ArchitectureEnglish-2-建筑英語第二單元課件

建筑英語主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTUREENGLISHArchitectureSchoolofSIAS建筑英語主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTUREENGLISH1UNITtwo

ArchitecturalhistoryThe

historyofarchitecture

tracesthechangesin

architecture

throughvarioustraditions,regions,overarchingstylistictrends,anddates.Thebranchesofarchitecturearecivil,

sacred,

naval,military

andlandscapearchitecture..UNITtwo

Architecturalhi2ArchitectureTimelineHowdidtheworld'sgreatbuildingsevolve?ArchitectureinPrehistoricTimesAncientEgypt(3,050BCto900BC)Classical(850BCto476AD)Byzantine(527to565AD)Romanesque(800to1200AD)GothicArchitecture(1100to1450AD

)Tobecontinued…

ArchitectureTimelineHowdidt3WorldMapWorldMap4TheBriefHistoryofWorldArchitectureI

世界建筑簡史TheBriefHistoryofWorldArc5課文翻譯Paragraph1

Architecture

isthepracticeofbuildingdesignanditsresultingproducts；customaryusagerefersonlytothosedesignsandstructuresthatareculturallysignificant.Architecturemustsatisfyitsintendeduses,mustbetechnicallysound,

andmustconveyaestheticmeaning.Thebestbuildingsareoftensowellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse,surviving

notonlyasbeautifulobjects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofculture.建筑是修建設計的實踐和最終產(chǎn)物；習慣用法僅指具有文化重要性的設計和結構。建筑必須要滿足其使用目的，必須技術上可靠，而且必須傳達美學意義。一些最為杰出的建筑物通常修建巧妙，以至于已經(jīng)超出了其最初的使用目的，不僅僅作為一件美麗的物體存在，還記載了文化歷史。Sound:adj.有效的；合理的；可靠的課文翻譯Paragraph1

Architectur6課文翻譯Paragraph2

ForWesternreaders,thearchitectureoftheancientworld,of

theOrient,andofthepre-ColumbianAmericasmaybedividedintotwogroups:indigenous

architectureand

classicalarchitecture.Indigenousarchitectureincludeswaysofbuildingthatappeartohavedevelopedindependentlyinisolated,localculturalconditions.ClassicalarchitectureincludesthesystemsandbuildingmethodsofGreeceandRome.對西方讀者來說，源于古代、東方，以及哥倫布到達美洲以前的建筑可以分為兩類：本土建筑和古典建筑。本土建筑包括看上去似乎在孤立的地方文化條件當中獨立發(fā)展出的一些修建方式。古典建筑則涵蓋了希臘和羅馬的建筑方式及體系。課文翻譯Paragraph2

ForWestern7課文翻譯Paragraph3

Theoldestdesignedenvironmentsstableenoughtohaveleftarchitecturaltracesdatefromthefirstdevelopmentofcities.TheAssyriancityofKhorsabad,builtduringthereignofSargonIIandexcavatedasearlyas1842,becamethebasisforthestudyofMesopotamianarchitecture.Overalongperiod,theurbancultureofEgypterectedthemostawesomeoftheworld’sancientmonuments.Thelargestandbestpreservedpyramids-usedforroyaltombs-arethoseofKhufuandKhafreatGiza.最早的人造環(huán)境相當穩(wěn)定，保留了自最早城市發(fā)展以來的建筑痕跡?；羲_巴德的亞述城建立于薩爾貢二世在位期間（公元前722-705年）并于1842年被發(fā)掘，成為了研究美索不達米亞建筑的基礎。很長一段時間，埃及城市文明樹立起世界古代遺址最令人敬畏的豐碑。現(xiàn)存最大最完整的金字塔—皇家墓葬—分別屬于胡夫和吉薩的哈夫拉法老(Pharaoh)。課文翻譯Paragraph3

Theoldest8MapofGizapyramid——PyramidofKhufu"referstotheGreatPyramid.MapofGizapyramid——9課文翻譯Paragraph4

