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Exercise1Waterisveryimportantforlivingthings.Withoutwatertherecanbenolifeontheearth.Allanimalsandplantsneedwater.Manalsoneedswater.Almosteveryoneknowsthatwatercoversthree-fourthsoftheearth5ssurface.Mostofit,however,isintheoceansandistoosaltytodrink.Also,someofitisfrozenandcannotbeused.Infact,lessthanonepercentisleftfortheuseofpeople,animalsandplantlife.Allthroughhistorymenhavetriedtobuildtheirhomesnearthesourcesoffreshwater.Nowfreshwaterisbecomingscarce,butmoreandmoreisneededbecauseoftheincreasingnumberofpeopleintheworld.Someindustriesalsouselargeamountsoffreshwaterintheproductionofthingssuchassteel,petrol,paper,rubberandsoon.Meanwhile,waterproblemisbecomingmoreseriousandmorecomplex.Ourincreasingpopulationtremendouslyincreasesurbanwastes,primarilypollutedwater.Ontheotherhand,increasingdemandsforwaterwilldecreasesubstantiallytheamountofwateravailablefordiluting(稀釋)wastes.Rapidlyexpandingindustrieswhichinvolvemoreandmorecomplexchemicalprocesseswillproducelargervolumeofliquidwastes,andmanyofthesewillcontainchemicalswhicharepoisonous.Tofeedourrapidlyexpandingpopulation,agriculturewillhavetobeintensified.Thiswillinvolveever-increasingquantitiesofagriculturalchemicals.Scientistsestimatethattheproblemofwatershortagewillbecomesevere.Thusitisapparentthateffectivestepsmustbetakenimmediatelytodevelopcorrectivemeasuresforthepollutionproblemandtofindnewwaysofsavingandproducingfreshwateraswell.Somenationshaveworkedontheproblemandarealreadysharingtheirinformationwithothers.Theyaretryingtokeeptheirriversfrombecomingpolluted.Deepwellsarealsobeingdug,andrainwaterisbeingcollectedinhugeartificiallakes.Inonewayoranother,theyhopetoprovideenoughwatertosatisfytheneedsoftheirpeople.參考范文:Waterisessentialforallthelivingthingsontheearth.(要點1)Withtheworldwideincreaseofpopulation,morewaterisneeded.(要點2)Meanwhile,watersourcesaregettingpollutedbypoisonouschemicalwastesproducedbyhumanbeingsinonewayoranother.(要點3)Thusmeasuresarebeingtakentosolvethisproblem,hopingtofindbetterwaystosaveandproducewatertomeettheneeds.分析過程.核心內(nèi)容本文是一篇說明文, 全文分為四段。 第一段主要講水是生命之源, 雖然在地球上水的覆蓋面積很大但真正可供飲用的水資源很少。 第二段講現(xiàn)在水資源變得短缺, 但是對水的需求量卻越來越大。第三 段提到了在工農(nóng)業(yè)用水等方面對水源的污染問題。第四段講的是各國正在想辦法解決水資源短缺的 問題。.寫作思路說明文的概括一般用段意合并法。 首先要通讀全文, 分析文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。 第二步是尋找關(guān)鍵詞,總結(jié)每一段的大意。最后一步是根據(jù)每段的大意及作者的側(cè)重點,重組歸納全文的大意并概述成段。 第一段的內(nèi)容要點是 “withoutwatertherecanbenolifeontheearth;lessthanonepercentisleftfortheuseofpeople,animalsandplantlife。第二段的內(nèi)容要點是 “”freshwaterisbecomingscarce,。第’三段的內(nèi)容要點是“waterproblemisbecomingmoreseriousandmorecomplex”。第四段的要點是“Thusitisapparentthateffectivestepsmustbetakenimmediatelytodevelopcorrectivemeasuresforthepollutionproblemandtofindnewwaysofsavingandproducingfreshwateraswell.。 ”3,范文解析要點1是第一段的內(nèi)容概要。要點 2用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)表達由于人口數(shù)量增加等原因?qū)е滤磪T乏。用meanwhile過渡到水源污染問題,即第 3個要點。最后用 thus連接要點 4,即引出各國為解決飲 用水資源匱乏問題所做的努力。