語言學(xué)概論chpt2 phonetics and phonology課件

Chapter2

Phonetics&PhonologyLead-inremarksPhoneticsPhonologyPreviewcheckingDoyouhaveanyquestionswhilepreviewingthetext?Lead-inremarksTheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds----soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.Thetwomajorareasofstudyinspeechsoundsarephoneticsandphonology.Phonetics

ThreeBranchesofPhoneticsSpeechorgansOrthographicrepresentation

ofspeechsoundsClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsThreeBranchesofPhoneticsArticulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”

發(fā)音語音學(xué)

Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”

聽覺語音學(xué)

Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.聲學(xué)語音學(xué)Speechorgans:threeimportantareasPharyngealcavity----thethroat;LaryngealTheoralcavity----themouth;Nasalcavity----thenose.Orthographicrepresentation(詞形表征,正字法

)ofspeechsoundsAstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.Broadtranscription(寬式標(biāo)音)

asimplesetofsymbols

usedindictionary&textbookforgeneralpurpose;nodiacriticse.g.[k?n],

[pit]

Narrowtranscription

(嚴(yán)式音標(biāo))morespecificsymbolsusedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,

e.g.,[ph]

SomeMajorArticulatoryVariablesDimensionsonwhichspeechsoundsmayvary:Voicing----voiced&voicelessNasality----nasal&non-nasalAspiration-----aspirated&unaspirated

ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsEnglishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:

VowelsConsonantsWhatmakesthedifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants???

Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Vowels:noobstructionintheprocessofproduction

Consonants:obstructedsomewhere(oralcavity,nasalcavityorpharyngealcavity)ClassificationofconsonantsEnglishconsonantsmaybeclassified/describedaccordingtotwodimensions:ThemannerofarticulationTheplaceofarticulationTheplaceofarticulationBilabial雙唇音:[p],[b],[m],[w];Labiodental唇齒音:[f],[v];Dental齒音:[θ],[e];Alveolar齒齦音:[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r];Palatal顎音:[?],[?],[?],[?],[j];Velar軟顎音:[k],[g],[?];

Glottal聲門音:[h].TheplaceofarticulationBilabial;Labiodental;Dentalorinterdental;Alveolar;Palatoalveolar;Palatal;Velar;Uvular;Glottal.ClassificationofvowelsEnglishvowelscanbedividedintothreelargecategories:Monophthongs[?],[u:]Diphthongs[??](asin“toy”),Triphthong[a??](asin“tower”)DescriptionofmonophthongsHeightofthetongueOpennessofthemouthRoundedvs.unrounded

[u:]vs.

[i:],[?]vs.[?]Longorshort[i:]vs.[?];[u:]vs.[?]OpennessofthemouthClose:[i:],[?],[u:],[?],Semi-close:[e],[?:];Semi-open:[?],[?:];Open:[?],[ɑ][?],[?],[a:].Exercises:underlinethewordsthatbeginwithasoundasrequired.Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadladAvelarconsonant:nodgodcodpodrodLabiodentalconsonant:ratfatsatmatchatvatpatAnalveolarconsonant:nicklicksicktickkickquickApalato-alveolarconsonant:sipshiptipchiplipzipAdentalconsonant:liebuythighthytieryeAglide:onewaryolkrush________________________________________________________________________________________Underlinethewordsthatcontainthesoundasrequired:Acentralvowel:

madlotbutbootwordAfrontvowel:

reedpadloadfatebitbedcookAroundedvowel:whohebusherhittruebossbarwalkAbackvowel:paidreapfooltopgoodfather______________________________________________________________________________Describetheunderlinedconsonantsaccordingtothreedimensions:vd/vlplacemannerLetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereithervoicelessvoicelessvoicelessvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedalveolaralveolaralveolardentaldentalbilabialpalatalpalatalvelarbilabialstopstopstopfricativenasalaffricateaffricateliquidnasalfricativePhonologyDistinctionbetweenPhoneticsandPhonologyBasicconceptsinphonologyTasksofPhonologistsSuprasegmentalfeaturesCanyouunderstandthedistinctionbtphoneticsandphonology?Bothareconcernedwithspeechsoundsinhumanlanguage.Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phonetics:concerningallthespeechsoundsinhumanlanguages;howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonology:howspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Makingdecisions:isthefollowingstatementonphonologyoronphonetics?Clear[l](asin“l(fā)eap”)vs.dark[?](asin“peel”)1.Theyareallliquids.2.TheyaretwovarietiesofthesameentityinEnglishsoundsystem.3.Theyarequitedifferentinsoundquality.4.Itisthephoneticenvironmentthatdeterminestheirdistribution.PhoneticsPhonologyPhoneticsPhonologyBasicconceptsinPhonologyPhonePhonemeAllophoneDistinctivefeaturesPhoneAphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedon’t.Speechsound=phone=segment(音段)eg:[ph],[p],[s],[t],[f],[i:],[l]音素PhonemeAphonemeisaphonologicalunit,itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext.Eg:InEnglish,therearealtogether44phonemes./e/,/m/,/b/,/i:/,/p/,etc.音位AllophoneAllophones:thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.[p,ph]aretwovariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.