EarlyIndianstonearchitecture,whichwaselaboratelycarved,wasmorelikesculpturethanbuilding.AtsitessuchasElloraandAjanta,northeastofBombay,aregreatseriesofartificialcaves,sculptedoutofthesolidrockofcliffs.TheChinesehouse,builtinrectangularandsymmetricalfashion,reflectsatraditionalfocusonsocialorder.Japanesehousedesignismoreconcernedwithachievingasatisfyingrelationshipwithearth,water,rocks,andtrees.ThisapproachisepitomizedintheKatsuraDetachedPalace.早期的印度石建筑通過精心的雕刻更像是雕塑而非建筑。在諸如孟買東北部的埃羅喇和阿謇陀景點就有大量的人工洞穴，于峭壁的巖石雕鑿而成。中國房屋以長方形對稱的結構方式修建，反映了以社會秩序為中心的傳統(tǒng)。日本的房屋設計更注重達到與土地、水流、巖石以及樹木和諧相處的關系。桂離宮（日本）便是這種方法的集中體現(xiàn)。epitomize:v.

概括；成為...的縮影；作為典范課文翻譯Paragraph4

EarlyIndian10AjantaCave&KatsuraDetachedPalaceAjantaCave&KatsuraDetach11課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

TheTeotihuacancultureofMexicocontainedtwoimmensepyramidsembeddedinwhatwasavastcity.TheMayancivilization’sgreatestbuildingperiodsfallwithinthe4th

tothe11th

century.TheMaya

createdimpressivestructuresthroughextensiveearthmoving.Theirboldarchitecturalsculptureiseitherintegralwiththestonemonumentsorisaddedasstuccoornamentation.墨西哥提奧帝華坎文化（公元前100年到公元700年）擁有兩座巨型金字塔鑲嵌于一座龐大的城市當中。瑪雅文明最偉大的建筑時期是公元4世紀到公元11世紀。通過大范圍的遷徙途中，瑪雅人創(chuàng)造出了許多令人印象深刻的建筑物。他們粗獷的建筑雕刻中既有整體巖石雕琢也有涂以灰泥為裝飾。課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

12TheMayanPyramidandtheancientMayaRegionTheMayanPyramidandtheanci13課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

TheIncaEmpirewascenteredinthePeruvian

Andesandflourishedfromabout1200to1533.Incamasonrycraftsmanshipisunexcelled;enormouspiecesofstoneweretransportedovermountainous

terrain

andfittedtogetherwithprecision.印加古國位于秘魯安第斯山脈中心，繁榮于1200年至1533年這段時期。印加石匠們的技藝無可比擬；巨大的巖石穿過崇山峻嶺被運來而且精確的被組裝起來。masonry:n.磚石建筑；石工行業(yè)

terrain：n.地帶；地形

課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

TheI14▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

ThebuildingsystemsandformsofancientGreeceandRomedirectlydeterminedthecourseofWesternarchitecture.FormsoftheGreektemple,thearchetypalshrineofalltime,

rangefromthetinyTempleofNikeApteros(427-424BC)ofabout6by9meter(about20by30ft),ontheAcropolis

inAthens,tothegiganticTempleofZeus(500?BC)atAgrigentoinSicily,whichcoveredmorethanonehectare(morethantwoacres).古代希臘和羅馬的建筑體系以及建筑形式直接決定了西方建筑的進程。希臘廟宇的形式，即所有時期的典型神殿，范圍從位于雅典衛(wèi)城的小到6至9米的勝利女神神廟，到西西里島阿格里琴托城里大到1公頃（相當于2英畝）的宙斯神廟。Shrine:n.

圣地；神龕；廟Acropolis:雅典衛(wèi)城▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

The15TempleofNikeApteros(winglessvictory)TempleofNikeApteros(win16AcropolisParthenonOldTempleofAthenaStatueof

AthenaPromachosTempleofAthenaNikePropylaeaErechtheionAcropolisParthenonOldTempleo17TempleofZeusTempleofZeus18▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-2

TwoGreekarchitecturalordersdevelopedmoreorlessconcurrently.The

Doricorderpredominatedonthemainlandandinthewesterncolonies.TheacknowledgedDoricmasterpieceistheParthenon

（447-432BC），whichcrownstheAthensAcropolis.TheIonic

orderoriginatedinthecitiesontheislandsandcoastsofAsiaMinor.