Exercise2Scientiststodayaremakinggreaterefforttostudyoceancurrents(洋流))Mostdoitusingsatellitesandotherhigh-techequipment.However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyerdoesitinaspecialway—bystudyingmovementsofrandomfloatinggarbage.Ascientistwithmanyyears ’experience,hestartedthistypeofresearchintheearlye1n99h0eswhheardabouthundredsofathleticshoeswashingupontheshoresofthenorthwestcoastoftheUnitedStates.Thereweresomanyshoesthatpeopleweresettingupswapmeetstotryandmatchleftandrightshoestosellorwear.Ebbesmeyerfoundoutinhisstudiesthattheshoes—about60,000intotal— fellintotheoceaninashippingaccident.Hephonedtheshoecompanyandaskediftheywantedtheshoesback.Asexpected,thecompanytoldhimthattheydidn’t.Ebbesmeyerrealizedthiscouldbeagreatexperiment.Ifhelearnedwhenandwheretheshoeswentintothewaterandtrackedwheretheylanded,hecouldlearnalotaboutthepatternsofoceancurrents.ThePacificNorthwestisoneoftheworld'bsestareasforbeach-combing(海灘搜尋)becausewindsandcurrentsjoinhere,andasaresult,thereisagroupofseriousbeachcombersinthearea.Ebbesmeyergottoknowalotofthemandaskedfortheirhelpincollectinginformationaboutwheretheshoeslanded.Inayearhecollectedreliableinformationon1,600shoes.Withthisdata,heandacolleaguewereabletotestandimproveacomputerprogramdesignedtomodeloceancurrents,andpublishthefindingsoftheirstudy.Astheresultofhiswork,Ebbesmeyerhasbecomeknownasthescientisttocallwithquestionsaboutanyunusualobjectsfoundfloatingintheocean.Hehasevenstartedanassociationofbeachcombersandoceanexperts,with500subscribersfromWestAfricatoNewZealand.Theyhaverecordedalllostobjectsrangingfrompotatoestogolfgloves.參考范文:UnlikeotheroceanographerstEbbesmeyermonitorsoceancurrentsbytrackingfloatinggarbage.(要點1)Hisinspirationforthisuniqueresearchmethodcamefrommanysneakerswashedintotheocean.Hethoughtthedistributionoftheshoes’landingspotswouldindicatehowseawaterflowed.(要點2)Therefore,heestablishedlinkswithbeachcomberswhosefirst-handinformationcontributedgreatlytohisfindings.(要點3)Thestudyjustmarkedthebeginningofhisresearchintooceancurrentsusingfloatinggarbageasmarkers.(要點4)分析過程:試題詳解核心內(nèi)容本文是一篇說明文,全文共四段。第一段介紹海洋科學(xué)家 CurtisEbbesmeyer與眾不同的洋流研究方式:他根據(jù)海上漂浮物來研究洋流。第二段詳細說明該研究方法的由來。 20世紀(jì)90年代,因為一次海運事故,很多運動鞋掉落海中,Ebbesmeyer通過分析運動鞋的落水時間、地點及其著陸點等數(shù)據(jù),嘗 試進行試驗。第三段描述數(shù)據(jù)收集情況。 Ebbesmeyer在海灘搜尋者的幫助下,收集到鞋子的相關(guān)信 息,并公布了調(diào)查結(jié)果。第四段簡略提及Ebbesmeyer因此方法而出名,而且他的研究對象不再局限于 鞋子,而是各種各樣的海上漂流物,他的研究隊伍也開始壯大。寫作思路:(1)理清文章脈絡(luò), 概括段落大意。 該文第一段是全文的中心段落, 其中末句 “However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyer...randomfloatinggarbage.既是文章的主題句,也是段落的主題句。 ”第二段.通過整合關(guān)鍵詞 “startedtheresearch,shoes,experiment”,得出大意“Hestartedthistypeofresearchintothepatternsofoceancurrentswhenhedecidedtocarryoutanexperimentwiththeshoeswashingupontheshores.。第三段關(guān)鍵詞為 "beachcombers,information,data,通過整“合可歸納出大意 “Ebbesmeyercollectedinformationwiththehelpofbeachcombers.。第四段共”三句話,謂語動詞 “hasbecomeknown,hasevenstarte,dhaverecorded都是圍繞著” “他繼續(xù)采用該方法 ”這一中心,故大意可 歸納為“Hecontinuedthistypeofresearch.。 ”(2)確定表達要點,靈活準(zhǔn)確表達。要點 1是第一段的大意,也是全文的總述,介紹了Ebbesmeyer采用特殊的洋流研究方法。 為使句意完整, 應(yīng)補充信息 “有別于其他海洋學(xué)家 ”,即“differentfrom/unlikeotherscientists。要點2”根據(jù)第二段大意及該段所涵蓋的兩方面具體信息來表達, 即“掉落海中 的鞋子給他靈感 ”和“他決定利用這些鞋子來進行試驗 '要點 3緊接上文,描述他為了收集數(shù)據(jù),和海 灘搜尋者建立聯(lián)絡(luò)??墒褂?“and,so”等表示因果關(guān)系的詞來銜接, 使句子緊湊。 