighdensityPE(HDPE)LinearlowdensityPE(LLDPE)

Lowsurfaceenergy,easytoclean.

Ordinarymechanicalstress，lowtensilestress，badlayresistent。

Badheatresistent.

Badairtightperformance，notsuitableforsealpackage，butsuitableforwaterproofpackage.

Badagingresistent.EVAApplication：Mainusedforfilmproducts.Over50%LDPE

usedforfilmproducts.HDPE

filmproductsabout10%.BecauseofPE`sgoodmachining,italsobeusedoninjectAlsolikefishnet、cableandnetwindow.PEisakindofpolymerreactbyethylenemonomer.MeritDefectGoodwaterresiste優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)聚丙烯PP低溫脆性大。

耐老化性不好。電絕緣性和耐化學(xué)腐蝕性優(yōu)良。力學(xué)性能和耐熱性在通用熱塑性塑料中最高耐疲勞性好，人稱百折膠。表面能低，易于清潔。耐磨性能一般。應(yīng)用范圍：PP樹(shù)脂在注塑制品中可占一半左右。PP膜可占PP用量的10%左右。中空制品透明性和力學(xué)性能好用做洗滌劑、化妝品、藥品的包裝，與阻隔材料復(fù)合的復(fù)合瓶用于食品和化學(xué)試劑包裝。聚丙烯是由丙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而成的聚合物。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)聚丙烯PP低溫脆性大。耐老化性不好。電絕緣MeritDefectpolypropyleneLowtemperaturefragile.

Badagingresistent.

Goodinsulationandchemicalresistent.

Physicalstressandheatresistentarethebestamongallplastic.

Excellentfratigueresistent.

lowsurfaceenergy,easytoclean.

Ordinaryabrasionresistent.Application：HalfofPPproductsareusedforinjectproducts,about10%PPareusedforfilmproducts。AlsomanyPPareusedforpackageofmedicine、detergent、cosmeticandsoon.PPakindofpolymerreactedbypropylenemonomer.(PP)MeritDefectpolypropyleneLowte聚氯乙烯

（PVC）優(yōu)點(diǎn)

PVC的熱穩(wěn)定性較差。產(chǎn)量大、成本低。優(yōu)良的阻燃性能，耐腐蝕性。優(yōu)良的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度及電絕緣性。加工性能優(yōu)異。加工性能不好?；巢挥押?，含有多種對(duì)人體有害成分。polyvinylchloride

硬質(zhì)PVC可用于生產(chǎn)各類管材，型材、板材、片材、瓶類、注塑制品等。軟質(zhì)PVC可用于生產(chǎn)薄膜、電纜、鞋類、人造革、軟透明管等缺點(diǎn)由氯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而得的聚合物。耐沖擊性能不好。耐老化及耐寒性差。聚氯乙烯（PVC）優(yōu)點(diǎn)PVC的熱穩(wěn)定性較差。產(chǎn)量大、Merit

Bigoutput、lowcost.

excellentfireresistent,andchemicalresistent.Excellentinsulationandmechanicalperformance

Goodmachiningperformance.polyvinylchloride

HardPVC

canbeusedforboard、sheet、hose、bottleandinjectproductsandsoon.

SoftPVC

canbeusedforfilm、cable、shoes、transparenthoseandsoon.Defect（PVC）PVCisakindofpolymerreactbyvinylmonomer.

Heatstabilityisbad.

Machiningpropertyisnotgood.

Notenvironmentallyfriendly.

Impactresistentisbad.

Agingandlowtemperatureresistancearenotgood.

Glassstatehigh-elasticstate

TgTfMeritBigoutput、lowcost.exc聚苯乙烯PS優(yōu)點(diǎn)低溫易開(kāi)裂。優(yōu)良的透光性。優(yōu)良的絕緣、絕熱性能。熔融時(shí)熱穩(wěn)定性好和流動(dòng)性好，易成型加工。Polystyrene沖擊強(qiáng)度低，易出現(xiàn)應(yīng)力開(kāi)裂。耐熱性能差，不耐沸水。聚苯乙烯泡沫可膨脹60倍，發(fā)泡性能優(yōu)異。EPS主要用途為防震包裝材料、隔熱保溫材料、隔音材料、漂浮材料、絕緣材料等。·PS兼有透明性和良好的絕緣性，可用于電視機(jī)、錄音機(jī)等電器配件。也可用于一般光學(xué)儀器、燈罩及包裝容器等。缺點(diǎn)聚苯乙烯是指有苯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基縮聚反應(yīng)合成的聚合物

聚苯乙烯PS優(yōu)點(diǎn)低溫易開(kāi)裂。優(yōu)良的透光性。優(yōu)良的絕Merit

Easytobreakatlowtemperature.

Excellenttransparent.

Goodinsulationandheatproofperformance.Goodheatstabilityandfluidwhenit`smelted，easytomachining.Polystyrene

Lowimpactresistent,easytocraze.Badheatresistent.EPScanswellabout60timesbig,excellentfoamingperformance.Application:MostofEPSusedforpackagematerial、preserveheatmaterial、soundabsordmaterial、floatmaterial、insulatedmaterialandsoon.