Itfeaturedcapitalswithspiralvolutes,slendershafts,andelaboratebases.TheCorinthian

order,alaterdevelopment,introducedIoniccapitalsdetailedwithacanthusleaves.希臘的兩大結構幾乎在同一時期發(fā)展起來。多立克柱式在大陸和西方殖民的占主導地位。帕特農(nóng)神廟被公認是多立克柱型建筑風格的代表作，使雅典衛(wèi)城達到了頂峰。愛奧尼柱式起源于島嶼和小亞細亞沿岸的城市。它以螺旋渦形的柱頭，細長的柱身以及精致的底座而著稱?？屏炙怪斤L格，較晚出現(xiàn)，采用毛莨葉形裝飾的愛奧尼式柱頂?！n文翻譯Paragraph6-2

TwoGr19ParthenonParthenon20ParthenonParthenon21DoricorderCornice:檐口Frieze：檐壁，橫飾帶Architrave：額枋Capital：柱頭，柱頂Shaft：柱身Stylobate:基座Triglyph：三攏版；三槽間飾帶Metope:垅間壁；柱間壁DoricorderCornice:檐口22IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣飾Entablature:檐部,柱頂盤Column:立柱Rakingcornice:斜挑檐Moldings:(檐口)線腳Abacus:（圓柱）頂板Volute:渦形；螺旋型；Flute:（柱上的）凹槽Fillet:平緣，木摺Base:柱礎IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣飾23CorinthianorderDentil:齒狀裝飾Boss:浮雕，圓形突出物，凸飾Rosette:圓形花飾Acanthus

leaf:毛茛葉CorinthianorderDentil:齒狀裝飾24課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

Romebecameapowerful,well-organizedempire,markedbygreatengineeringworks-roads,canals,bridges,andaqueducts.TwoRomaninventionsallowedforgreaterarchitecturalflexibility:thedomeandthegroinvault-formedbytheintersectionoftwoidenticalbarrelvaultsoverasquareplan.羅馬成為實力強大，組織完善的王國，以大量的工程作品著稱：道路、運河、橋梁以及高架渠。兩組羅馬特色的發(fā)明使得建筑更加靈活起來：穹頂以及通過兩個獨立筒形拱頂交叉于一個正方形設計上的交叉拱頂。課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

Romeb25課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

TheRomansalsointroducedthecommemorativeortriumphalarchandtheColosseumorstadium.Romewasnoteworthyforgrandioseurbandesign,demonstratedthroughtheforum,completewithbasilica,temple,andotherfeatures.ThemostremarkableforumisHadrian’sVilla(125-132)nearTivoli.羅馬人還創(chuàng)造了作為紀念而建造的凱旋門、用于公開討論的廣場和露天競技場。羅馬值得注意的有宏偉的城市設計，用于集會的廣場，完美的教堂，廟宇以及其他特色建筑。最著名的廣場是位于提沃利的哈德良寢宮。Forum于1460年進入英語，源自古典拉丁語的forum，意為公共場所、市場。在這里指古羅馬城鎮(zhèn)的廣場,當時是古羅馬的城市中心，包括一些羅馬最古老與最重要的建筑。現(xiàn)指論壇。Agora：原意為市集，泛指古希臘以及古羅馬城市中經(jīng)濟、社交、文化的中心。通常地處城市中心，為露天廣場。城市男性居民聚集在那里進行商業(yè)交易。此外，Agora還是居民談論政治、談論哲學以及相互結識的場所，以至于古羅馬時代Agora被稱為Forum。課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

Th26RomeTriumphalArch&

Colosseum&RomanForum

RomeTriumphalArch&Colosseu27RomanAgora&Hadrian’sVillaRomanAgora&Hadrian’sVilla28課文翻譯Paragraph8

