現(xiàn)代大學英語聽力2Unit-9

Task1Man:IhadthegirlsrunningincircleswhenIwasincollege.Woman:Ineverknewyouwerethecampushero.Man:Iwasn't.Iwasthewomen'strackcoach.Instructor:Mr.Jenkins,whyareyoulate?Student:IguessbecausetheclassstartedbeforeIgothere.3)Woman:Doctor,youhavetocomeimmediately—mybabyswallowedsomecamerafilm!Doctor:Justcalmyourself,nothingwilldevelop.4)Customer:Waiter,thiswateriscloudy.Waiter:Thewater'sokay,madam.It'sjustthattheglassisalittledirty.Woman:Thebridewearswhiteonherweddingdayasasymbolofhappiness,forthisisthemostjoyousdayinherentirelife.Man:Whydoesthegroomwearblack?Task2Catherine:IthinkfirstlyIfindtheFrenchlanguage,verymelodictolistento.It'sveryeasyontheear,anditalmostsoundspoetic.Nomatterwhatkindofmoodtheindividualisin,who'stalking,orwhatthey'retalkingabout,thereseemstobearhythmtothelanguage.Andit'srounded;therearenosharp,jaggededgestothelanguage,soit'sverypleasingtotheear.Chris:IthinktheaccentIreallylikeistheDanespeakingEnglish.TheysoundawfulwhentheyspeakDanish,butwhentheyspeakEnglishthere'sabeautiful,low,sensitive,verysoftqualityaboutit.Donald:IlikethewaytheybringtheirFrenchpronunciationintoEnglish.Theycan'tpronounce"h"sandtheycan'tpronounce"th"properly.AndIthinkthatactuallysoundsverynice.AlsoIliketherhythmtheybringFrenchrhythmsintoEnglish—nice,steadyrhythmsandIlikethattoo.It'sjustit,it...wheneverIhearaFrenchpersonspeakingEnglishitsoundsmoregentleandmorelyrical.Lesley:IthinkthemostattractiveforeignaccentsformeareMediterraneanaccentsbecausethey,ifyoulike,importtheirowncultureintotheEnglishaccentandgiveitalotoflifethatsometimes,thatkindof—thegesturesandeverythingthattheEnglishpeopledon'thave,soyougetabeautifulmixtureoftheseriousNorthernEuropeanandtheSouthernEuropeantogether.Susan:IliketheSwedishaccentbecauseit,itmakesmesmileandthewayit'sspokenissosing-songythatyoucan'thelpbutsmilewhenotherpeopleactuallyspeakit.Anditalwaysmakesyouwanttotryandputtheaccentonyourself.Task3Thespellingandmeaningofwordsareveryinteresting.Butwhat'smoreinterestingisthehistoryofaword,orwhereitcamefrom.Let'sexaminesomeofthewordsandseehowtheygotintoourlanguage.LUNCHLunchperhapscomesfromanoldSpanishwordlonje,aslabofham.Wemayalsogetourwordfromaformoflump,maybealumpofbread,butwhetherlunchcomesfromhamorbread,itmeantahunkofsomethingtoeat.ATLASAnatlasisastrongman,andalsoabookofmaps.ThestoryofthiswordbeginsalongtimeagoinGreece.TheancientGreeksbelievedthattheirgodshadoncebeenaraceofgiantscalledTitans.TheTitansfoughtwithanothergroupofgodscalledOlympians,andtheOlympianswon.AtlaswasaTitan.Hewaspunishedforfightingbyhavingtostandatthewesternedgeoftheworld,holdingtheskyonhisheadandhands,sothatitwouldnotfallontheworldandsmashanything.AftertheancientGreekreligiondiedout,theideaofAtlaschanged.Fromholdinguptheskywithhisheadandhands,hecametobethoughtofasholdingtheworldonhisshoulders.Mercator,amapmakerofthesixteenthcentury,usedapictureofAtlasonthecoverofabookofmaps,soabookofmapscametobecalledanatlas.Thewordhasstillanothermeaning.Thetopboneoftheneckiscalledatlasbecauseitsupportsthehead.GOOD-BYEGood-byeisablessing;originallyitwasGodbewithye,andinthecourseoftimeitbecameoneword.Manyofourgreetingsaregoodwishes,butwesaythemwithsolittlethoughtthatweforgetthis.Whenwesaygoodmorning,goodevening,goodnight,andsoon,whatwearereallysayingis,"Ihopeyouwillhaveagoodmorning(orevening,ornight)."DAISYThedaisyhasalittlegoldeneye,likeatinysun.PerhapsthisisthereasontheEnglishpeoplenameditday'seye,orperhapstheychosethenamebecausetheEnglishdaisyclosesatnight.TheEnglishlovedtheirdaisies,whichwerepinkandred,aswellaswhite.Sixhundredyearsorsoago,theEnglishpoetChaucersaid:Thedaisy,orelsetheeyeoftheday,Thequeen,andprettiestflowerofall.Task4Mathew:Chris,whyisitthattherearesomanydifferentlanguages,andthatinEuropecertainlyifyoutravelmorethanahundredmiles,you'relikelytofindpeoplespeakingacompletelydifferentlanguagetoyourown.Chris:Well,it'struetosaythattherearehundredsandhundredsofdifferentlanguages.It'sperhaps...however,moreinterestingandmoreinformativetosaythatthereareseveraldifferentgroupsoflanguages.MostEuropeanlanguages,withtheexceptionofIthinkFinnishandBasqueandHungarian,Ibelieve,belongtotheIndo-Europeangroupoflanguages.I'mnotsoverysuremyselfoftheactualdetailsofthehistoryoftheselanguages,butyoucanbeverysurethatmostoftheselanguages,say,LatinandGreekandourownlanguageandGermanandFrenchandalltheothers,areconnected.ThereasonwhyyoucantravelfromonevillagetoanotherinSwitzerlandandfromoneareatoanotherinEnglandandfinddifferentdialects,ifnotdifferentlanguagesspoken,isthatseveralhundredyearsagocommunicationwasbywordofmouth.Wordofmouthmeantthatpeoplehadtomove;ifpeopleweretomovetheyneededroadsandtherewerenoroads.Mathew:DoyouseeanychanceforauniversallanguagelikeEsperanto?Chris:Notforanartificiallanguage,no.IsupposetheRomanCatholicChurchusedLatin,butLatinhadaparticularreligiousbasisandthisisprobablywhyitwasthereforechosen.Idon'tseeverymuchchanceforEsperanto;Ithinkit'sanawfullygoodideabutIdon'tbelievethatlanguageworkslikethat.Ithinkpeoplewillprobablyworktowardsthemostconvenientlanguagetouse.Theywillnotsetouttolearnanewlanguage.Itseemstomethatwe,eitherEnglish,RussianorChinese,perhapsJapanese,willbethelanguagesofthefuture.Mybet'sonEnglish.Mathew:Maggie,whydoyouthinkitisthatsofewEnglishpeoplespeakasecondlanguage?Maggie:Ithinkwhenyoulearnalanguageatschool,ittendstoberatheradeadoccupation,andit'sverydifficulttostimulateanyinterestamongschoolchildren.Butwhenyouactuallygotothecountryandyouspend,sayamonthwheninanexchangevisitwhenyou'reaschoolgirl,oraschoolboy,thenyousuddenlybecomemoreinterestedbecauseyouwanttocommunicatewithpeoplewhenyou'reactuallyabroad,andit'snotsafetorelyonthefactthatmostpeoplespeakEnglishwheninforeigncountries.IthinkEnglishpeopletraditionallythoughtthatforeignersalwaysspokeEnglish,andalotofforeignersdo,buttherearepeoplethatyoumeetinthestreetoryouwanttotakeabussomewhere,thenyoufindthatyouneedtospeakthelanguageandit'sveryunnervingtobeinasituationwhereyoucan'tcommunicatewithpeoplewhenyoudowanttotravelaround.Mathew:Haveyouevergoneabroadandlearntalanguageinthecountry?Maggie:Yes,wellwhenIwasasecretaryIwentandlivedinGenevafortwoyears.AndIlearntFrenchatschoolbutIreallydidn'tspeakitatall.IknewittheoreticallybutIwasn'tabletocommunicatewithpeople.ButIwasinasituationwhereifIdidn'tspeakFrench,thenIwouldnothavebeenabletodomyshoppingandbuyfood,andsoIpickedthelanguageupandImadefriendswithFrenchpeople—SwissFrenchpeople,andIfoundthatifIwantedtocommunicatewithallthepeoplethatImet,thenIhadtolearnFrench,andIthinkit'sthebestmethodoflearningbecauseyou'reinthesituation.It'sveryhardattimes—youcansitthroughdinnerpartiesandnotunderstandwhat...what'sgoingonandyouthinkeverybodythinksyou'restupidbecauseyoucan'tcommunicatewiththem,butit'sthehardwaybutIthinkit'sthebestwaytolearn.Mathew:Elfriede,youcomefromAustriaandyetyou'vebeenlivinginEnglandnowforthelastthreeyears.Hashavingtolearnandspeakanotherlanguagecreatedgreatproblems?Elfriede:Atthebeginningyes,itwasratherdifficultformetogettherightjob.Afteryou'velivedhereforoneortwoyearsyougettoknowthesystemandthenthat'squitegood.Youknowhowtouselibrariesandyougettoknowwheretocallinemergencies.Yougettoknow...tryingtogetaradioandunderstandtheradioandalltheprogrammestheyhaveandwhenthey'reonandthelittlestories.Mathew:WhataboutEnglishhumourontheradio?Elfriede:Ithinkthattakesavery,verylongtimetounderstandand,I'msorrytosaythatIhaven'tmanagedyettounderstanditcompletely,butIfinditveryinterestingtospeakotherlanguagesbecauseEnglishpeoplehavedifferent...haveadifferentmentality,andhaveaverydifferentcharacterandadifferenttemperamentanditisfascinatingformetotalktothem,andalsoformyselftobeabletoexpressmyselfinadifferentlanguageandtocommunicatewiththem.Task5Number1Fiona:Okay,Deek,I'moffnow.[Okay.]Everything'sokay,isit?Deek:Yes,Ithinkso.Theonlythingis...isshelikelytowakeup?Fiona:No,Idon'tthinkso.Shedoesn'tusually,but...Deek:Whatifshedoes?Fiona:Well,yes.Don'tworryaboutit.Herdummy'sbythebed,soifyoujustpickherup,giveherthedummy,giveheralittlebitofacuddle;[Yes.]singtoherifyoulike.Deek:ShallIreadherastoryorsomething?Fiona:Yes,anythinglikethat.[Yes.]Thensheshouldjustgobacktosleepagainquitehappily.Deek:Okay.Fiona:Oh!AndI'veleftstuffforyouinthefridge.There'ssomesaladandcoldchickenandsomebeeraswell.Okaythen?Deek:Rightthen.Bye.Fiona:Bye-bye.Number2Lesley:Ah...it'ssuchalovelyday.Itremindsmeoflastweek,doesn'tit,dear?Fiona:Ohdon't!Imeanthatwasjustsofantastic,thatholiday!Lesley:Ilovethatcity,youknow.Fiona:Idotoo.Really,it'sgotsomethingaboutit,acertainsortofcharm...Lesley:Mm,andallthatwineandgoodfood.Fiona:Andsocheap.Right,Imean,comparedtohere...Lesley:Yes,althoughtheshopsareexpensive.Fiona:Mm,yes.Lesley:Imean,reallyIboughtnothingatall.Ijustateandateanddrankanddrank.Fiona:Iknow.Wasn'tthatlovely?Lesley:Yes.Ilikelisteningtothepeopletalkingandsittingoutsidedrinkingwineand...Fiona:Yes.Couldyouunderstandwhattheyweresaying?Whentheywerespeakingquickly,Imean.Lesley:Well,itisdifficult,ofcourse.AndthenIlikedthattower,too.Fiona:Youlikedthattower?I'mnotsureaboutit,really.[No!]It'sveryunusual,rightinthecentreofthecity.Lesley:True,butthere’salovelyviewfromthetop.Fiona:Oh,youwentrightup,didn'tyou?[Mm,yes.]IknowIdidn't.Lesley:Ofcourseyoudidn't.Fiona:Irememberthatday.Weweren'ttogether.Lesley:No,that'sright.