要點4可換一種表述 概括第四段的大意 “他繼續(xù)這種特殊的研究方法”,即“他以鞋子為研究對象開展的試驗是之后一系列類 似研究工作的開始 ”。范文解析:要點1中,用“unlikeotheroceanographers”來說明Ebbesmeyer所采用的方法與眾不同; 同時,oceanographer替換原文中的scientists,用詞更精確。要點2中,用ainspiration...camefrom概括原文中 關(guān)于這種特殊方法由來的詳細描述,并用后置定語 “washedintotheocean,補”充說明鞋子的情況,使得 句意完整,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊;此外,為避免詞匯重復(fù),用 “distributionoftheshoes’landingspots和”“howseawaterflowed”分別替換原文的“wheretheylanded和”“thepatternsofoceancurrents。要點 ”3和要點2用therefore銜接,使得行文流暢。同時,定語從句自然地把"beachcombers^“Ebbesmeyer的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)“這兩個信息點串聯(lián)起來。要點 4用“Thestudyjustmarkedthebeginningofhisresearch來說明'這次試驗后,他繼續(xù)采用這種特殊方法進行研究,使得表達方式多樣化,表述準(zhǔn)確到位。Exercise3Weshouldn’tjudgeapersonbytheirappearancebutwedo.Infact,theexpertssaythatwhenwemeetsomeoneforthefirsttimewemakeadecisionaboutwhatthatpersonislikeinthreeseconds.Butwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes,butitisn’thtebrandofclothesthatpeoplewearthatisimportant.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Schoolshavealwaysunderstoodthisandalotofthemasktheirstudentstowearauniform.Why?Alotofteachersthinkauniformmakesstudentsfeelthattheyarepartoftheirschoolandthattheiruniformhelpsthemtobeseriousabouttheirstudies.Teacherssaythatuniformscanhelpinotherwaystoo.Ifallthestudentswearuniforms,theycan’jutdgeeachotherbecauseoftheirclothes.Italsoavoidsargumentsaboutwhoorwhatisfashionable.However,itisnotonlyschoolsthatwantpeopletodressinacertainway.Weallhavefixedideasaboutwhatthepeopleinacertainprofessionshouldwear.Ifwevisitadoctor,weexpecttoseerespectableclothesunderthedoctor ’swhitecoat.Whenwegointoabankweexpectthestafftowearsuitsordresses.Policeofficerswearuniformstodetercrimebyestablishingavisiblepresencewhileonpatrol,tomakethemselveseasilyidentifiabletonon-policeofficersortheircolleagueswhorequireassistance,andtoquicklyidentifyeachotheratcrimescenesforeaseofcoordination.Infact,alotofcompanieshavedresscodesfortheirstaffbecausetheyknowthatthecustomersexpecttoseethemdressedincertaintypesofclothes.Butcanourclothesreallytellpeoplewhatwearelike?Maybenot,buttheycanshowourattitudetowhatwearedoingatthemoment.Whenpeopleseeusintherightclothes,theythinkweareseriousaboutwhatwearedoing.Furthermore,ifweareclean,smartandpolite,peoplewillhaveconfidenceinus.參考范文:Properclothesareimportantforfirstimpressions.(要,嵐1)Schoolsadoptuniformpolicy,asteachersareconvincedthatuniformhasnumerousbenefitsforstudents.(要,嵐2)Apartfromschools, otherfields,includinghospitals,banks,policeandsomecompaniesalsoinsistonwearinguniformsforthesakeofprofessionalismandconvenience^要點3)Thebeliefisthatproperclothes,especiallyuniforms,canpresentourseriousattitudeandwintrustfromothers.(要點4)分析過程:一、 試題詳解核心內(nèi)容本文是一篇議論文, 全文共分四段, 核心話題是統(tǒng)一著裝。 第一段主要說明人們非常關(guān)注著裝,因為合適的著裝對第一印象至關(guān)重要。第二段闡釋了學(xué)校推行校服,是因為大部分教師都認(rèn)可校服的積 極作用。第三段列舉了其他也采用統(tǒng)一著裝的行業(yè)及其用途, 比如醫(yī)生、銀行職員、警察和公司職員。 第四段補充說明著裝雖然不能代表我們是怎樣的人,但是可以反映出我們對所從事工作的態(tài)度。寫作思路理清文章脈絡(luò),概括段落大意。第一段沒有明顯的主題句,需要學(xué)生自己提煉和整合信息,主要是指得體合適的著裝對第一印象極其重要。第二段要點也需要學(xué)生自己提煉,圍繞schools和teachers形成要點。第三段第一句為此段的主題句,后面是具體的行業(yè)介紹。第四段第二句是主題句。確定表達要點,靈活準(zhǔn)確表達。本文第一段的主旨大意是要點 1。第二段需要組合 schools,teachers和uniforms等主要信息,形成要點 2。第三段通過明顯的主題句和具體的例證來構(gòu)成要點 3。 最后一段為要點范文解析:范文用“properclothes代替appearance和“rightclothes,避免語言的重復(fù)。用"adoptuniformpolicy來代替” “asktheirstudentstowearauniform,用形容詞” convinced代替原文的動詞think,用“numerousbenefits來概括原文提到的積極作用。因為要點 2和要點3之間是并列關(guān)系,故用“apartfrom”這一結(jié)構(gòu)來連接。在表達要點 3時,用介詞including來統(tǒng)領(lǐng)其他穿制服的行業(yè),用“forthesakeof'引出各個行業(yè)統(tǒng)一著裝的好處。在表達要點4時,用belief來說明其背后的理念。Exercise4Oneofthemostwidelyaccepted,commonlyrepeatedassumptionsinourcultureisthatifyouexercise,youwillloseweight.Iexerciseallthetime,butIstillhavegutfatthathangsovermybeltwhenIsit.Whyisn ’talltheexercisegettingridofit?It'saquestionmanyofuscouldask.Morethan45millionAmericansnowbelongtoahealthclub.Wespendsome$19billionayearongymmemberships.Andyetobesityfigureshaverisensharplyinthesameperiod:athirdofAmericansareobese,andanotherthirdcountasoverweightbytheFederalGovernment’sdefinition.Likemanyotherpe,oIpglee,thungryafterIexercise,soIofteneatmoreonthedaysIworkoutthanonthedaysIdon’tC.ouldexerciseactuallybekeepingmefromlosingweight?Thepopularbeliefthatexerciseisessentialforweightcontrolisactuallyfairlynew.Asrecentlyasthe1960s,doctorsroutinelyadvisedagainsttoomuchexercise,particularlyforolderadultswhocouldinjurethemselves.Todaydoctorsencourageeventheiroldestpatientstoexercise,whichissoundadviceformanyreasons:peoplewhoregularlyexerciseareatsignificantlylowerriskforallmannerofdiseases—thoseoftheheartinparticular.Theylessoftendevelopcancerandmanyotherillnesses.Butthepastfewyearsofobesityresearchshowthattheroleofexerciseinweightlosshasbeenwildlyoverevaluated.Manyrecentstudieshavefoundthatexerciseisn ’tasimportantinhelpingpeopleloseweightasyouhearsoregularlyingymadvertisementsoronshowsormagazines.Thebasicproblemisthatwhileit'struethatexerciseburnscaloriesandthatyoumustburncaloriestoloseweight,exercisehasanothereffect:itcanmakeonehungry.Thatcausesustoeatmore,whichinturncannegate(使無效))theweight-lossbenefitswejustgained.Exercise,inotherwords,isn’tnecessarilyhelpingusloseweight.Ietvmeanybemakingitharder.參考范文:DifferentfromwhatAmericanpeopletakeforgranted,theyfinditdifficulttoloseweightthroughexercise.(要點1)Istherepossibilitythattakingexerciseactuallypreventsweightloss?(要點2)Studieshaveshownthatthoughregularexercisedoeshelpdecreasechancesofvariousdiseases,(要A3)itisanoverstatementfrommodernmedicalscienceormediathatexerciseleadstoweightloss,(要點4)becausehungerandgoodappetiteoftencomealongwithexercise.(要點5)分析過程:一試題詳解核心內(nèi)容本文是一篇議論文, 全文共分五段。 第一段開門見山提出問題 ——既然鍛煉促進減肥, 為何“我”堅持鍛煉仍然無法擺脫肚子上的肥肉?第二段推己及人,指出美國很多人每年花大筆錢用來健身,肥胖人 口的數(shù)據(jù)卻在急劇上升,究其原因, “我”在鍛煉后往往吃得更多。提出假設(shè)——鍛煉事實上是否阻礙減 肥?第三段和第四段說明鍛煉在減少各種疾病方面有其功效,但是許多研究表明鍛煉對于減肥的作用 遠沒有廣告、媒體上宣傳的那么大。第五段總結(jié)鍛煉的確促進熱量消耗,但其同時使人感到饑餓,因此 鍛煉并不一定促進減肥,甚至可能阻礙減肥。,寫作思路:⑴理清文章脈絡(luò),概括段落大意。第一段圍繞 assumptions提出問題。第二段是對前面的問題:Couldexerciseactuallybekeepingmefromlosingweight?第三段重點在于說明鍛煉的意義和誤解。第 四段是對第三段的補充。第五段肯定了第二段提出的假設(shè):鍛煉導(dǎo)致饑餓和好胃口從而于減肥無益甚 至可能有害。確定表達要點,靈活準(zhǔn)確表達。第一段提出的困惑是全文的起點,用 “takeforgranted來替換原文中的assumption。第二段所列各種數(shù)據(jù)是為了引出問題 “Couldexerciseactuallybekeepingmefromlosingweight?,用“”Istherepossibilitythatexerciseactuallypreventsweightloss?