Inthe4th

century,RomanEmperorConstantine

theGreatconvertedtoChristianityandcreatedaChristianempire,promptingthebuildingofmanynewchurches.ThesurvivingbasilicasinRomethatmostclearlyevoketheEarlyChristiancharacterincludeSant’AgneseFuorileMuraandSantaSabina(422-432).Byzantinechurches,domedanddecoratedwithmosaics,proliferatedthroughouttheByzantineEmpire;mostnotableistheHagiaSophia(532-537),builtbyEasternemperorJustinianIatConstantinople.公元4世紀，羅馬國王康斯坦丁大帝皈依了基督教，并且建立了國教為基督教的王國，興建了許多新式教堂建筑。巴西利卡式教堂在羅馬延續(xù)了下來，極明顯地促進了早期基督教風格的發(fā)展，包括圣阿格涅斯和圣薩比納教堂。拜占庭風格的教堂有穹頂并裝飾有馬賽克并在拜占庭帝國迅速大量的產(chǎn)生；最著名的有圣索菲亞大教堂（532-537年），由東羅馬帝國國王查士丁尼一世在君士坦丁堡修建。課文翻譯Paragraph8

Int29Sant’AgneseFuorileMuraSant’AgneseFuorileMura30Byzantinechurch—HagiaSophiaByzantinechurch—HagiaSophi31課文翻譯Paragraph9

ThebasilicanplanwaselaboratedinRomanesquearchitecture.SomegreatestmonasticRomanesquechurchesdidnotsurvivetheFrenchRevolution(1789-1799)buthasbeenreconstructedindrawings.ItsdesigninfluencedRomanesqueandGothicchurchesinBurgundyandbeyond.巴西利卡式建筑風格在羅馬式建筑風格中變得復雜起來。一些最偉大的羅馬修道院在法國大革命期間沒能幸免于難，但是人們根據(jù)繪畫作品進行了重建。其設計對位于勃艮地以及更遠地區(qū)的羅馬和哥特式教堂產(chǎn)生了影響。Monastic：n.僧侶；修道士adj.修士的；修道院的課文翻譯Paragraph9

Thebasil32課文翻譯Paragraph10

Atthebeginningofthe12th

century,RomanesquewastransformedintoGothicarchitecture.AlthoughthechangewasaresponsetoagrowingrationalisminChristiantheology,itwasalsotheresultoftechnicaldevelopmentsinvaulting.About1100,thebuildersofDurhamCathedralinEnglandinventedanewmethodthatgaveanewgeometric

articulation-theribbedvault.12世紀早期，羅馬建筑演變成了哥特式建筑。盡管這種改變回應了在基督教神學理論中成長起來的理性主義，它也是拱形結構技術發(fā)展的結果。大約在1100年，英國都漢姆大教堂的修建者們創(chuàng)造了一種新的幾何連接方法，即肋拱。geometric

：adj.幾何學的；幾何學圖形的articulation:

n表達；接合；連接；課文翻譯Paragraph10

Atthe33DurhamCathedralDurhamCathedral34課文翻譯Paragraph11

Otherdevelopmentswerethepointedarchandvault,andtheflyingbuttress,whichallowedconstructionofmoreelegant,higher,andapparentlylighterstructures.ThemajorFrenchGothiccathedralsincludethoseatParis（seeNotre-Dame）,Chartres,Reims,andAmiens.TheEnglishGothiccathedralsincludeCanterbury,Lincoln,YorkMinster,andExeter.其他新發(fā)明主要是尖券和尖拱，以及飛券，他們使得建筑物更加美觀，高大，而且結構明顯更加輕巧。法國主要的哥特式大教堂包括位于巴黎，夏特爾，蘭斯，以及亞眠等地的教堂。英國哥特式教堂包括坎特伯雷，林肯市，約克以及艾克賽特大教堂。CathédraleNotre-Dame:n.(巴黎)圣母院課文翻譯Paragraph11

Otherde35PointedArchandVault&FlyingButrressPointedArchandVault&Flyi36CathédraleNotre-DameCathédraleNotre-Dame37建筑英語主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTUREENGLISHArchitectureSchoolofSIAS建筑英語主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTUREENGLISH38UNITtwo