[Mm.]Youwentdownbytheriver,didn'tyou?Fiona:Right.Oh,walkingalongtheriverandallthecouples[Yes.]andit'ssoromantic...[Isittrue?]andthepaintingstoo...Lesley:Theydohaveartistsdownbytheriver,dothey?[Yes.]Oh,howlovely!Fiona:Oh,itreallyissuper.Lesley:Yes.Oh,Ithinkweoughttogobackthereagainnextyear,don'tyou?Fiona:Ido,yes.[Mm.]Ifonlyjusttosamplesomemoreofthewine.Lesley:It'dbelovely,wouldn'tit?Fiona:Yes.Number3Mary:I'msopleased.Whataboutyouthen?Jane:Well,hesaidhewantedtohaveanotherlookatit.Mary:Yes.Whataretheydoingaboutit?Jane:Well,Idon'tthinkthey'regoingtodoanythingreally.Itjustsometimesgoesaway[Well,can't...]somethinglikethat.Mary:Well,can'ttheygiveyouanythingforit?Jane:Well,no,theydidn'tsaytheycould.[Really?]No,justgottobepatientandwaitforittogoaway.Mary:Well,thatseemsabitstupid,doesn'tit?Jane:Yes,itdoes.Mary:You'dhavethought...you'dhavethoughtthey'dhavethoughtofsomething.Jane:Yes.Oohit'syourturn.Mary:Yes.Certainly.Jane:Goodluck!Mary:Thankyou!Task6LearningtoSpeakItis,everyoneagrees,acolossaltaskthatthechildperformswhenhelearnstospeak,andthefactthathedoessoinsoshortaperiodoftimechallengesexplanation.Languagelearningbeginswithlistening.Individualchildrenvarygreatlyintheamountoflisteningtheydobeforetheystartspeaking.Mostchildrenwill"obey"spokeninstructionssometimebeforetheycanspeak,thoughtheword"obey"ishardlyaccurateasadescriptionoftheeageranddelightedcooperationusuallyshownbythechild.Beforetheycanspeak,manychildrenwillalsoaskquestionsbygestureandbymakingquestioningnoises.Anyattempttotracethedevelopmentfromthenoisesbabiesmaketotheirfirstspokenwordsleadstoconsiderabledifficulties.Itisagreedthattheyenjoymakingnoisesandthatduringthefirstfewmonthsoneortwonoisessortthemselvesoutasparticularlyindicativeofdelight,distress,sociability,andsoon.Butsincethesecannotbesaidtoshowthebaby'sintentiontocommunicate,theycanhardlyberegardedasearlyformsoflanguage.Itisagreed,too,thatfromaboutthreemonthstheyplaywithsoundsforenjoyment,andthatbysixmonthstheyareabletoaddnewsoundstotheirrepertoire.Thisself-imitationleadsontodeliberateimitationofsoundsmadeorwordsspokentothembyotherpeople.Theproblemthenarisesastothepointatwhichonecansaythattheseimitationscanbeconsideredasspeech.Itisaproblemweneednotgetourteethinto.Themeaningofaworddependsonwhataparticularpersonmeansbyitinaparticularsituation;anditisclearthatwhatachildmeansbyawordwillchangeashegainsmoreexperienceoftheworld.Thustheuse,atsaysevenmonths,of"mama"asagreetingforhismothercannotbedismissedasameaninglesssoundsimplybecausehealsousesitatothertimesforhisfather,hisdog,oranythingelsehelikes.Playfulandapparentlymeaninglessimitationofwhatotherpeoplesaycontinuesafterthechildhasbeguntospeakforhimself.Idoubt,however,whetheranythingisgainedwhenparentscashinonthisabilityinanattempttoteachnewsounds.Task7Let'stalkaboutbodylanguage.Youalready"speak"itand"read"it.Bodylanguageisallofthesmallfacialexpressions,handgesturesandbodymovementsthatwemake.Wemaynotrealizeit,buteachmovementandexpressionsayssomethingaboutourfeelings.Infact,wemightsaythatbodylanguageistheclearestandmostcommonwayofcommunicatingourfeelingsdirectlytoothers.Weallknowthemoreobviousbody"statements":Wewaveourhandsingreeting,weshakehands,pateachotherontheback,wehugfriendsandkisslovedones.Wesmile,welaugh,wewinkandwefrown,andsometimeswecry.Allofthesegesturesarecallednon-verbalcommunication(non-verbalmeanswedonotusewordsto"say"whatwefeel.)Normally,wedon'tthinkverymuchaboutourbodylanguage.Ourfacialexpressionsandgesturesareautomaticandunconsciousmostofthetime.Butresearcherstelluswemightlearntounderstandeachotheralittlebetterifwepaidconsciousattentiontothehiddenmessagesinbodylanguage.Let'sconsiderafewofthemoreobviousfacial,handandbodygestures.Thehumanfaceiswonderfullyrichinitsabilitytoexpressfeelings.Theeyes,theeyebrows,thelipsandthefacialmusclesareallcapableof"saying"things.Forexample,wespeakof"wide-eyedwonder".Iftheeyesopenwide,thatmaymeansurprise,wonder,excitementorsometimesfear.Andthatisanimportantthingtorememberaboutbodylanguage—oneelementalonedoesnottelluseverything.Wehavetoseegesturesincombination.Sowideeyesalonewouldnottelluswhetherthepersonwassurprised,pleasedorscared,butwhenweseewideeyes,alittlesmileandaslighttiltofthehead,weunderstandthatthepersonis"wonderfullypleased"."Squinty"eyes,tightlips,andtheheadpushedforwardprobablysuggestangerorhostility.Half-closedeyesmaysuggestfatigue,boredomorindifference.Butaddaloweredtiltofthehead,aflutteringoftheeyelidsandaslightsmile,andwegetacoyandflirtatiousmessage.Strangelyenough,oneoftheeyefeaturesoverwhichwehaveverylittlecontrolpupils—sayssomethingaboutourinterestinasubject.Ifwelikesomething,ourpupilsgetlarger.Studiesshowthatmostmenthinkawomanwithlargepupilsismore"attractive"thanthesamewomanwithsmallpupils.Butthemenaren'treallyconsciousofthepupils.Theyjustknowtheylikethe"looks"betterinthesampleswithlargepupils.Nowondereyemake-upissopopular.Eyebrowsarealmostlikesignalflags:onebrowup,onedownsuggestsdoubt,disbelieforuncertainty.Bothupmeanssurpriseormistrust.Squeezethemtogetherandwegetafrownor

—thesizeoscowl.Thelipsshapenon-verbalaswellasverbalmessages.Thesmileisthemostobvious,buttrybaringtheteethjustononesideorpullthelipstightlyacrosstheteethandthesmilebecomesasnarlandathreat.Inthis,andinmanyofourotherbodygestures,weareclosetotheanimals.Thelowerlipbyitselfcansaylittlethings.The"pout"isafatlowerlippushedwayout.Itmeans"I'mnothappybecauseI'mnotgettingwhatIwant."Butifwetuckthelowerlipintoourmouthandbiteit,weareconveyinganxietyandfear.Lickingthelipsisa"drymouth"gesturewhichusuallymeansstressoranxiety.Therearewholebookswrittenonhandgestures,and,infact,handorsignlanguagehasoftenbeenhighlydeveloped,especiallyasanaidtothedeaf.Buttheroutinehandlanguage,suchaspointingwiththeindexfingertoaccusesomeone,ortheclenchedfistbeatingintheairtothreatensomeone,arefamiliartousall.Butaclenchedfistheldclosetothebodyusuallymeanstensionoranxietywhiletheopenhands,palmsupmaymean"I'minnocent"or"giveme"or"forgiveme".Bothhandsraisedupandfacingtheaudiencemeans"Igiveup"or"Isurrender".Buttiltthehandsandpalmdownandextendthearmanditmeans"Ibless"or"Igive".The"patonthehead"isakindofblessingorgestur