/p/[p]/

[s]_____ [ph]elsewhere音位變體Theirrelationships:

Inactualspeech,a

phoneme

isrealizedphoneticallyasacertainphone.Allophoneisaphoneticvariantofa

phoneme.DistinctionamongthethreePhone

音素:語音層面；具體；不限于某一種語言Phoneme音位：音系層面；抽象；每種語言都有特定的音位集Allophone音位變體：相對于音位而言；具體；抽象的音位在不同語音環(huán)境下的具體體現(xiàn)。至少兩個(gè)以上成組出現(xiàn)Discussiontan[th?n]tap[th?ph]spit[sp?th]stint[st?nth]Howmanyphones,phonemes,andallophonesarethere?Whatarethey?Phones:[th],[?],[n],[?],[ph],[s],[p],[?],[t]Phonemes:[t],[?],[n],[p],[s],[?]Allophones:[th],[t],[?],[?],[ph],[p]???DistinctivefeaturesThefeaturesthataphonemepossesses,makingitdifferentfromothers,areitsdistinctivefeatures.Distinctivefeaturesarebinary(+,-)innature.區(qū)別性特征wordσσs?

gm?

nt－syllabic－sonorant－voiced－nasalWordlevelsyllablelevelsegmentFeaturelevelFor/p/,itsdistinctivefeaturesare[-voiced],[+bilabial],[+stop].However,[+aspirated]isnotadistinctivefeaturefor/p/inEnglish.TasksofPhonologistsTaskone:toidentifyphonemesinalanguageTasktwo:toformulaterulestoexplainsoundpatternsTaskone:toidentifyphonemesinalanguagePhoneticallysimilarsoundsmayhavetworelationships.Theymaybetwodifferentphonemesorallophonesofthesamephoneme.兩個(gè)相似音在某語言中可能的關(guān)系：為兩個(gè)音位；為一個(gè)音位的兩個(gè)音位變體；或其中一個(gè)是音位，另一個(gè)不是。PhonemiccontrastIftwosimilarsoundsaredifferentordistinctivephonemes,theyareinphonemiccontrast.e.g.:/b/and/p/in[b?t]and[p?t].Thebestwaytodetermineiftwosimilarsoundsareinphonemiccontrastistofindtheminimalpair.音位對立ComplementarydistributionIftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsareallophonesofthesamephoneme,theyareincomplementarydistribution.Complementarydistribution

istherelationshipbetweentwodifferentsounds,whereonesoundisfoundinaparticularenvironmentandtheotherisfoundintheoppositeenvironment.

Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,.e.g.dark[l]&clear[l],aspirated[ph]&unaspirated[p].互補(bǔ)分布MinimalpairWhentwodifferentformsareidentical(thesame)ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.e.g.Pillvs.till,tillvs.kill,killvs.dill,dillvs.gillMinimalpair最小對立體Example{tip:dip}；{sip:zip}；{pat:bat}a.彼此的語音數(shù)量相等

b.彼此的意義不同

c.彼此僅存在一個(gè)語音的差異

d.語音差異出現(xiàn)在同一位置上Minimalset:

Whenmorethantwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thesoundcombinationsaresaidtoforma

minimalset.Eg:

beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat.Theidentityofphonemesislanguage-specific.Itisofgreatsignificancetoidentifyphonemesinacertainlanguage,since

Languagesdifferintheselectionofphonemes.InEnglish,thedistinctionbetweenaspirated[ph]andunaspirated[p]isnotphonemic,i.e.,theyarethesamephoneme.InChinese,however,thedistinctionbetween/p/and/ph/isphonemic.爸[pa],怕[pha];鼻[pi]，皮[phi]漢語拼音和國際音標(biāo)對照表SomerulesofphonologySequentialrulesAssimilationruleDeletionruleEpenthesisruleSequentialrulesSequentialrulesaretherulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.You’regivenfourphonemes“kbil”.WhatEnglishsoundswillyouthinkof?