ArchitecturalhistoryThe

historyofarchitecture

tracesthechangesin

architecture

throughvarioustraditions,regions,overarchingstylistictrends,anddates.Thebranchesofarchitecturearecivil,

sacred,

naval,military

andlandscapearchitecture..UNITtwo

Architecturalhi39ArchitectureTimelineHowdidtheworld'sgreatbuildingsevolve?ArchitectureinPrehistoricTimesAncientEgypt(3,050BCto900BC)Classical(850BCto476AD)Byzantine(527to565AD)Romanesque(800to1200AD)GothicArchitecture(1100to1450AD

)Tobecontinued…

ArchitectureTimelineHowdidt40WorldMapWorldMap41TheBriefHistoryofWorldArchitectureI

世界建筑簡史TheBriefHistoryofWorldArc42課文翻譯Paragraph1

Architecture

isthepracticeofbuildingdesignanditsresultingproducts；customaryusagerefersonlytothosedesignsandstructuresthatareculturallysignificant.Architecturemustsatisfyitsintendeduses,mustbetechnicallysound,

andmustconveyaestheticmeaning.Thebestbuildingsareoftensowellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse,surviving

notonlyasbeautifulobjects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofculture.建筑是修建設計的實踐和最終產(chǎn)物；習慣用法僅指具有文化重要性的設計和結構。建筑必須要滿足其使用目的，必須技術上可靠，而且必須傳達美學意義。一些最為杰出的建筑物通常修建巧妙，以至于已經(jīng)超出了其最初的使用目的，不僅僅作為一件美麗的物體存在，還記載了文化歷史。Sound:adj.有效的；合理的；可靠的課文翻譯Paragraph1

Architectur43課文翻譯Paragraph2

ForWesternreaders,thearchitectureoftheancientworld,of

theOrient,andofthepre-ColumbianAmericasmaybedividedintotwogroups:indigenous

architectureand

classicalarchitecture.Indigenousarchitectureincludeswaysofbuildingthatappeartohavedevelopedindependentlyinisolated,localculturalconditions.ClassicalarchitectureincludesthesystemsandbuildingmethodsofGreeceandRome.對西方讀者來說，源于古代、東方，以及哥倫布到達美洲以前的建筑可以分為兩類：本土建筑和古典建筑。本土建筑包括看上去似乎在孤立的地方文化條件當中獨立發(fā)展出的一些修建方式。古典建筑則涵蓋了希臘和羅馬的建筑方式及體系。課文翻譯Paragraph2

ForWestern44課文翻譯Paragraph3

Theoldestdesignedenvironmentsstableenoughtohaveleftarchitecturaltracesdatefromthefirstdevelopmentofcities.TheAssyriancityofKhorsabad,builtduringthereignofSargonIIandexcavatedasearlyas1842,becamethebasisforthestudyofMesopotamianarchitecture.Overalongperiod,theurbancultureofEgypterectedthemostawesomeoftheworld’sancientmonuments.Thelargestandbestpreservedpyramids-usedforroyaltombs-arethoseofKhufuandKhafreatGiza.最早的人造環(huán)境相當穩(wěn)定，保留了自最早城市發(fā)展以來的建筑痕跡?；羲_巴德的亞述城建立于薩爾貢二世在位期間（公元前722-705年）并于1842年被發(fā)掘，成為了研究美索不達米亞建筑的基礎。很長一段時間，埃及城市文明樹立起世界古代遺址最令人敬畏的豐碑?，F(xiàn)存最大最完整的金字塔—皇家墓葬—分別屬于胡夫和吉薩的哈夫拉法老(Pharaoh)。課文翻譯Paragraph3

Theoldest45MapofGizapyramid——PyramidofKhufu"referstotheGreatPyramid.MapofGizapyramid——46課文翻譯Paragraph4

EarlyIndianstonearchitecture,whichwaselaboratelycarved,wasmorelikesculpturethanbuilding.AtsitessuchasElloraandAjanta,northeastofBombay,aregreatseriesofartificialcaves,sculptedoutofthesolidrockofcliffs.TheChinesehouse,builtinrectangularandsymmetricalfashion,reflectsatraditionalfocusonsocialorder.Japanesehousedesignismoreconcernedwithachievingasatisfyingrelationshipwithearth,water,rocks,andtrees.ThisapproachisepitomizedintheKatsuraDetachedPalace.早期的印度石建筑通過精心的雕刻更像是雕塑而非建筑。在諸如孟買東北部的埃羅喇和阿謇陀景點就有大量的人工洞穴，于峭壁的巖石雕鑿而成。中國房屋以長方形對稱的結構方式修建，反映了以社會秩序為中心的傳統(tǒng)。日本的房屋設計更注重達到與土地、水流、巖石以及樹木和諧相處的關系。桂離宮（日本）便是這種方法的集中體現(xiàn)。epitomize:v.