·PShasbothtransparentandinsulatedcharacter，canbeusedforwiringparts、opticparts、lightscoverandsoon.Defect(PS)PSisakindofpolymerreactbystyrenemonomer.MeritEasytobreakatlowtem丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）優(yōu)點(diǎn)耐候性較差。優(yōu)良的力學(xué)性能，沖擊性能極好。優(yōu)良的耐磨性，尺寸穩(wěn)定性好。耐低溫性優(yōu)異，熱穩(wěn)定性好。AcrylonitrileButadieneStyrene

優(yōu)良的耐腐蝕性。缺點(diǎn)較好的電絕緣性。加工性能優(yōu)良。流動(dòng)性比PE、PA及PS差，比PVC和PC好。

ABS的吸水率較高。較優(yōu)異的隔音性。聚苯乙烯是指有苯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基縮聚反應(yīng)合成的聚合物ABS樹(shù)脂的最大應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域是汽車(chē)、電子電器和建材。汽車(chē)領(lǐng)域的使用包括汽車(chē)儀表板、車(chē)身外板、內(nèi)裝飾板、方向盤(pán)、隔音板、門(mén)鎖、保險(xiǎn)杠、通風(fēng)管等很多部件。在電器方面則廣泛應(yīng)用于電冰箱、電視機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、空調(diào)器、計(jì)算機(jī)、復(fù)印機(jī)等電子電器中。建材方面，ABS管材、ABS衛(wèi)生潔具、ABS裝飾板廣泛應(yīng)用于建材工業(yè)。此外ABS還廣泛的應(yīng)用于包裝、家具、體育和娛樂(lè)用品、機(jī)械和儀表工業(yè)中。丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）優(yōu)點(diǎn)耐候性較差。Merit

Badagingperformance.

Excellentmechanicalstressandimpactresistent.

Excellentabrasionresistentanddemensionstability.Excellentlowtemperatureperformanceandheatresistent.AcrylonitrileButadieneStyrene

Gooderoderesistent.DefectGoodelecticityinsulationGoodmachiningperformance.HighwaterabsorbrateGoodsoundinsulation.ABSisakindofpolymerreactbyacrylonitrile、butadieneandstyrenemonomer.Application:ThemostaspectsofusingABSresinareAuto、wiringandbuildingmaterial.Includingcarmeterpad、outsidepad、steeringwheel、soundinsulatepad、doorlock、bumper、ventpipeandsoon.Electricaldevice:suchasfridge、Television、air-condition、computerandsoon.

Buildingmaterial:ABShose、ABSbathroommaterials、ABSdecoratepadandsoon.ABSalsowidelyusedinsportsequipment、package、furnitureandsoon.（ABS）MeritBadagingperformance.E力學(xué)強(qiáng)度耐沖擊性耐高溫耐低溫耐磨性電性能耐腐蝕阻燃性較差一般良好優(yōu)異氣密性耐老化PEPPPVCPSABSExcellentGoodOrdinaryBadMechanicalstressImpactresistentAbrasionresistentinsulationChemicalresistentHightemperatureLowtemperatureFireresistentAirtightAgingresistent力學(xué)強(qiáng)度耐沖擊性耐高溫耐低溫耐磨性電性能耐腐蝕阻燃性較差一般熱塑性工程塑料工程塑料PA（polyamide）(polyethyleneglycolterephthalate)(polycarbonate)聚酰胺聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚碳酸酯PETPCEngineeringresinmeansthosehavebothexcellentphysicalandthermalperformance,

