話題6-發(fā)明物的歷史及用途（知識梳理+專題過關） 【知識建構遷移】 人教版九年級英語 上學期期中核心考點滿分突破

話題6-發(fā)明物的歷史及用途【知識梳理】當前，科技發(fā)展日新月異，高新產(chǎn)業(yè)更是突飛猛進?，F(xiàn)代科技改變了人們的生活，也激發(fā)了全民學科學、愛科學、用科學的熱情，形成了“大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)，萬眾創(chuàng)新”的科學熱潮。本單元以“談論發(fā)明物的歷史及用途”為話題，涉及科普知識與技術等內(nèi)容，是學生最感興趣的話題之一。寫作體裁多為說明文，寫好這類文章一定要抓住事物的特征、功能和用途。在中考中，說明文一般要按照“總一分”結構或并列結構布局，而且在說明一件事物的時候，應按照一定的順序：如時間順序、空間順序或邏提職序等。課文回顧：1.Whenwasitinvented？它是什么時候發(fā)明的【句型剖析】…wasinvented…句意為“某物被發(fā)明……”，是被動句式。例如：TheabacuswasinventedinthesixteenthcenturybytheChinese.算盤在十六世紀由中國人發(fā)明的。Whowasthelightbulbinventedby？燈泡是由誰發(fā)明的？【拓展】被動語態(tài)的結構是：主語+bedone（及物動詞的過去分詞），be是隨人稱和時態(tài)變化而變化的。（1）一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)：am/is/aredone例如：Theblackboardiscleanedbythestudentseveryclass.黑板每節(jié)課都被學生擦干凈。（2）一般過去時的被動語態(tài)：was/weredone例如：Thecomputerwasinventedlastcentury.電腦是上個世紀被發(fā)明的。（3）一般將來時的被動語態(tài)：shall/willbedone例如：Anewschoolwillbebuiltinourvillagenextyear.明年一所新的學校將在我們村莊建設。（4）現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)：am/is/arebeingdone例如：Asportsmeetingisbeingheldinourschoolnow.運動會正在我們學校舉行。（5）現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)：have/hasbeendone例如：AlloftheworkhasbeenfinishedsinceIcamehere.自從我來這里以來，所有的工作都已經(jīng)完成。（6）含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：can/may/must/shouldbedone例如：Yourhomeworkmustbehandedinafterschool.你們的家庭作業(yè)必須在放學后交上。（7）復合賓語的被動語態(tài)：原來的句子是“主語＋謂語＋賓語＋賓語補足語”，在變被動語態(tài)的時候只能將賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，賓語補足語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語補足語。主動語態(tài)中賓語補足語是省掉to的不定式時，在被動語態(tài)中需要還原to。TheyheardhersinganEnglishsongattheparty.他們在晚會上聽到她唱了一首英語歌。變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)是：ShewasheardtosinganEnglishsongattheparty.2.Isitreallysuchagreatinvention?它真的是如此了不起的一項發(fā)明嗎？【句型剖析】such用作形容詞，修飾名詞。主要用法有：(1)such＋a(an)＋adj.＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞＋that從句。Hegotsuchabadcoldthathecougheddayandnight.他得了如此重的感冒以至于整日整夜咳嗽。(2)such＋adj.＋不可數(shù)名詞＋that從句。Shehasmadesuchgreatprogressthatmanypeoplelikeher.她取得如此大的進步，許多人都喜歡她。(3)such＋adj.＋名詞復數(shù)＋that從句。Theyaresuchinterestingbooksthatwealllikethem.它們是如此有趣的書，我們都喜歡它們。such(a/an)+adj.+n.意為＂如此……的(一個)……＂。Whydoyoubuysuchexpensiveclothes?3.Forexample,itmentionedthatzipperwasinventedbyWhitcombJudsonin1893.例如,它提到拉鏈是1893年由惠特科姆·賈德森發(fā)明的。【句型剖析】mention作及物動詞,意為“提到;說到”,后面可接名詞、代詞、動名詞或that從句作賓語。mention+that從句用法mentionsb./sth.(tosb.)(向某人)提起某人/某事mentiondoingsth.提到做某事HementionedthatthefoodwasinventedbyaChinese.他提到這種食物是由一個中國人發(fā)明的。Nobodymentionedittome.沒人向我提過這事。