進行同義替換?!?第三段和第四段闡述鍛煉的積極作用和對鍛煉的誤解,我們 _可以用though對這兩個要點進行整合。 它的作用用“helpdecreasechancesofvariousdiseases?行概括,其對減肥的作用夸大用 ‘‘a(chǎn)noverstatement引出,這樣就可以把要點” 3和要點4表達清楚。最后要點 5是對原因的探究, 用because來連接,具體原因包含 “makeonehungry”和“causeustoeatmore,我們可以用“hungerandgoodappetite?行整合。范文解析范文用兩句話來表達段落 1和段落2的兩個要點。 要點1中的“whatpeopletakeforgranted代替了原文中的assumption,要點2用possibility代替原文中的動詞could。要點3、4和5把第三段、第四段和第五段的要點用 though和because進行了概括和整合,以達到簡潔、凝練的效果,其中 “helpdecreasechancesofvariousdiseases”以及“anoverstatementfrommodernmedicalscienceormedia都是對原文中內(nèi)容的概括?!碧釤挌w納 1.同義替換本范文中我們將 "atsignificantlylowerriskforallmannerofdiseases和“l(fā)essoftendevelopcancerandmanyotherillnesses統(tǒng)一表達為”“helpdecreasechancesofvariousdiseases。本文中關(guān)于鍛煉對于 減肥的作用被過分夸大的表達 “theroleofexerciseinweightlosshasbeenwildlyover-evaluated可以”替換為overstatement,原文中的 "ingymadvertisementsoronshowsormagazines”可以用“frommodernmedia來概括,避免重復(fù)。2.邏輯連貫本范文中第三、四、五三段在邏輯上有很強的關(guān)聯(lián),我們用though和because連接成一句話將鍛煉的兩面性和原因進行了整合。 “regularexercisedoeshelpdecreasechancesofvariousdiseases是對第三段中鍛煉的積極意義的概括描述。 "modernmedicalscienceormedia是對第三、四兩段中"doctors和“gymadvertisementsorshowsormagazines的整谷。Exercise5Optimism,definedasthegeneralexpectationthatthefuturewillbefavorable,couldprovidenewwaystoimprovehealth,someresearchersbelieve.Butscientistsremainunsureifoptimismgoesaheadofhealthimprovements,orviceverse(反之亦然 )).Arecentstudysuggeststhatmostpeoplecan5thelpbuttothinkoptimistically.ThisstudywasconductedbyEdO’Brien,asocialpsychologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor.Thefindingssuggestthatpeoplehaveanaturaltendencytothinkpositivelyabouttheirfuture.Participantswereaskedtocreatealistofimaginarypersonalexperiencesthatwouldmakethemhappyorunhappyoverthecourseofthenextyear.Theythenrankedhowdifficultitwastoplanthatlistandhowhappytheybelievedtheywouldbeinthefutureoverall.Theeasieritwasforpeopletothinkofpositivefutureexperiences,thehappiertheyimaginedtheywouldbe.However,therewasnorelationshipbetweeneasilydevelopingnegativefutureexperiencesandexpectingtobeunhappyasaresult.O’Brienconcludedthatpeopleseemtodiscountthepossibilitythatfuturenegativeeventswillmakethemhappyoverall,suggestingthatoptimismmightcomemorenaturally.“We’rneotasusedtothinkingaboutthefutureintermsofthingsthataregoingtogowrong. ’’O’isoneofmanytofindthatpeopleareconsistentlyoptimisticabouttheirfuture,predictingpleasantexperiencesanddiscountingunpleasantones.Ifoptimismmayleadtobetterhealthandpeoplegenerallytendtothinkoptimistically,whatdoesthismeanfortheconnectionbetweenmentalandphysicalhealth?"Ifwecanmakesurethatoptimismcomesbeforehealthystates,wemightbeabletoinvolveandimprovepeople’osptimism,”Boehmexplained.However,it’dsifficulttodeterminewhatcomesfirst:theoptimismorthegoodhealth.參考范文:Althoughsomescientiststhinkoptimismhasasignificantimpactonbetteringfitness,(要點1)theyareunsurewhetherpositivebeliefsdeterminehealthimprovements.(要點2)O’Brien’sstudyindicatesthatit'hsmannaturetoexpectapromisingfuture.(要,嵐3)Forinstance,thosewithpositivefutureplansweremorelikelytoachievehappiness,yetthosehavingnegativeonesdidn ’texpectunhappiness.(要點4)Aboveall,there’noscertainconclusionthatoptimismprecedesgoodhealth.