andcanbeusedunderhugestressandextremelychemicalsurrounding.Whichcanbeinplaceofsomemetaltobestructurematerials.EngineeringplasticThermoplasticengineeringresin熱塑性工程塑料工程塑料PA（polyamide）(poly聚酰胺聚酰胺為大分子鏈上含有酰胺基團(tuán)重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元的一類聚合物，主要由二元胺和二元酸縮聚或由氨基酸內(nèi)酰胺自聚合而成。3.良好的柔性和沖擊性。2.聚酰胺高熔點(diǎn)，熱穩(wěn)定性好，熱變形溫度可達(dá)200度。4.優(yōu)異的力學(xué)性能，拉伸強(qiáng)度和沖擊強(qiáng)度都較高，但沖擊強(qiáng)度不如PC和POM，耐疲勞性好。5.優(yōu)異的耐化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性，尤其是耐油性突出。1.耐磨擦性和耐磨損性優(yōu)良。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)1.吸水性比較高。2.抗蠕變性較差。3.電絕緣性能不佳。4.耐光性不好。PA（polyamide）由于尼龍具有很多的特性，因此，在汽車(chē)、電器設(shè)備、機(jī)械部構(gòu)：、交通器材、紡織、造紙機(jī)械等方面得到廣泛應(yīng)用。聚酰胺聚酰胺為大分子鏈上含有酰胺基團(tuán)重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元的一類聚合物PAisakindofpolymerwhichhaveacylaminoonitsmolecularchain，acylaminoarereactedbydiamineandbinaryacid.3.Goodflexibleandimpactresistent.2.PAhasveryhighTf,excellentheatperformance,softtemperaturecanreach200℃.4.Excellentphysicalstress，bothtensileandtearstressareveryhigh，butimpactresistentnotasgoodasPCandPOM，goodagingresistent.5.Excellenteroderesistent,especiallyoilresistent.1.Goodabrasionresistent.MeritDefect1.Highwater-absordrate.2.Badcreepdeformationresistent.3.Badelectricityinsulation.4.BadUVstability.PA（polyamide）BecauseofsomeexcellentcharacterofPA，IthasbeenwidelyusedinAuto、wiring、machine、traffic、costumeindustry.PAisakindofpolymerwhich加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。聚碳酸酯PC（polycarbonate）聚碳酸酯是指大分子鏈由碳酸酯型重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元組成的一類聚合物。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)1.優(yōu)異的沖擊性和透明性。2.優(yōu)良的力學(xué)性能和電絕緣性。3.使用溫度范圍廣-130～130℃4.尺寸穩(wěn)定性高，耐蠕變性高。是塑料材料中集剛、硬、韌于一體的典型代表品種。2.制品易產(chǎn)生殘余內(nèi)應(yīng)力。3.對(duì)缺口敏感性大、耐疲勞性低、摩擦性及耐磨性不好。1.吸濕性大。照明材料：建筑采光板、汽車(chē)窗玻璃、光學(xué)儀器等。包裝材料：純凈水周轉(zhuǎn)箱，太空杯，奶瓶等。機(jī)械零件：增強(qiáng)PC可用于齒輪、齒條、蝸輪、凸輪、及殼體等。加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。聚碳酸酯PC（polycarbonat加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。PC（polycarbonate）PCisakindofpolymerthatconsistedbycarbonategroupsonit`smolecularchain.MeritDefect1.Excellenttransparentcolorandimpactresistent.2.Verygoodphysicalstressandinsulation.3.Wideoperatetemperature-130～130℃.4.Highdemensionstability，highcreep-resistant.Averytypicalplasticwhichhasbothhardness,flexibleandrigidity.2.Easytohaveresidualstressinmaterial.3.Sensitivetogap、lowagingresistentandbadabrasionresistent.1.Highwater-absordrate.Lightingmaterials：structuralplaneskylight、Carwindow、Opticalinstrumentandsoon.Packagematerial：purewatercontainer，spacecup，milkbottleandsoon.Machineparts：EnhancePCcanbeusedongear、turbine、crustandsoon.加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。PC（polycarbonate）PC電性能優(yōu)良。PET聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯為聚對(duì)苯二甲酸和乙二醇直接酯化法制得，又稱滌綸。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)1.純PET耐磨耗、低摩擦、吸水性小、尺寸穩(wěn)定性高。3.可用玻璃纖維進(jìn)行改性，改性后PET力學(xué)性能和耐熱性能大幅提高，可用于工程塑料。2.拉伸強(qiáng)度很高，是HDPE膜的9倍，是PC和PA膜的3倍。1.耐熱性不高，熱變形溫度僅為85℃.2.純PET的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度不高、結(jié)晶速率慢。3.成型加工困難，模塑溫度高，生產(chǎn)周期長(zhǎng)，沖擊性能差。非工程塑料級(jí)主要用于纖維、飲料瓶、薄膜、片材、耐烘烤食品容器等。工程塑料級(jí)主要應(yīng)用為電子電器方面有：電氣插座、電子連接器、、葉片、皮帶輪、泵零件、另外還有輪椅車(chē)體及輪子、燈罩外殼、照明器外殼、排水管接頭、拉鏈、鐘表零件等。聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯電性能優(yōu)良。PET聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯為聚對(duì)苯二甲酸和乙二醇電性能優(yōu)良。PET（polyethyleneterephthalate）PETisakindofpolymerthatreactedbyethyleneandterephthalate，wealsocalleditterylene。MeritDefect1.PurePEThasgoodabrasionresistent、lowfriction、smallwater-absordrate、highdimensionstability。3.PETcanuseglassfibretomodify，modifiedPEThaveexcellentphysicalstressandheatresistent，canbeusedasengineeringPlastic.2.Veryhightensilestress，9timesstrangerthanHDPE，3timesstrangerthanPC。1.Lowheatresistent，softtemperaturejust80℃.2.PurePET

hasbadphysicalstress、lowcrystalspeed.3.Difficulttomachining，highoperatetemperature，longproduceperiod，badimpactresistent.

Non-engineeringresinusedforfibre、drinkbottle、film、sheet、heatresistentfoodcontainer.

Engineeringresinmainusedforelectricityandelectricequipment,suchas:plugbase、connecter、tapewheel、pumpparts、andwheels,lightcover、watertubeconnecter、zip、watchpartsandsoon.

電性能優(yōu)良。PET（polyethyleneterepht聚氨酯不飽和聚酯聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯熱固性樹(shù)脂環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂EpoxyResin（EP）UnsaturatedPolyester（UP）PolymethylMethacrylate(PMMA)Polyurethane(PU)Thermosetresin聚氨酯不飽和聚酯聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯熱固性樹(shù)脂環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂E環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂及塑料

epoxyresin（EP）環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂是指大分子鏈上含有醚基而在兩端含有環(huán)氧基團(tuán)的一類聚合物。2.注塑和壓制制品：主要用于汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件，家電底座等。3.澆注制品：各種電子和電器元件的塑封，金屬零件的固定。用EP制成的玻璃鋼制品力學(xué)性能超過(guò)一半工程塑料。EP耐熱性能優(yōu)良、電性能優(yōu)良。1.環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂玻璃鋼制品：可用于大型殼體，如游船，汽車(chē)車(chē)身，氧氣瓶等?；瘜W(xué)穩(wěn)定性好，可耐一般的酸和堿。具有良好的尺寸穩(wěn)定性。優(yōu)點(diǎn)環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂及塑料epoxyresin（EP）環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂是指Epoxyresin（EP）EPisakindofpolymerthathaveaetherinsidemolecularchainandepoxygroupsonchainends.2.Injectingandpressing