WheneverImentionhavingdinnertogether,hesayshe'stoobusy.無論何時我提起一塊兒吃飯,他都說太忙?！就卣埂俊癉on'tmentionit.”常用于口語中,多用作回復他人道謝或道歉時的答語,意為“不用謝;沒關系”—Thankyouverymuch.多謝你了。—Don'tmentionit.不客氣。—I'msorrytohavetroubledyou.抱歉打擾你了?！狣on'tmentionit.沒關系。4.Butatthattime,itwasn’tusedwidely.但在當時，它并沒有被廣泛使用。【句型剖析】sth.beused…是被動語態(tài)句式，表示“某物被使用……”。常用如下搭配：（1）beusedfor意思是“被用來做某事”，for是介詞，它的后面用名詞或者動名詞作賓語。例如：Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.刀是用來割東西的。（2）beusedas意思是“被作為……使用”，as是介詞，意思是“作為”。它強調(diào)被當作工具或者手段來使用。例如：Ourclassroomisusedasareading-room.我們的教室被用來當閱覽室使用。（3）beusedby意思是“被……使用”，by后面跟人或者物，表示強調(diào)動作的使用者。Thisradioisoftenusedbymymother.這臺收音機經(jīng)常被我的媽媽使用。（4）beusedtodosomething意思是“被用來做某事”，和beusedfordoing是同義詞短語。ItisusedforlearningEnglish.＝ItisusedtolearnEnglish.它是被用來學習英語的。5.ItissaidthataChineserulercalledShenNongwasthefirsttodiscoverteaasadrink.據(jù)說,有一位叫作神農(nóng)的中國統(tǒng)治者最早發(fā)現(xiàn)茶可以飲用?！揪湫推饰觥縄tissaidthat…是一個固定搭配的句型，it是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的that從句。它的思是“據(jù)說……”。例如：ItissaidthatMaryisveryhappyinLondon.（主語從句）=TheysaythatMaryisveryhappyinLondon.（賓語從句）據(jù)說瑪麗在倫敦是非常幸福的。【拓展】另外類似的句型有：Itisbelieved…（人們相信），Itisreportedthat…（據(jù)報道），Itissupposedthat…（據(jù)猜測）Itisknownthat...眾所周知。例如：ItisbelievedthatonDecember21st,1981,thefirstbasketballgameinhistorywasplayed.人們相信歷史上首次籃球比賽是在1891年12月21日舉行的。Itissupposedthatthereisnolifeonthemoon.據(jù)推測月球上是沒有生命的。Itisreportedthatanotherearthsatellitehasbeenputintoorbit.據(jù)報道又有一顆衛(wèi)星上天了。6.Itproducedanicesmellsohetastedthebrownwater.它散發(fā)出一股香味,因此他嘗了一下這棕色的水?！揪湫推饰觥縮mell(1)作名詞,意為“氣味”,常與of連用,表示“的氣味”。There'sadelicioussmellcomingfromthekitchen.廚房里傳來一陣香味。Theairwasfilledwiththesmellofflowers.空氣中彌漫著花香。(2)作動詞時有兩種用法:表示“發(fā)出的氣味”時,smell是連系動詞,表示“聞到”時,smell是及物動詞,不用于進行時。Thefishsmellsdelicious.魚聞起來很香。Canyousmellsomething?你聞到什么氣味了嗎?【歸納】feel,look,sound,smell,taste這五個動詞均可作連系動詞，后面接形容詞作表語,說明主語所處的狀態(tài),其意思分別為“感覺”,“看”,“聽”,“聞”,“嘗起來”。I'mfeelingterrible.我感到難受極了。Thesouptastesdelicious.這湯味道不錯。Theseflowerssmellverysweet.這些花聞起來很香。7.InEngland,teadidn’tappearuntilaround1660,but…在英國，茶直到1660年左右才出現(xiàn)，但…【句型剖析】until意為“直到……”，有下列用法：（1）作介詞，后接時間名詞，在句中作時間狀語。作連詞，后接從句，引導時間狀語從句。例如：Shestayedthereuntil9o’clock.她一直等到9點鐘。Wewaiteduntiltherainstopped.我們等到雨停了。(2)until用在肯定句中，多與持續(xù)性的動詞連用。如：stand/wait/stay等，表示主句動作的終止時間。(3)until可用于否定句中，即not…until…意為“直到……才”，常與非延續(xù)性動詞連用。如：open/start/leave/arrive等，強調(diào)主句動作開始的時間。例如：Thechilddidn’tgotobeduntilhisfathercameback.直到父親回來，那個孩子才睡覺。8.Eventhoughmanypeoplenowknowaboutteaculture,theChinesearewithoutdoubttheoneswhobestunderstandthenatureoftea.即使現(xiàn)在許多人知道茶文化,但中國人無疑是最懂茶之本質的人?！