概括；成為...的縮影；作為典范課文翻譯Paragraph4

EarlyIndian47AjantaCave&KatsuraDetachedPalaceAjantaCave&KatsuraDetach48課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

TheTeotihuacancultureofMexicocontainedtwoimmensepyramidsembeddedinwhatwasavastcity.TheMayancivilization’sgreatestbuildingperiodsfallwithinthe4th

tothe11th

century.TheMaya

createdimpressivestructuresthroughextensiveearthmoving.Theirboldarchitecturalsculptureiseitherintegralwiththestonemonumentsorisaddedasstuccoornamentation.墨西哥提奧帝華坎文化（公元前100年到公元700年）擁有兩座巨型金字塔鑲嵌于一座龐大的城市當中?，斞盼拿髯顐ゴ蟮慕ㄖr期是公元4世紀到公元11世紀。通過大范圍的遷徙途中，瑪雅人創(chuàng)造出了許多令人印象深刻的建筑物。他們粗獷的建筑雕刻中既有整體巖石雕琢也有涂以灰泥為裝飾。課文翻譯Paragraph5-1

49TheMayanPyramidandtheancientMayaRegionTheMayanPyramidandtheanci50課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

TheIncaEmpirewascenteredinthePeruvian

Andesandflourishedfromabout1200to1533.Incamasonrycraftsmanshipisunexcelled;enormouspiecesofstoneweretransportedovermountainous

terrain

andfittedtogetherwithprecision.印加古國位于秘魯安第斯山脈中心，繁榮于1200年至1533年這段時期。印加石匠們的技藝無可比擬；巨大的巖石穿過崇山峻嶺被運來而且精確的被組裝起來。masonry:n.磚石建筑；石工行業(yè)

terrain：n.地帶；地形

課文翻譯Paragraph5-2

TheI51▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

ThebuildingsystemsandformsofancientGreeceandRomedirectlydeterminedthecourseofWesternarchitecture.FormsoftheGreektemple,thearchetypalshrineofalltime,

rangefromthetinyTempleofNikeApteros(427-424BC)ofabout6by9meter(about20by30ft),ontheAcropolis

inAthens,tothegiganticTempleofZeus(500?BC)atAgrigentoinSicily,whichcoveredmorethanonehectare(morethantwoacres).古代希臘和羅馬的建筑體系以及建筑形式直接決定了西方建筑的進程。希臘廟宇的形式，即所有時期的典型神殿，范圍從位于雅典衛(wèi)城的小到6至9米的勝利女神神廟，到西西里島阿格里琴托城里大到1公頃（相當于2英畝）的宙斯神廟。Shrine:n.

圣地；神龕；廟Acropolis:雅典衛(wèi)城▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-1

The52TempleofNikeApteros(winglessvictory)TempleofNikeApteros(win53AcropolisParthenonOldTempleofAthenaStatueof

AthenaPromachosTempleofAthenaNikePropylaeaErechtheionAcropolisParthenonOldTempleo54TempleofZeusTempleofZeus55▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-2

TwoGreekarchitecturalordersdevelopedmoreorlessconcurrently.The

Doricorderpredominatedonthemainlandandinthewesterncolonies.TheacknowledgedDoricmasterpieceistheParthenon

（447-432BC），whichcrownstheAthensAcropolis.TheIonic

orderoriginatedinthecitiesontheislandsandcoastsofAsiaMinor.