possiblewords:blik,klib,bilk,kilb.impossiblewords:＊lbik,＊libk,＊ilbk,＊

lbki在英語中作為音節(jié)首音(Onset)的輔音連綴只有CC和CCC兩種模式。CC的組合方式可以分為兩類

第一類是,第一個(gè)輔音由/p,t,k,b,d,g,m,n,l,f,v,θ,?,h/這些輔音中的一個(gè)充當(dāng),第二個(gè)輔音則由/l,r,w,j/中的一個(gè)擔(dān)任,其組合模式有著嚴(yán)格的限制:p+l,r,jb+l,r,jt+r,j,wd+r,j,wk+l,r,j,wg+l,r,j,wm+jf+l,r,jn+j.θ+r,j,wl+j?+rv+jh+jThat’swhylbikandlbkiareimpossiblecombinationsinEnglish.CC組合的第二類模式是,第一個(gè)輔音為/s/,第二個(gè)輔音由/p,t,k,f,m,n,l,w,j/這9個(gè)輔音中的一個(gè)充當(dāng)。Examples?σ[sptk(l)r(w)j在英語中作為音節(jié)首音(Onset)的輔音連綴為CCC時(shí)：

e.g.spring,strict,square,splendid,scream.Sequentialrulesarelanguage-specific.Thevelarnasal[?]neveroccursininitialpositioninEnglishandstandardChinese,butitdoesoccurinsomedialectssuchasHakka.eg:inEnglish:/nait/,＊/?ait/;/ni:s/,＊/?i:s/inHakka:“我，俄語……”

英漢音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)比較和語音教學(xué).pdfAssimilationruleOnesoundisassimilatedtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.e.g.theprefixinispronounceddifferentlywhenindifferentphoneticcontexts:indiscreet[?n]alveolarinconceivable[??]

velarimpossible[?m]bilabialNasalization,

dentalization,anddevoicingareallinstancesofassimilation,aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.NasalizationanddentalizationEnglishFricativeDevoicingFormulaofrulesNasalizationrule: [-nasal][+nasal]/____[+nasal]Dentalizationrule:[-dental][+dental]/____[+dental]Devoicingrule:/v/[f]/z/[s]etc.voicedfricativevoiceless/____voicelessAssimilationcanoccurinphrasesandsentencestoo.Examples:1)fivepast[faifpa:st]2)hasto[h?stu:]3)Youcan[k??]keepthem.AssimilationinMandarin好啊haowa海啊haiya看啊kanna唱啊chang?a跳啊tiaowa

……DeletionruleDeletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.E.G1.design,paradigm,thereisno[g]sound;butthe[g]soundispronouncedintheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,paradigmatic.Example2:SchwadeletioninEnglishInquickspeech,thefollowingwordsareoftenpronouncedwiththeschwa[?]deleted:Factory,dormitory,police,parade

Englishhasthetendencytodeleteschwawhenitappearsinamid-wordsyllablethatcomesafterthestressedsyllable.Kenstowicz(1994)statesthat“...AmericanEnglishschwadeletesinmedialposttonic(重讀音節(jié)后的)syllables...",andgivesasexampleswordssuchassep(a)rate,

choc(o)late,cam(e)raand

elab(o)rate

(asanadjective),wheretheschwa(representedbythelettersinparentheses)hasatendencytobedeleted.SchwadeletionruleinEnglish:[?]→?/C?___σC?V[?]→?/C?VσC?___σC?V[+stress][+stress]C?means“anynumberofsuccessiveCsfromzeroonup”.Tosumup,schwainanunstressedsyllable

canbedeleted.Epenthesisrule?→[?]/s___sahotel,aboy,ause,awagonabigmananapple,anhonor,anoldladyAnotherexampleofEpenthesisrule:anisusedwhenthefollowingwordbeginswithavowelsound.Canyouwriteaformulatoexplaintherule?SuprasegmentalfeaturesWhenwespeakEnglish,wehavetopayattentiontotwoaspectsofsoundsystem:pronunciationandintonation.Pronunciationphones/segmentsIntonationsuprasegmentalfeaturesSuprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征Suprasegmentalfeatures----thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments,orthoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.