揪湫推饰觥縟oubt在本句中作名詞,意為“疑惑;疑問”。短語withoutdoubt毫無疑問;的確Ihadmydoubtswhenshestarted,butshe'sgettingreallygood.她剛開始做時我心存疑慮,但她真的做得很好。Withoutdoubt,factoryfarmingisbadnews.毫無疑問，工廠化的農(nóng)場經(jīng)營管理是壞消息?！就卣埂縟oubt還可作動詞,意為“懷疑”,后常接名詞、代詞或that/if/whether引導的從句作賓語。Theydoubtthetruthofit.(接名詞)他們懷疑此事的真實性。Wedon'tdoubtthatyouareright.(接that從句)我們不懷疑你是對的。Idoubtif/whetherhewillcomeearlierthistime.(接if/whether從句)我懷疑這次他是否會早一點兒來。9.Georgewantedtomakethecustomerhappy.喬治想讓那位顧客滿意?！揪湫推饰觥勘揪渲小癿akethecustomerhappy”是“make+賓語+賓語補足語”結構,賓語補足語由形容詞充當。除形容詞外,介詞短語、名詞、不帶to的不定式、分詞都可作賓語補足語。Readingbooksmakesusclever.讀書使我們聰明。Thebossmakestheworkersworktenhoursaday.老板讓工人們每天工作10個小時。10.Thenin1936inBerlin,itbecameaneventattheOlympics.1936年在柏林，它成為奧運會的一個項目?！揪湫推饰觥縯heOlympics奧林匹克運動會與theOlympicGames同義，作主語時，謂語動詞常用復數(shù)形式。11.Dr.Naismithdividedthemeninhisclassintotwoteamsandtaughtthemtoplayhisnewgame.奈史密斯博士把班上的人分成兩隊，教他們玩他的新游戲?！揪湫推饰觥縪把……分開其被動結構為bedividedinto，意為＂被分為……＂。Let’sdivideourselvesintoseveralgroups.讓我們分成幾個小組吧。divide及物動詞，意為＂分開；分散＂，指把整體分成若干部分。Hedividedthecakeamongthechildren.他把這個蛋糕分給了孩子們。12.Atthesametime,theyneedtostopthecompetingteamfromgettingtheballintotheirownbasket.同時，他們需要阻止對手將球打進自己的籃筐【句型剖析】stop...from...阻止……做某事stopsb.fromdoingsth.相當于preventsb.fromdoingsth.，在主動語態(tài)中，兩者中的from均可省略，但在被動語態(tài)中不可省略。Noonecanstopus(from)carryingouttheplan.沒有人能阻止我們實施這個計劃。Thewatermustbepreventedfrompollutingbyus.我們必須阻止水被污染。13.Basketballhasnotonlybecomeapopularsporttoplay,butithasalsobecomeapopularsporttowatch.籃球不僅已成為一項受歡迎的運動，而且也已成為一種受歡迎的觀看運動?！揪湫推饰觥縩otonly...butalso...不但……而且……以notonly...but(also)...連接的句子，當notonly置于句首時往往引起部分倒裝。NotonlycanIdoitbut(also)Icandoitbest.我不僅能做到而且我能做得最好。notonly...butalso...應連接兩個對稱的并列成分，連接兩個主語時謂語動詞要采用就近原則。NotonlyMr.Linbutalsohissonlovesthemovie.不但林先生而且他的兒子也喜歡這部電影?！就卣埂砍Ｒ姷木徒瓌t的結構有：(1)neither...nor...既不……也不……(兩者都不)NeitheryounorIlikehim.我和你都不喜歡他。(2)either...or...不是……就是……(兩者中的一個)EitheryouorLilyisastudent.不是你就是莉莉是學生。(3)therebe結構Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.書桌上有一支鋼筆和兩本書。14.Manyyoungpeoplelookuptothesebasketballheroesandwanttobecomelikethem.許多年輕人仰慕這些籃球英雄，并想成為他們一樣的人?！揪湫推饰觥縧ookupto欽佩；仰慕IlookeduptoThomasEdisonwhenIwasachild.當我是個孩子的時候我很欽佩托馬斯·愛迪生。其反義短語是lookdownon看不起，鄙視?！就卣埂縧ook的常用短語：lookup向上看；查閱(詞典)lookdown向下看lookafter照看；照顧 lookaround環(huán)顧四周lookfor尋找 lookforwardto盼望【句型剖析】hero/’h??r??/n.英雄Itisbelievedthatallastronautsarerealheroes.人們認為所有的宇航員都是真正的英雄。hero的復數(shù)形式是在其后加-es構成的。巧記以o結尾加-es變復數(shù)的名詞：黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)愛吃西紅柿(tomato)炒土豆(potato)。15.Thesestarsencourageyoungpeopletoworkhardtoachievetheirdreams.這些明星鼓勵年輕人努力實現(xiàn)夢想?！