products：Beingusedforcarengineparts,wiringbaseandsoon.3.Castingproducts：allkindsofelectroniccomponentsealglue.FRPmodifiedEP

haveexcellentphysicalperformance,passedmostengineeringplastics.EP

hasgoodreatresistent,electicityinsulation.1.”Glasssteel”EPproducts：Beingusedforbigcrust，likeboats，car，oxygencylinder

.Goodchemicalstability，goodresistenttobothacidandalkali.Havegooddimensionstability.MeritEpoxyresin（EP）EPisakindo不飽和聚酯不飽和聚酯是指不飽和二元酸或飽和二元酸同飽和二元醇或不飽和二元醇縮聚而成的聚合物。缺點(diǎn)：耐化學(xué)腐蝕性一般，不耐氧化介質(zhì)的氧化，酸堿溶劑性也不好。1.汽車(chē)工業(yè)：保險(xiǎn)杠、車(chē)燈架、水箱面罩等。2.電子、電器行業(yè)：電器罩殼、微波爐、開(kāi)關(guān)、塑封材料等。3.建筑制品：高位水箱、浴盆、洗面池等。unsaturatedpolyester（UP）1.純UP各種性能不理想，一般在其中加入填料或增強(qiáng)材料進(jìn)行改性。2.UP具有良好的電絕緣性。3.填充玻璃纖維的UP力學(xué)性能十分優(yōu)秀，在某些方面接近金屬。優(yōu)點(diǎn)不飽和聚酯不飽和聚酯是指不飽和二元酸或飽和二元酸同飽和二元醇UPisakindofresinthatreatedbyunsaturatedbinary、saturatedbinaryacid,andunsaturateddivalentalcohol

、saturatedalcohol.Defect：Ordinarychemicalresistent，easytogetoxidized，alsobadsolventresistent.1.Autoindustry：bumper、lightshelf、watertankcrustandsoon.2.Electron、wiringindustry：wiringcrust、micro-waveoven、switch、andsoon.3.Constructionindustry：Highlevelwatertank、bathtubandsoon.unsaturatedpolyester（UP）1.Pureupusuallyhasbadusingperformance，soweneedtoaddenhancematerialsintoUP.2.UPhaveverygoodinsulation.3.GlassfibremodifiedUPhasexcellentphysicalperformance，someaspectsperformanceclosetometal.MeritUPisakindofresinthatrea聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯

polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)1.常用于燈罩和玻璃，儀表窗，廣告櫥窗等。2.光學(xué)儀器如眼鏡、放大鏡、透鏡、光纖等。3.工藝美術(shù)品、各種紐扣、發(fā)夾、筆桿等。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)1.沖擊強(qiáng)度一般，缺口敏感大、表面硬度一般，易于劃傷，耐磨性較低，抗銀紋能力差。2.易燃塑料，耐熱僅70℃。3.耐溶劑性一般，因?yàn)橛絮セ拇嬖凇?.十分優(yōu)異的光學(xué)性能。2.質(zhì)輕而堅(jiān)韌的材料，在常溫下具有優(yōu)良的拉伸強(qiáng)度、彎曲強(qiáng)度和壓縮強(qiáng)度。3.耐候性好，可長(zhǎng)期在戶外使用。大分子鏈上含有甲基丙烯酸甲酯重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元的一類聚合物，俗稱“有機(jī)玻璃”、“亞克力”。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯Polymethylmethacrylate

(PMMA)1.Usedforlightcover、instrumentwindow、advertisingwindow.2.Opticalproducts,likeglassed、magnifyingglass、lens、fibre-opticalandsoon.3.Artworks、button、hairpin、penholderandsoon.MeritDefect1.Ordinaryimpactresistent，sensitivetogap、ordinarysurfacehardness，easytogetscratch，lowabrasionresistent.2.Flammablematerial,softtemperaturejust70℃.3.Ordinarysolventresistent，becauseoftheexistofestergroup.1.Excellentopticalperformance。2.Lightbuthighphysicalperformance，haveverygoodtensile、bendandcompressstressatroomtemperature.3.Verygoodagingresistent,longtimeoutsideusinglife.PMMAisakindofpolymerwhichmolecularisconsistedbymethylmethacrylate,socalled“organicglass”