(要點5)分析過程試題詳解:1核心內(nèi)容本文是一篇議論文, 全文共分四段。 第一段主要講有些研究者認(rèn)為樂觀情緒能改善健康狀況,但兩者孰先孰后尚未定論。第二段,OBrien的研究揭示了大多數(shù)人會自然而然地樂觀思考。第三段進一 步描述他的研究,即發(fā)現(xiàn)越容易想出積極未來的人越會認(rèn)為自己快樂,但反之并不成立。第四段指出, “先有樂觀,還是先有健康 ”還沒有定論。2, 寫作思路(1)理清文章脈絡(luò),概括段落大意。該文第一段的主題句是 “Butscientistsremainunsureifoptimismgoesaheadofhealthimprovements,orviceverse.”。第二段主題句是段落首句;第三段是對第二段主題句的解釋和說明,雖沒有明顯的主題句,但可通過對比,總結(jié)歸納。第四段主題句是該段末句。確定表達要點,靈活準(zhǔn)確表達。第一段要包括兩個要點,要點 1即全文的邏輯起點,要點 2是該段的主題句。根據(jù) but可知“scientistsremainunsureifoptimismgoesaheadofhealthimprovements,orviceverse”一句的意思是研究人員并不知曉樂觀和健康孰先孰后; 為了避免重復(fù),我們可以把 “樂觀(optimism)”表達為“積極信念 (positivebelief),這樣我們就可以整合”并表達好要點 1和2。要點3可根據(jù)第二段第一句來總結(jié)歸納該段大意,也就是表達的要點。該句的意思是:最近一項研究表明,大多 數(shù)人會自然而然地樂觀思考。這樣我們就可以把第一句靈活表達為 "it'shumannaturetoexpectpromisingfutures要點4”根據(jù)第三段最后兩句,即研究發(fā)現(xiàn)、歸納概括兩種表現(xiàn)和結(jié)果。要點 5的主題句是第四段末句。該句的意思很難確定哪個因素在先:是樂觀的心理,還是健康的身體。這樣我們可 以用“there’snocertainconclusionthat 靈活表達原文 "it'sdifficulttodetermine^. ”3,范文解析:范文把要點1和2表達為一句,因為它們是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,可用although替換原文的but,并用“hasasignificantimpactonbetteringfitness替換原文的 “”providenewwaystoimprovehealth,用determine替換“goesaheadof要'點3用"it'shumannaturetoexpectpromisingfuturesH活替換第二段第一 句話。要點 4和要點3是包含與被包含關(guān)系,用 “forinstance或者”“forexample”連接。且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兩 類人表現(xiàn)不同, 用yet替換however,用“humannature替”換"can'thelpbutto同時用"expectpromisingfutures替換“"thinkoptimistically,它們和要點5存在因果關(guān)系, 所以用“aboveall相連。用“there'snocertainconclusionthafl活表 ”達"it'sdifficulttodetermine...用precede替換“whatcomesHrst實現(xiàn)句義替換,表達流暢的目的。Exercise6Groupsingingisasoundthatbeginsinsideyou,sharesitwitharoomfulofpeopleanditcomesbackassomethingevenmorethrilling:harmony.Soit'snotsurprisingthatgroupsingingisontherise.Asthepopularityofgroupsinginggrows,sciencehasbeenhardatworktryingtoexplainwhyithassuchacalmingyetenergizingeffectonpeople.Whatresearchersarebeginningtodiscoveristhatsingingislikeafillingoftheperfecttranquilizer(鎮(zhèn)靜劑) ,thekindthatbotheaseyournervesandliftyourspirits.Thehighspiritsmaycomefromendorphin,ahormone(荷爾蒙 ))releasedbysinging,whichisassociatedwithfeelingsofpleasure.Oritmightbefromoxytocin,anotherhormonereleasedduringsinging,whichhasbeenfoundtoeaseanxietyandstress.oxytocinalsostrengthensfeelingoftrustandbonding,whichmayexplainwhystillmorestudieshavefoundthatsinginglessonsfeelingsofdepressionandloneliness.Thebenefitsofsingingregularlyseemtobeaccumulative.Inonestudy,singerswerefoundtohavelowerlevelsofstress.Anotherinvestigationsuggestingthatourheartratesmaykeeppacewitheachotherduringgroupsingingcouldalsoexplainwhysingingtogethersometimesfeelslikeaguidedgroupmeditation.Studyafterstudyhasfoundthatsingingrelievesanxietyandcontributestoqualityoflife.Itturnsoutyoudon’tevenhavetobeagoodsingertogaintherewards.Adcincgortoone2005study,groupsinging“canproducesatisfyingandtherapeuticfeelingsevenwhenthesoundproducedbythemouthisofaveragequality ”.Singinggroupswhichvaryfromcasualaffairstoserious,professionaloravocationaloneswillallwork.Groupsingingischeaperthanmedicaltreatment,healthierthandrinking,andcertainlymorefunthanworkingout.Itistheonethinginlifewherefeelingbetterisprettymuchguaranteed.Evenifyouwalkedintothegroupexhaustedanddepressed,bytheendofthenightyou’llwalkouthighasakiteonendorphinandgoodwill.