超音段特征指音段以上單位所涉及的語音特征SyllablestructureSyllabification音節(jié)劃分SyllablestructureSoundsaresequentiallyorganizedwithinwords.Thesesequencesarecalledsyllables,phonologicalunitsconsistingofoneormoresounds.Asyllableissubdividedintoonset(節(jié)首)andrhyme（節(jié)韻）.Therhymeconsistsofanucleus（節(jié)核,usuallyavowel)andanyconsonant(s)followingit,thecoda（節(jié)尾）.Howareweabletoidentifyasyllableandhencecountthenumberofsyllablesofeachword?Recognitionofthenucleus(音核)Thenucleusistheessentialpart,usu.formedbyavowel.But[l,n,m]mightalsofunctionasnucleusasin“apple,hidden,communism”σOnsetRimeNucleusCodakr?ktSyllablestructureRhyme(韻基)=Nucleus+CodaTwowordsaresaidtoberhymingwitheachotheriftheyhavethesamerhyme.Main

andplainStreetandsheetOpensyllable:

bar,tieClosedsyllable:

bard,tied英漢語中可允許的最大音節(jié)EnglishSyllable:(((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C)MandarinChinesesyllable:(C)V(C)Syllabification音節(jié)劃分Sequenceofsyllabification

Nucleus→onset→coda

MaximalOnsetPrinciple節(jié)首最大化原則Whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.

EnglishphonotacticconstraintsEnglishphonotacticconstraintsIntheEnglishlanguage,therearevariousphonotacticconstraintswithregardtothepossiblecombinationsandsequencingofconsonantsintheonsetandcodapositions.ligorvig.[fs?ɡ]or[rn?ɡ]violatingsomeconstraintsonthesequenceorpositionofEnglishphonemes.TheyarepossibleEnglishwords.Inotherwords,consonantsshouldbeorganizedintotheonsetofafollowingsyllablewithoutviolatingthephonotacticconstraints(i.e.permittedarrangementsofsounds)inEnglish.Syllabification(take“estrange”asanexample)Onset

RhymeNucleus

RhymeNucleus

Codaistrein?Practice:SyllabifythefollowingwordsAspirinSplendidextremePrincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesStressInEnglish,wedonotsayeachsyllablewiththesameforceorstrength.Inoneword,weaccentuateONEsyllable.Wesayonesyllableveryloudly(big,strong,important)andalltheothersyllablesveryquietly.e.gphotograph,photographer,photographicWordstressThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,e.g.ashiftinstressinEnglishmaychangethepartofspeechofaword:

verb:im′port;in′crease;re′cord…noun:′import;′increase;′record…WordstressSimilaralterationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements:

compound:

′blackbird;′greenhouse;′hotdog…

nounphrase:black′bird;green′house;hot′dog…WordstressThemeaning-distinctiveroleplayedbywordstressisalsomanifestedinthecombinationsof-ingformsandnouns:modifier:

′dining-room;′readingroom;′sleepingbag…

doer:sleeping′baby;swimming′fish;flying′plane…SentencestressSentencestress----therelativeforcegiventothecomponentsofasentence.Generally,nouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbs,numeralsanddemonstrativepronounsarestressed.Othercategorieslikearticles,personpronouns,auxiliaryverbsprepositionsandconjunctionsareusuallynotstressed.Note:forpragmaticreason,thisruleisnotalwaysright,e.g.wemaystressanypartinthefollowingsentences.

ToneTonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Englishisnotatonelanguage,butChineseis.

ma媽(level)ma麻(thesecondrise)ma馬(thethirdrise)

ma罵(thefourthfall)笑話：

甲：您好哇？出來多久啦，過得慣嗎？乙：您好！出來一年多了，其它還好，就是聽外國人講話太別扭？甲：可不是嗎！明明是老鼠，他們偏說是“貓”（mouse);明明是水，他們偏說是“窩頭”（water）；明明是小偷，他們非說媳婦（thief）。乙：您說得太對了！外國人很奇怪，英國人早上起來總說“摸人”（morning），晚上見你又叫你“姑奶“（goodnight)。IntonationWhenpitch,stressandlengthvariationsaretiedtothesentenceratherthantotheword,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Englishhasthreetypesofintonationthataremostfrequentlyused:fallingtone(matteroffactstatement)risingtone(doubtsorquestion)thefall-risetone(impliedmessage)Forinstance,

“That’snotthebookhewants.”Grammaticalfunctionsofintonations----Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,esp.inEnglish.a)Itmayindicatedifferentsentencetypesbypitchdirection.

Fallingtone:statementrisingtone:questionGrammaticalfunctionsofintonationsb)Itmayimposedifferentstructuresonthesentencebydividingitintodifferentintonationunits.e.g.“Johndidn’tcomebecauseofMarry”

Withinoneintonationunit,itmeans:Johncame,butithadnothingtodowithMarry.Withtwointonationunits,itmeans:MarrywasthereasonwhyJohndidn’tcome.

Exercises:Thinkoftheutteranceindifferentintonations:

“Thosewhoboughtquicklymadeaprofit.”Grammaticalfunctionsofintonationsc)Itsattitudinalfunctions.Fallingtone----matter-of-factstatement,downrightassertion,commands.Risingtone----politeness,encouragement,pleading.