、“

ACRYLICS”.Polymethylmethacrylate聚氨酯

polyurethane(PU)聚氨酯為大分子鏈中含有氨酯基重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元的一類聚合物。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)PU彈性體是一種PU的密實(shí)制品，其性能介于橡膠與塑料之間，具有高回彈性、吸震性、耐磨性、化學(xué)腐蝕性，耐撕裂，耐低溫性好、耐候性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。1.耐高溫性能較差。2.PU產(chǎn)品不阻燃，屬于易燃產(chǎn)品。3.PU光穩(wěn)定性不佳，產(chǎn)品易變色。聚氨酯制品形態(tài)有軟質(zhì)、半硬質(zhì)及硬質(zhì)泡沫塑料、彈性體、油漆涂料、膠粘劑、密封膠、合成革涂層樹(shù)脂、彈性纖維等，廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車(chē)制造、冰箱制造、交通運(yùn)輸、土木建筑、鞋類、合成革、織物、機(jī)電、石油化工、礦山機(jī)械、航空、醫(yī)療、農(nóng)業(yè)等許多領(lǐng)域。聚氨酯polyurethanPolyurethane(PU)PUisakindofpolymerthatmolecularconsistedbyurethane.MeritDefectPUelastomerisakindofclose-grainedPUproduct，it`spropertybetweenrubberandplastic,veryhighelastic、vibrateabsorption、abrasionresistent、chemicalresistent，tearresistent，lowtemperatureresistent、agingresistentandsomeothermerits。1.Badhightemperatureresistent.2.PU

productsarenotinflamingretarding，PUareveryflamablematerial.3.BadUVstability，productseasytogetyellow.PUproducts`configurationhavesoft、half-softandhardfoam、elastomer、paint、adhesive、sealglue、syntheticalleather、resin、elasticalfibre，widelyusedinAutoindustry、fridge、traffictransportation、construction、shoes、syntheticalleather、fabric、chemicalindustry、minemachine、medicialtreatment、agricultureandsoon.Polyurethane(PU)PUisakThankYou!ThankYou!高分子材料

—塑料篇唐凱榮KardosTangMacro-molecularMaterials——Plastic高分子材料

—塑料篇唐凱榮KardosTangMacro-塑料是以樹(shù)脂為主要成分，適當(dāng)加入各類添加劑，可用塑化、燒結(jié)或溶液等方法成型，并能在常溫下保持成型形狀的一類高分子材料。美觀、質(zhì)輕、電絕緣、耐化學(xué)腐蝕、容易成型加工成各種形狀和多種性能高分子材料。應(yīng)用分類：通用塑料和工程塑料。受熱變化分類：熱固性塑料和熱塑性塑料。樹(shù)脂塑料橡膠纖維塑料是以樹(shù)脂為主要成分，適當(dāng)加入各類添加劑，可用塑化、燒結(jié)或Plasticisakindofmaterialthatuseresinasmaincompound，andsomeadditive，useplasticizing、heatordissovesomewaystoproduce，andcanmaintainit`sshapeinroomtemperature.AkindofpolymerthatBeautiful、light、insulated、chemicalresistent,

andeasytoproducetomanydifferentshapeandfunction.Applicationsort:GeneraluseplasticandEngineeringplastic..Heatingtransformationsort：thermosetandthermoplastic.resinPlasticrubberfibrePlasticisakindofmaterial熱塑性PVCPE聚乙烯PS聚苯乙烯PP聚丙烯聚氯乙烯polyethylenePolyvinylchloridepolypropylenepolystyreneABS通用熱塑性樹(shù)脂Generalusedthermoplasticresinthermoplastic熱塑性PVCPE聚乙烯PS聚苯乙烯PP聚丙烯聚氯乙烯poly優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)優(yōu)良的耐水性、電性能?？箾_擊強(qiáng)度好、具有良好的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性。常溫下耐酸、堿等。聚乙烯PE低密度聚乙烯LDPE高密度聚乙烯HDPE線型低密度聚乙烯LLDPE表面能低，易于清潔。力學(xué)性能一般，拉伸強(qiáng)度較低，抗蠕變性不好。耐熱性不好。透氣性較大，不適于保鮮包裝，但適合防潮包裝。

PE分子中含有少量雙鍵和醚基，導(dǎo)致其耐候性不好。EVA應(yīng)用范圍：薄膜類制品是PE的最主要用途。LDPE樹(shù)脂用于膜類制品可占50%以上。HDPE膜制品占10%以上。PE因加工型好還廣泛用于注塑制品。還可用于漁網(wǎng)、纜繩、及民用紗窗等。聚乙烯是由乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而成的聚合物。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)優(yōu)良的耐水性、電性能。抗沖擊強(qiáng)度好、具有良好的MeritDefect

Goodwaterresistentandelectricinsulation.

Goodimpactresistent.

Goodchemicalstability,chemicalresistent.polyethylene

PELowdensityPE(LDPE)HighdensityPE(HDPE)LinearlowdensityPE(LLDPE)

Lowsurfaceenergy,easytoclean.

Ordinarymechanicalstress，lowtensilestress，badlayresistent。

Badheatresistent.

Badairtightperformance，notsuitableforsealpackage，butsuitableforwaterproofpackage.

Badagingresistent.EVAApplication：Mainusedforfilmproducts.Over50%LDPE

usedforfilmproducts.HDPE

filmproductsabout10%.BecauseofPE`sgoodmachining,italsobeusedoninjectAlsolikefishnet、cableandnetwindow.PEisakindofpolymerreactbyethylenemonomer.MeritDefectGoodwaterresiste優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)聚丙烯PP低溫脆性大。

耐老化性不好。電絕緣性和耐化學(xué)腐蝕性優(yōu)良。力學(xué)性能和耐熱性在通用熱塑性塑料中最高耐疲勞性好，人稱百折膠。表面能低，易于清潔。耐磨性能一般。應(yīng)用范圍：PP樹(shù)脂在注塑制品中可占一半左右。PP膜可占PP用量的10%左右。中空制品透明性和力學(xué)性能好用做洗滌劑、化妝品、藥品的包裝，與阻隔材料復(fù)合的復(fù)合瓶用于食品和化學(xué)試劑包裝。聚丙烯是由丙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而成的聚合物。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)聚丙烯PP低溫脆性大。耐老化性不好。電絕緣MeritDefectpolypropyleneLowtemperaturefragile.