揪湫推饰觥縠ncouragesb.todosth.鼓勵某人做某事Theteacheroftenencouragesustostudyhard.老師經(jīng)常鼓勵我們要努力學習?！就卣埂縠ncouragesb.insth.意為＂在……方面助長某人的某種行為/鼓勵某人＂。Don’tencouragehiminlaziness.別助長他的懶惰行為。【專題過關】評卷人得分一、補全對話7選5根據(jù)對話情景選擇合適的選項補全對話。有兩項多余。A:Whatareyoumaking,Tom?B:I’mmakingamodelrocketA:Hownice!____1____B:Ofcourse.____2____A:Couldyoutellmesomethingaboutrockets?B:Sure.Rocketsareusedforsendingsatellitesintospace.A:____3____B:Yes.Andwecanalsolearnmuchaboutotherplanets.A:____4____B:That’sright,includingitsspeedanddirection.A:____5____B:Ihopeyourdreamwillcometrue.A．Itwillbecontrolledbythistinymachine.B．Areyousurethatitcanflyinthesky?C．IwishIcouldtraveltospaceinthefuture.D．Spaceshipsareusedforsendingastronauts.E．Theywillbecontrolledbycomputers.F．IhopeIcanmakeaspaceshipaswell.G．Willsatellitesbeusedtoexploreotherplanets?評卷人得分二、完形填空Ifinditreallyhardtowriteaboutmyfavouriteinvention,becausetherearesomanythingsinmylifethatIcouldchoose.___6___,Ihavechosentowriteaboutapen.Yes,Iknowthattomostpeopleapenisboring,butto___7___,itisasymbolofpossibility.Therearesomanythingsyoucandowithapen.You___8___writeanovelorasong,recordinformationordrawamasterpiece(杰作).Forme,a___9___isthebeginningofsomethingamazing.Everyday,Iwriteanewpagewithmypen,andIam___10___paving(鋪設)apathformyfuture.IcangetintoStanfordUniversityformedicine,___11___theJuilliardSchoolformusic.MaybeIwillbea(n)___12___andchangetheworldwithmydiscoveries.MaybeI’ll___13___amusicianandtouchpeople’sheartswithmymusic.OrperhapsIwillbeawriterandmovepeoplethroughwords...ora___14___andhelpchildrengrowintothepeopletheywillbecome.TherearesomanypossibilitiesastowhatIwilldowithmylife,butI____15____thatwithmypeninmyhand,Iwillwriteagoodfutureformyself.Tellmewhatfutureyouwillwriteforyourself!6．A．Also B．Instead C．Often D．However7．A．him B．her C．me D．others8．A．must B．should C．need D．can9．A．novel B．pen C．song D．job10．A．finally B．hardly C．slowly D．nearly11．A．or B．so C．but D．a(chǎn)nd12．A．a(chǎn)rtist B．pilot C．doctor D．scientist13．A．meet B．become C．want D．choose14．A．teacher B．worker C．guide D．coach15．A．say B．know C．find D．realise評卷人得分三、閱讀單選Tous,itseemssonaturaltoputupanumbrellatokeepthewateroffwhenitrains.Butinfacttheumbrellawasnotinventedasprotectionagainsttherain.Itsfirstusewasasasunshade(遮陽傘).Nobodyknowswhofirstinventedit,buttheumbrellawasusedinveryancienttimes.ProbablytheChinesewerethefirsttouseit,backinthe11thcenturyBC．