參考范文:Groupsingingisbecomingmorepopular(要點1)andscientistsfindoutthatsingingwillhelpmakepeoplecalmandenergetic,whichresultsfromsomehormonesreleasedwithgroupsinging.(要,嵐2)Also,singingtogetherwillhaveagoodinfluenceoneachother.(要,嵐3)Whetherpeoplecansingwellornot,itbenefits.(要點4)Besides,singingcostslittle,makesushealthyandhasalotoffun.(要點5)分析過程:一試題詳解1, 核心內(nèi)容本文是一篇說明文,全文共分五段。第一段講合唱變得越來越流行 ;第二段從生理因素分析合唱變得流行的原因:它能使人寧靜又激發(fā)活力;第三段介紹合唱時合唱者之間的相互影響;第四段介紹合唱 者不必唱得很好也能起到功效;第五段介紹合唱比藥物治療更便宜,比喝酒更健康,比體育鍛煉更有趣。2,寫作思路理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意。同學(xué)們可以使用尋找文章主題句的方法概括段落大意。第一段: Soit’snotsurprisingthatgroupsingingisontherise.第二段沒有明顯的主題句, 但是我們可以找到一些關(guān)鍵短語 “explainwhyithassuchacalmingyetenergizingeffectonpeople,easeyournervesandliftyourspirits,這些短語說明 ”了合唱的功效。要關(guān) 注兩個關(guān)鍵句子: “Thehighspiritsmaycomefromendorphin,ahormone...Oritmightbefromoxytocin,anotherhormone...,這解釋了合唱有功效的生理原因?!钡谌蔚闹黝}句是: Thebenefitsofsingingregularlyseemtobeaccumulative.第四段的主題句是: Itturnsoutyoudon’tevenhavetobeagoodsingertogaintherewards.第五段的主題句是: Groupsingingischeaperthanmedicaltreatment,healthierthandrinking,andcertainlymorefunthanworkingout.概要的寫作就是要把這些主要的內(nèi)容進行整合,并靈活處理相關(guān)要點。二、范文解析范文開門見山提到合唱正變得流行, 然后用and連接自然過渡到了第 2個要點:科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn)合唱的好處。此處用 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句來體現(xiàn),解釋合唱帶來好處的原因。要點 3、4、5是合唱的優(yōu)勢,它們都是并列關(guān)系,表示合唱簡單易行,好處頗多。三、提煉歸納1,語義轉(zhuǎn)換本范文中用"becomemorepopular替代了原文中的 "ontherise;用 “makepeopleclamandenergetic代替了” “hassuchacalmingyetenergizingeffectonpeople;第3個要點把主題句”中的accumulative用“haveagoodinfluenceoneachother表示;要點” 5用三個并列的謂語“costslittle,makesushealthy和“haslot”offun替換了原文中的三個比較結(jié)構(gòu) ” “cheapertha,nhealthierthan和“”morefunthan。 ”2,語句連接范文把前兩個要點在一個句子中進行了表現(xiàn), 用and連接了前兩個要點, 用一個which的非限制性定語從句進行了句內(nèi)的連接,非常精練自然。在要點 2、3、4之間用also和besides進行有效連接,使文 章渾然一體。同時在要點 4中使用了“whether...ornot,句子表達意思充分,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。Exercise7Pollutionisthepricewepayforanoverpopulated,overindustrializedplanet.Whenyoucometothinkaboutit,thereareonlyfourwaysyoucandealwithrubbish:dumpit,burnit,turnitintosomethingyoucanuseagain,attempttoproducelessofit.Wekeeptryingallfourmethods,butthequantityofrubbishweproduceworldwidethreatenstooverwhelmus.Rubbish,however,isonlypartoftheproblemofpollutingourplanet.Thereisanevenmorehiddenkindofpollutionthatparticularlyaffectsurbanareasandinvadesourdailylives,andthatisnoise.Arecentsurveyoftheeffectsofnoiserevealedalargenumberofsourcesofnoisethatwereallydislike:Lawnmowerswhiningonasummer ’s-dnaigyh,tlaptaertiesinapartmentblocks,noisyneighbors,vehiclesofallkinds,especiallylargecontainertrucksthunderingthroughquietvillage,planesandhelicoptersflyingoverhead,largeradioscarriedroundinpublicplacesandplayedatmaximumvolume.Tooursurprisedogsbarkingincessantlyinthenightratedthehighestformofnoisepollutiononascalerangingfrom1to7.Newtechnologyhasalsomadeitsowncontributiontonoise.Alotofpeopleobjecttomobilephones,especiallywhentheyareusedinpublicplaceslikerestaurantsoronpublictransport.Loudconversationsonmobilephonesinvadeourthoughtsorinterruptthepleasureofmeetingfriendsforaquietchat.Thenoisepollutionsurveyrevealedanamusingoldfashionedsourceofnoise.Itturnedouttobesnoring(打野)!Menwerefoundtobetheworstoffenders.Itwasrevealedthat20%ofmenintheirmid-thirtiessnore.Thisfigurerisestoastaggering60%ofmenintheirsixties.Againstthesefigures,itwasfoundthatonly5%ofwomensnoreregularly,whiletherestareconstantlywokenorkeptawakebytheirtrumpetingpartners.Whateverthesourceofnoise,onethingiscertain:silence,itseems,hasbecomeagoldenmemory.參考范文:Wecauseseriouspollutiontoourplanet,andtrytodisposethewasteofourdailylife.(要點1)Yetnoiseconstantlydisturbsourdailylives.(要點2)Accordingtoasurvey,amongcommonnoises,theworstisdogsbarking.(要點3)Whiletheuseofcellphoneinpublicplacesisannoying,(要點4)snoringisalongexistingsourceofnoisebringingmoretroubletowomenthanmen.Therelesssilencethaneverbefore.(要點5)分析過程:1,核心內(nèi)容:本文是一篇說明文,全文共分五段。第一段主要講污染是人口過密、城市化的代價,人們努力處理垃圾,然而噪音卻是一種更為隱秘的污染。第二段進一步用調(diào)查來說明人們?nèi)粘I钪懈黝惓R姷脑?音污染,特別指出了犬吠的問題。第三段以大聲打電話為例,說明高科技也加劇了噪聲污染。 第四段提 出調(diào)查中一個有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn), 打呼嚕也是一種困擾。 第五段,表達了人們對安靜生活的懷念。2,寫作思路(1)理清文章脈絡(luò),概括段落大意。理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意是寫摘要的基礎(chǔ)。說明文、議論文一般都會使用比較清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)和較為概括的主題句。該文第一段的主題句是 “Thereisanevenmorehiddenkindofpollutionthatparticularlyaffectsurbanareasandinvadesourdailylives,andthatisnoise.”;第二段是對第一段主題句的解釋和說明, “Arecentsurveyoftheeffectsofnoiserevealedalargenumberofsourcesofnoisethatwereallydislike。第三段主題句”是段落的首句 “Newtechnologyhasaslomadeitsowncontributiontonoise。第四段的主題句可”通過將段中的前兩句整合,獲得本段 的主題句 “Snoringisaratherspurringandpossiblyamusingoldfashionedsourceofnoise.”。最后一段 表達了“silencei,tseems,hasbecomeagoldenmemory'(2)確定表達要點,靈活準(zhǔn)確表達。每段都有各自的主題,句子圍繞主題句以各種邏輯展開,所以務(wù)必準(zhǔn)確地找出每段的要點,不可遺漏,也不能增加要點或者進行評論。靈活表達的重要技巧是對原來的 語言進行同義替換(paraphrase)同時要對相關(guān)內(nèi)容進行整合。第一段要包括兩個要點, 要點1由污染談到垃圾處理, 轉(zhuǎn)而引出要點 2,即本文主題。 根據(jù)however可知最后一句才是本段主題句,信號詞為 我們迅速抓住主題提供了幫助。為了避免重復(fù),我們可以把 “垃圾(rubbish)”表達為“生活中的廢物( thewasteofdailylife);為了精簡詞數(shù),”用dispose來代替"dealwith;'為了體現(xiàn)要點1和要點2的關(guān)系,用yet來轉(zhuǎn)折。要點3可根據(jù)第二段的大意來表達 :第一句羅列了生活中很多人們不喜歡的噪音,第二句 用“tooursurprise引出犬吠竟然是最嚴(yán)重的噪聲污染。第三段以大聲講電話為例指出高科技對噪聲”污染的作用,此作為要點 4。第四段講述了歷史最為悠久、困擾很多人的噪聲污染是打鼾,此作為要點 5??衫?while引導(dǎo)的從句將兩個要點連接起來。最后表明人們對安靜生活的懷念,可以用轉(zhuǎn)換表達 方式的辦法重新闡述。體裁與結(jié)構(gòu)不同的體裁, 文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)不同, 進行摘要寫作的方法和要注意的內(nèi)容也不相同。 如果是說明文,我們必須了解說明的事物或?qū)ο?,現(xiàn)象背后的原因等;如果是議論文,我們就須掌握論點、論據(jù)等。 此外,我們要注意說明文和議論文的第一段和最后一段,以及每段的第一句或最后一句。 如是記敘文, 重點關(guān)注when,where,who,what,how,即時間、地點、人物、事件以及事件所引出的結(jié)論。所寫摘要 短文,應(yīng)保持原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯、語氣和風(fēng)格。要點整合因為摘要寫作詞數(shù)的限制, 我們需要把原文的信息進行提取與整合, 省略掉細節(jié)和具體的例子,如本范文中要點 1省略掉了垃圾處理的細節(jié)信息,要點 3省略掉了生活中常見的各種噪聲,要點 5中去除了具體的數(shù)字信息,只提取了對女人和男人不同的困擾。Exercise8Criticismcanbedifficulttoaccept,andweareoftenquicktorespondinnegativeways.Thefirstmis
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