Badagingresistent.

Goodinsulationandchemicalresistent.

Physicalstressandheatresistentarethebestamongallplastic.

Excellentfratigueresistent.

lowsurfaceenergy,easytoclean.

Ordinaryabrasionresistent.Application：HalfofPPproductsareusedforinjectproducts,about10%PPareusedforfilmproducts。AlsomanyPPareusedforpackageofmedicine、detergent、cosmeticandsoon.PPakindofpolymerreactedbypropylenemonomer.(PP)MeritDefectpolypropyleneLowte聚氯乙烯

（PVC）優(yōu)點(diǎn)

PVC的熱穩(wěn)定性較差。產(chǎn)量大、成本低。優(yōu)良的阻燃性能，耐腐蝕性。優(yōu)良的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度及電絕緣性。加工性能優(yōu)異。加工性能不好。化境不友好，含有多種對(duì)人體有害成分。polyvinylchloride

硬質(zhì)PVC可用于生產(chǎn)各類管材，型材、板材、片材、瓶類、注塑制品等。軟質(zhì)PVC可用于生產(chǎn)薄膜、電纜、鞋類、人造革、軟透明管等缺點(diǎn)由氯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而得的聚合物。耐沖擊性能不好。耐老化及耐寒性差。聚氯乙烯（PVC）優(yōu)點(diǎn)PVC的熱穩(wěn)定性較差。產(chǎn)量大、Merit

Bigoutput、lowcost.

excellentfireresistent,andchemicalresistent.Excellentinsulationandmechanicalperformance

Goodmachiningperformance.polyvinylchloride

HardPVC

canbeusedforboard、sheet、hose、bottleandinjectproductsandsoon.

SoftPVC

canbeusedforfilm、cable、shoes、transparenthoseandsoon.Defect（PVC）PVCisakindofpolymerreactbyvinylmonomer.

Heatstabilityisbad.

Machiningpropertyisnotgood.

Notenvironmentallyfriendly.

Impactresistentisbad.

Agingandlowtemperatureresistancearenotgood.

Glassstatehigh-elasticstate

TgTfMeritBigoutput、lowcost.exc聚苯乙烯PS優(yōu)點(diǎn)低溫易開(kāi)裂。優(yōu)良的透光性。優(yōu)良的絕緣、絕熱性能。熔融時(shí)熱穩(wěn)定性好和流動(dòng)性好，易成型加工。Polystyrene沖擊強(qiáng)度低，易出現(xiàn)應(yīng)力開(kāi)裂。耐熱性能差，不耐沸水。聚苯乙烯泡沫可膨脹60倍，發(fā)泡性能優(yōu)異。EPS主要用途為防震包裝材料、隔熱保溫材料、隔音材料、漂浮材料、絕緣材料等?！S兼有透明性和良好的絕緣性，可用于電視機(jī)、錄音機(jī)等電器配件。也可用于一般光學(xué)儀器、燈罩及包裝容器等。缺點(diǎn)聚苯乙烯是指有苯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基縮聚反應(yīng)合成的聚合物

聚苯乙烯PS優(yōu)點(diǎn)低溫易開(kāi)裂。優(yōu)良的透光性。優(yōu)良的絕Merit

Easytobreakatlowtemperature.

Excellenttransparent.

Goodinsulationandheatproofperformance.Goodheatstabilityandfluidwhenit`smelted，easytomachining.Polystyrene

Lowimpactresistent,easytocraze.Badheatresistent.EPScanswellabout60timesbig,excellentfoamingperformance.Application:MostofEPSusedforpackagematerial、preserveheatmaterial、soundabsordmaterial、floatmaterial、insulatedmaterialandsoon.

·PShasbothtransparentandinsulatedcharacter，canbeusedforwiringparts、opticparts、lightscoverandsoon.Defect(PS)PSisakindofpolymerreactbystyrenemonomer.MeritEasytobreakatlowtem丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）優(yōu)點(diǎn)耐候性較差。優(yōu)良的力學(xué)性能，沖擊性能極好。優(yōu)良的耐磨性，尺寸穩(wěn)定性好。耐低溫性優(yōu)異，熱穩(wěn)定性好。AcrylonitrileButadieneStyrene

優(yōu)良的耐腐蝕性。缺點(diǎn)較好的電絕緣性。加工性能優(yōu)良。流動(dòng)性比PE、PA及PS差，比PVC和PC好。

ABS的吸水率較高。較優(yōu)異的隔音性。聚苯乙烯是指有苯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基縮聚反應(yīng)合成的聚合物ABS樹(shù)脂的最大應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域是汽車(chē)、電子電器和建材。汽車(chē)領(lǐng)域的使用包括汽車(chē)儀表板、車(chē)身外板、內(nèi)裝飾板、方向盤(pán)、隔音板、門(mén)鎖、保險(xiǎn)杠、通風(fēng)管等很多部件。在電器方面則廣泛應(yīng)用于電冰箱、電視機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、空調(diào)器、計(jì)算機(jī)、復(fù)印機(jī)等電子電器中。建材方面，ABS管材、ABS衛(wèi)生潔具、ABS裝飾板廣泛應(yīng)用于建材工業(yè)。此外ABS還廣泛的應(yīng)用于包裝、家具、體育和娛樂(lè)用品、機(jī)械和儀表工業(yè)中。丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）優(yōu)點(diǎn)耐候性較差。Merit

Badagingperformance.