WeknowthattheumbrellawasusedinancientEgyptandBabylonasasunshade.Andtherewasastrangethingthatconnectedwithitsuse:itwasasymbolofhonorandpower.IntheFarEastinancienttimes,theumbrellawasallowedtobeusedonlybythoseintheupperclassorbyroyalpeoplesuchaskingsorqueens.InEurope,theGreekswerethefirsttousetheumbrellaasasunshade.TheumbrellawasincommonuseinancientGreece,butitisbelievedthatthefirstpeopleinEuropetousetheumbrellaasprotectionagainsttherainweretheancientRomans.DuringtheMiddleAgesinEurope,theuseoftheumbrellaalmostdisappeared.ThenitappearedagaininItalyinthelate16thcentury.Andagainitbecameasymbolofpower.Theumbrellahasnotchangedmuchinstyleduringallthetime,thoughithasbecomemuchlighterinweight.Itwasn’tuntilthe20thcenturythattheumbrellasforwomenbegantobemadeinallkindsofcolors.16．Ancientpeoplefirstusedumbrellasas________.A．a(chǎn)symbolofhonor B．protectionagainstthesunC．a(chǎn)symbolofpower D．protectionagainsttherain17．Accordingtothepassage,theumbrellawasprobablyfirstusedinancient________.A．Egypt B．Babylon C．Rome D．China18．Theunderlinedword“royal”mightmean“________”inChinese.A．王室的 B．富裕的 C．中產(chǎn)的 D．平民的19．Thispassageismainlyabout________.A．thesalesoftheumbrella B．thedifferencesamongumbrellasC．theinventionoftheumbrella D．thehistoryanduseoftheumbrellaPaperisoneofthemostimportantproductseverinventedbyman.Theinventionofpapermeantthatmorepeoplecouldbeeducatedbecausemorebookscouldbeprinted.Paperprovidedanimportantwaytospreadinformation.AccordingtoChinesewrittenhistoricalrecords,paperwasmadeinaboutAD105byCaiLun,anofficialduringtheHanDynasty.Hetooktheinnerbarkofatreeandbamboo,mixedthemwithwater,andpoundedthemwithawoodentool.Hethenputthismixtureontoapieceofclothandletthewaterthrough,leavingonlythefibers（纖維）onthecloth.Afteritdried,CaiLundiscoveredthathehadcreatedagoodwritingthing—paper.Itwaseasytomakeandtake.ChinesepapermakingwasintroducedtoKoreaandVietnamandlatertoJapanatthebeginningofthe3rdcentury.ItwasavaluedexportinSilkRoadtrading,butthepapermakingprocesswaskeptsecret.DuringtheTangDynastyandtheSongDynasty,differentkindsofpaperweredevelopedincludingbamboopaperandxuanpaper.Bytheendofthe7thcentury,thepapermakingprocessreachedIndia,Nepal,Pakistan,andBangladesh.InaboutAD751afteranimportantbattle,thesecretofpapermakingwasgottenfromtwoChineseprisoners（囚犯）caughtbytheenemies.TheinventionwasthenspreadtoEurope.Aftermanyyears,theinventionhadbeenspreadallovertheworldandpeoplethoughtitwasoneofthemostimportantinventions.Today,bothpaperandpapermoneyareusedinallcorners.20．Morepeoplegotthechancetobe________aftertheinventionofpaper.A．introduced B．provided C．educated D．treated21．Theunderlinedword“pounded”inthesecondparagraphmightmean“________”inChinese.A．按壓 B．晾曬 C．覆蓋 D．搗碎22．Othercountriesdidn’tknow________beforeChinesepapermakingwasintroducedtothem.A．thepapermakingprocess B．