Itfeaturedcapitalswithspiralvolutes,slendershafts,andelaboratebases.TheCorinthian

order,alaterdevelopment,introducedIoniccapitalsdetailedwithacanthusleaves.希臘的兩大結構幾乎在同一時期發(fā)展起來。多立克柱式在大陸和西方殖民的占主導地位。帕特農(nóng)神廟被公認是多立克柱型建筑風格的代表作，使雅典衛(wèi)城達到了頂峰。愛奧尼柱式起源于島嶼和小亞細亞沿岸的城市。它以螺旋渦形的柱頭，細長的柱身以及精致的底座而著稱。科林斯柱式風格，較晚出現(xiàn)，采用毛莨葉形裝飾的愛奧尼式柱頂。▲課文翻譯Paragraph6-2

TwoGr56ParthenonParthenon57ParthenonParthenon58DoricorderCornice:檐口Frieze：檐壁，橫飾帶Architrave：額枋Capital：柱頭，柱頂Shaft：柱身Stylobate:基座Triglyph：三攏版；三槽間飾帶Metope:垅間壁；柱間壁DoricorderCornice:檐口59IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣飾Entablature:檐部,柱頂盤Column:立柱Rakingcornice:斜挑檐Moldings:(檐口)線腳Abacus:（圓柱）頂板Volute:渦形；螺旋型；Flute:（柱上的）凹槽Fillet:平緣，木摺Base:柱礎IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣飾60CorinthianorderDentil:齒狀裝飾Boss:浮雕，圓形突出物，凸飾Rosette:圓形花飾Acanthus

leaf:毛茛葉CorinthianorderDentil:齒狀裝飾61課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

Romebecameapowerful,well-organizedempire,markedbygreatengineeringworks-roads,canals,bridges,andaqueducts.TwoRomaninventionsallowedforgreaterarchitecturalflexibility:thedomeandthegroinvault-formedbytheintersectionoftwoidenticalbarrelvaultsoverasquareplan.羅馬成為實力強大，組織完善的王國，以大量的工程作品著稱：道路、運河、橋梁以及高架渠。兩組羅馬特色的發(fā)明使得建筑更加靈活起來：穹頂以及通過兩個獨立筒形拱頂交叉于一個正方形設計上的交叉拱頂。課文翻譯Paragraph7-1

Romeb62課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

TheRomansalsointroducedthecommemorativeortriumphalarchandtheColosseumorstadium.Romewasnoteworthyforgrandioseurbandesign,demonstratedthroughtheforum,completewithbasilica,temple,andotherfeatures.ThemostremarkableforumisHadrian’sVilla(125-132)nearTivoli.羅馬人還創(chuàng)造了作為紀念而建造的凱旋門、用于公開討論的廣場和露天競技場。羅馬值得注意的有宏偉的城市設計，用于集會的廣場，完美的教堂，廟宇以及其他特色建筑。最著名的廣場是位于提沃利的哈德良寢宮。Forum于1460年進入英語，源自古典拉丁語的forum，意為公共場所、市場。在這里指古羅馬城鎮(zhèn)的廣場,當時是古羅馬的城市中心，包括一些羅馬最古老與最重要的建筑。現(xiàn)指論壇。Agora：原意為市集，泛指古希臘以及古羅馬城市中經(jīng)濟、社交、文化的中心。通常地處城市中心，為露天廣場。城市男性居民聚集在那里進行商業(yè)交易。此外，Agora還是居民談論政治、談論哲學以及相互結識的場所，以至于古羅馬時代Agora被稱為Forum。課文翻譯Paragraph7-2

Th63RomeTriumphalArch&

Colosseum&RomanForum

RomeTriumphalArch&Colosseu64RomanAgora&Hadrian’sVillaRomanAgora&Hadrian’sVilla65課文翻譯Paragraph8

Inthe4th

century,RomanEmperorConstantine

theGreatconvertedtoChristianityandcreatedaChristianempire,promptingthebuildingofmanynewchurches.ThesurvivingbasilicasinRomethatmostclearlyevoketheEarlyChristiancharacterincludeSant’AgneseFuorileMuraandSantaSabina(422-432).Byzantinechurches,domedanddecoratedwithmosaics,proliferatedthroughouttheByzantineEmpire;mostnotableistheHagiaSophia(532-537),builtbyEasternempe