Excellentmechanicalstressandimpactresistent.

Excellentabrasionresistentanddemensionstability.Excellentlowtemperatureperformanceandheatresistent.AcrylonitrileButadieneStyrene

Gooderoderesistent.DefectGoodelecticityinsulationGoodmachiningperformance.HighwaterabsorbrateGoodsoundinsulation.ABSisakindofpolymerreactbyacrylonitrile、butadieneandstyrenemonomer.Application:ThemostaspectsofusingABSresinareAuto、wiringandbuildingmaterial.Includingcarmeterpad、outsidepad、steeringwheel、soundinsulatepad、doorlock、bumper、ventpipeandsoon.Electricaldevice:suchasfridge、Television、air-condition、computerandsoon.

Buildingmaterial:ABShose、ABSbathroommaterials、ABSdecoratepadandsoon.ABSalsowidelyusedinsportsequipment、package、furnitureandsoon.（ABS）MeritBadagingperformance.E力學(xué)強(qiáng)度耐沖擊性耐高溫耐低溫耐磨性電性能耐腐蝕阻燃性較差一般良好優(yōu)異氣密性耐老化PEPPPVCPSABSExcellentGoodOrdinaryBadMechanicalstressImpactresistentAbrasionresistentinsulationChemicalresistentHightemperatureLowtemperatureFireresistentAirtightAgingresistent力學(xué)強(qiáng)度耐沖擊性耐高溫耐低溫耐磨性電性能耐腐蝕阻燃性較差一般熱塑性工程塑料工程塑料PA（polyamide）(polyethyleneglycolterephthalate)(polycarbonate)聚酰胺聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚碳酸酯PETPCEngineeringresinmeansthosehavebothexcellentphysicalandthermalperformance,