thevaluedexportC．thexuanpaper D．theSilkRoadtrading23．FromParagraph5,wecanlearnthat________.A．thetwoChineseprisonerswerekilledbyEuropeansB．themethodsofpapermakinghadbeenspreadallovertheworldC．themethodsofpapermakingwerespreadonlyinAsiaD．theChinesedidn’tofferthemethodsofmakingpapertoEuropeans24．What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Theinventionandspreadofpaper. B．Thematerialsusedtomakepaper.C．ThefamousancientinventorCaiLun. D．Differentkindsofpaper.評卷人得分四、多任務混合閱讀任務型閱讀Youmaythinkthatinventionsarefarawayfromyoureverydaylife.Butinfactalmosteveryonecaninvent.It’sjustthattheydonotrecognizethattheirideascouldbethestartofaninvention.Onceinventorsseetheirideashavesomepracticalvaluetheydon’tletthemslipaway.Forexample,theinventorofthedishwasherAmericanJosephineCochranelovedtogivedinnerparties.Butshefoundittooklongtowashherdishesbyhandandtoomanyofthembroke.Shedecidedthatamachinecoulddothejobfasterandwithfewermistakes.Soin1886shesetouttomakeoneforherself.Cochrane’smostwonderfulinventionsarecreatedtosolvetheproblem.Sothefirstandmostimportantstepistofindtheproblem.Youcanstartbylookingatwhatiswrongwiththethingsyouareusingnow.Youcanaskgrandparentsorneighborsiftheyremembereversaying:“Iwishsomeonewouldinventsomethingfor...”O(jiān)ryoucanlookatpeopleindifferentareas—suchasonthestreetoratschool.Thenyoumightnoticesituationsorthingsinneedofimprovement.Remembertorecordyourideasandwork.Thiswillhelpyoudevelopyourinventionandprotect(保護)itwhenitiscompleted.Thenextstepistothinkaboutpossiblesolutions.Aninventionisanewwayofsolvingaproblem.Sothinkofmanyvaried(各種各樣的)andunusualways.Youcanoftencomeupwithasolutiontoaproblembylookingatitfromadifferentangle(角度)orthinkingaboutitinanewway.Andthehardestpartofinventingevenforalotofinventorsisfindingaproblemandcomingupwithasolution.Onceyouhaveanideayoucanalwaysgethelptobuildyourinvention.Thisproblem-solvingtechniquecanalsoworkinyoureverydaylives.Sowhynottryitinyourstudies,inyourrelationshipwithothersoreveninthewayyoulookattheworld?25．完成句子。JosephineCochranefoundittooklongtowashherdishes_________________.26．用英語表達文中畫線單詞one所指代的內(nèi)容：____________________________________27．找出并寫下第四段的主題句。__________________________________________________________________28．Whatisthehardestpartofinventing?__________________________________________________________________29．將文中畫線句子翻譯成漢語。__________________________________________________________________評卷人得分五、短文語境提示填空根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容填空。Doyoulikesports?Doyoulovebasketball?Basketballisoneofthemostpopularsportsaroundtheworld.Peoplep