andcanbeusedunderhugestressandextremelychemicalsurrounding.Whichcanbeinplaceofsomemetaltobestructurematerials.EngineeringplasticThermoplasticengineeringresin熱塑性工程塑料工程塑料PA（polyamide）(poly聚酰胺聚酰胺為大分子鏈上含有酰胺基團(tuán)重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元的一類聚合物，主要由二元胺和二元酸縮聚或由氨基酸內(nèi)酰胺自聚合而成。3.良好的柔性和沖擊性。2.聚酰胺高熔點(diǎn)，熱穩(wěn)定性好，熱變形溫度可達(dá)200度。4.優(yōu)異的力學(xué)性能，拉伸強(qiáng)度和沖擊強(qiáng)度都較高，但沖擊強(qiáng)度不如PC和POM，耐疲勞性好。5.優(yōu)異的耐化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性，尤其是耐油性突出。1.耐磨擦性和耐磨損性優(yōu)良。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)1.吸水性比較高。2.抗蠕變性較差。3.電絕緣性能不佳。4.耐光性不好。PA（polyamide）由于尼龍具有很多的特性，因此，在汽車(chē)、電器設(shè)備、機(jī)械部構(gòu)：、交通器材、紡織、造紙機(jī)械等方面得到廣泛應(yīng)用。聚酰胺聚酰胺為大分子鏈上含有酰胺基團(tuán)重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元的一類聚合物PAisakindofpolymerwhichhaveacylaminoonitsmolecularchain，acylaminoarereactedbydiamineandbinaryacid.3.Goodflexibleandimpactresistent.2.PAhasveryhighTf,excellentheatperformance,softtemperaturecanreach200℃.4.Excellentphysicalstress，bothtensileandtearstressareveryhigh，butimpactresistentnotasgoodasPCandPOM，goodagingresistent.5.Excellenteroderesistent,especiallyoilresistent.1.Goodabrasionresistent.MeritDefect1.Highwater-absordrate.2.Badcreepdeformationresistent.3.Badelectricityinsulation.4.BadUVstability.PA（polyamide）BecauseofsomeexcellentcharacterofPA，IthasbeenwidelyusedinAuto、wiring、machine、traffic、costumeindustry.PAisakindofpolymerwhich加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。聚碳酸酯PC（polycarbonate）聚碳酸酯是指大分子鏈由碳酸酯型重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)單元組成的一類聚合物。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)1.優(yōu)異的沖擊性和透明性。2.優(yōu)良的力學(xué)性能和電絕緣性。3.使用溫度范圍廣-130～130℃4.尺寸穩(wěn)定性高，耐蠕變性高。是塑料材料中集剛、硬、韌于一體的典型代表品種。2.制品易產(chǎn)生殘余內(nèi)應(yīng)力。3.對(duì)缺口敏感性大、耐疲勞性低、摩擦性及耐磨性不好。1.吸濕性大。照明材料：建筑采光板、汽車(chē)窗玻璃、光學(xué)儀器等。包裝材料：純凈水周轉(zhuǎn)箱，太空杯，奶瓶等。機(jī)械零件：增強(qiáng)PC可用于齒輪、齒條、蝸輪、凸輪、及殼體等。加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。聚碳酸酯PC（polycarbonat加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。PC（polycarbonate）PCisakindofpolymerthatconsistedbycarbonategroupsonit`smolecularchain.MeritDefect1.Excellenttransparentcolorandimpactresistent.2.Verygoodphysicalstressandinsulation.3.Wideoperatetemperature-130～130℃.4.Highdemensionstability，highcreep-resistant.Averytypicalplasticwhichhasbothhardness,flexibleandrigidity.2.Easytohaveresidualstressinmaterial.3.Sensitivetogap、lowagingresistentandbadabrasionresistent.1.Highwater-absordrate.Lightingmaterials：structuralplaneskylight、Carwindow、Opticalinstrumentandsoon.Packagematerial：purewatercontainer，spacecup，milkbottleandsoon.Machineparts：EnhancePCcanbeusedongear、turbine、crustandsoon.加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。PC（polycarbonate）PC電性能優(yōu)良。PET聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯為聚對(duì)苯二甲酸和乙二醇直接酯化法制得，又稱滌綸。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)1.純PET耐磨耗、低摩擦、吸水性小、尺寸穩(wěn)定性高。3.可用玻璃纖維進(jìn)行改性，改性后PET力學(xué)性能和耐熱性能大幅提高，可用于工程塑料。2.拉伸強(qiáng)度很高，是HDPE膜的9倍，是PC和PA膜的3倍。1.耐熱性不高，熱變形溫度僅為85℃.2.純PET的力學(xué)強(qiáng)度不高、結(jié)晶速率慢。3.成型加工困難，模塑溫度高，生產(chǎn)周期長(zhǎng)，沖擊性能差。非工程塑料級(jí)主要用于纖維、飲料瓶、薄膜、片材、耐烘烤食品容器等。工程塑料級(jí)主要應(yīng)用為電子電器方面有：電氣插座、電子連接器、、葉片、皮帶輪、泵零件、另外還有輪椅車(chē)體及輪子、燈罩外殼、照明器外殼、排水管接頭、拉鏈、鐘表零件等。聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯電性能優(yōu)良。PET聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯為聚對(duì)苯二甲酸和乙二醇電性能優(yōu)良。PET（polyethyleneterephthalate）PETisakindofpolymerthatreactedbyethyleneandterephthalate，wealsocalleditterylene。MeritDefect1.PurePEThasgoodabrasionresistent、lowfriction、smallwater-absordrate、highdimensionstability。3.PETcanuseglassfibretomodify，modifiedPEThaveexcellentphysicalstressandheatresistent，canbeusedasengineeringPlastic.2.Veryhightensilestress，9timesstrangerthanHDPE，3timesstrangerthanPC。1.Lowheatresistent，softtemperaturejust80℃.2.PurePET

hasbadphysicalstress、lowcrystalspeed.3.Difficulttomachining，highoperatetemperature，longproduceperiod，badimpactresistent.

Non-engineeringresinusedforfibre、drinkbottle、film、sheet、heatresistentfoodcontainer.

Engineeringresinmainusedforelectricityandelectricequipment,suchas:plugbase、connecter、tapewheel、pumpparts、andwheels,lightcover、watertubeconnecter、zip、watchpartsandsoon.

電性能優(yōu)良。PET（polyethyleneterepht聚氨酯不飽和聚酯聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯熱固性樹(shù)脂環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂EpoxyResin（EP）UnsaturatedPolyester（UP）PolymethylMethacrylate(PMMA)Polyurethane(PU)Thermosetresin聚氨酯不飽和聚酯聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯熱固性樹(shù)脂環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂E環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂及塑料

epoxyresin（EP）環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂是指大分子鏈上含有醚基而在兩端含有環(huán)氧基團(tuán)的一類聚合物。2.注塑和壓制制品：主要用于汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件，家電底座等。3.澆注制品：各種電子和電器元件的塑封，金屬零件的固定。用EP制成的玻璃鋼制品力學(xué)性能超過(guò)一半工程塑料。EP耐熱性能優(yōu)良、電性能優(yōu)良。1.環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂玻璃鋼制品：可用于大型殼體，如游船，汽車(chē)車(chē)身，氧氣瓶等?；瘜W(xué)穩(wěn)定性好，可耐一般的酸和堿。具有良好的尺寸穩(wěn)定性。優(yōu)點(diǎn)環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂及塑料epoxyresin（EP）環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂是指Epoxyresin（EP）EPisakindofpolymerthathaveaetherinsidemolecularchainandepoxygroupsonchainends.2.Injectingandpressing

products：Beingusedforcarengineparts,wiringbaseandsoon.3.Castingproducts：allkindsofelectroniccomponentsealglue.FRPmodifiedEP

haveexcellentphysicalperformance,passedmostengineeringplastics.EP

hasgoodreatresistent,electicityinsulation.1.”Glasssteel”EPproducts：Beingusedforbigcrust，likeboats，car，oxygencylinder

.Goodchemicalstability，goodresistenttobothacidandalkali.Havegooddimensionstability.MeritEpoxyresin（EP）EPisakindo不