有關食品安全的翻譯

食品安全與食品在消費環(huán)節(jié)(由消費者攝入)食源性危害的存在有關。由于食品鏈的任何階段均可能引入食品安全危害，必需對整個食品鏈進行充分的控制。因此，食品安全必須通過食品鏈中所有參與方的共同努力來保證。為了確保食品鏈每個環(huán)節(jié)所有相關的食品危害均得到識別和充分控制，整個食品鏈進行的溝通必不可少。因此，組織與其在食品鏈中的上游和下游的組織之間均需要進行溝通。尤其對于已確定的危害和采取的控制措施，應與顧客和供方進行溝通，這將有助于明確顧客和供方的要求(如在可行性、需求和對終產(chǎn)品的影響方面)。Foodsafetyisrelatedtothepresenceoffood-bornehazardsinfoodatthepointofconsumption(intakebytheconsumer).Astheintroductionoffoodsafetyhazardscanoccuratanystageofthefoodchain,adequatecontrolthroughoutthefoodchainisessential.Thus,foodsafetyisensuredthroughthecombinedeffortsofallthepartiesparticipatinginthefoodchain.Communicationalongthefoodchainisessentialtoensurethatallrelevantfoodsafetyhazardsareidentifiedandadequatelycontrolledateachstepwithinthefoodchain.Thisimpliescommunicationbetweenorganizationsbothupstreamanddownstreaminthefoodchain.Communicationwithcustomersandsuppliersaboutidentifiedhazardsandcontrolmeasureswillassistinclarifyingcustomerandsupplierrequirements(e.g.withregardtothefeasibilityandneedfortheserequirementsandtheirimpactontheendproduct).民以食為天。食品是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的最基本的物質(zhì)條件。我國目前的食品安全監(jiān)管較發(fā)達國家而言，起步較緩、問題較多，造成我國食品安全問題屢禁不絕的重要原因還是在于我國食品安全缺乏完整的保障體系。我們認為，在今后較長的一段時間里，我國應當把在整體上建立我國食品安全的保障體系作為食品安全工作重點和戰(zhàn)略目標來實現(xiàn)。一、基本建立和逐步完善我國食品安全法律體系二、建立和完善統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)、權責明晰的食品安全監(jiān)管體系三、建立較為完善的食品安全應急處理體系四、完善統(tǒng)一全面的食品安全標準和檢驗檢測體系五、建立和完善我國食品安全風險評估評價體系六、初步建立我國食品安全信用體系七、提高安全意識Hungerbreedsdiscontent.Foodisahumanexistenceanddevelopmentofthemostbasicmaterialconditions.Atpresent,China'sfoodsafetycontrol,themoredevelopedcountries,startingamoremoderate,moreproblems,resultinginChina'sfoodsafetyproblemsLvjinbujueanimportantreasonforChina'sfoodsafetylieswiththelackofacompletesecuritysystem.Webelievethatthenextlongerperiodoftime,ourcountryasawholeshouldbetheestablishmentofChina'sfoodsafetysystemtoprotectfoodsafetyasapriorityandtoachievestrategicobjectives.First,thebasicsetupandgraduallyimproveChina'sfoodsafetylawSecond,theestablishmentandimprovementofcoordination,clearresponsibilitiesoffoodsafetymonitoringsystemThird,theestablishmentofamorecomprehensivefoodsafetysystemtodealwithemergencyFourth,improvethecomprehensivereunificationofthefoodsafetystandardsandinspectionsystemFifth,theestablishmentandimprovementofChina'sfoodsafetyriskassessmentevaluationsystemSixth,theinitialestablishmentofChina'sfoodsafetycreditsystem3.FillerinAnimalFeedIsOpenSecretinChina在中國動物食品中加添加劑已是公開的秘密ByDAVIDBARBOZAandALEXEIBARRIONUEVO報道ZHANGQIU,China,April28—AsAmericanfoodsafetyregulatorsheadtoChinatoinvestigatehowachemicalmadefromcoalfounditswayintopetfoodthatkilleddogsandcatsintheUnitedStates,workersinthisheavilypollutednortherncityopenlyadmitthatthesubstanceisroutinelyaddedtoanimalfeedasafakeprotein.4月28日，章丘，中國------美國食品安全檢查官員前往中國，調(diào)查一種從煤炭中提取的化學物質(zhì)是怎么樣進入到寵物飼料中的。這種寵物食品已經(jīng)導致美國的許多寵物貓狗死亡。Foryears,producersofanimalfeedalloverChinahavesecretlysupplementedtheirfeedwiththesubstance,calledmelamine,acheapadditivethatlookslikeproteinintests,eventhoughitdoesnotprovideanynutritionalbenefits,accordingtomelaminescraptradersandagriculturalworkershere.這個重度污染的北方城市的工人們公開承認這種物質(zhì)是作為一種假冒蛋白質(zhì)例行加入到動物食品中。幾年來，全中國的動物食品生產(chǎn)者一直秘密地把這種叫三聚氰胺的物質(zhì)添加到他們生產(chǎn)的食品中。這種物質(zhì)是很便宜的添加劑，味道象蛋白質(zhì)，按照三聚氰胺供貨商和這兒的民工的說法，這種物質(zhì)不含任何營養(yǎng)成份?！癕anycompaniesbuymelaminescraptomakeanimalfeed,suchasfish花ed,”saidJiDenghui,generalmanageroftheFujianSanmingDinghuiChemicalCompany,whichsellsmelamine.“Idon'tknowifthere'saregulationonit.Probablynot.Nolaworregulation（規(guī)章）says‘don’tdoit,’soeveryone’sdoingit.ThelawsinChinaarelikethat,aren’tthey?Ifthere’snoaccident,therewon’tbeanyregulation.”“許多公司購買三聚氰胺用來制造動物食品，比如魚飼料”，紀登輝，福建三明Dinghui化學公司經(jīng)理（該公司銷售三聚氰胺）說：“我不知道是否有關于三聚氰胺的法規(guī)，可能沒有。沒有法律或法規(guī)說‘不要這么做’，因此每個人都這么干。法律在中國就是這樣，不是嗎？如果沒有意外，將不會有任何法規(guī)”。Melamineisatthecenterofarecallof60millionpackagesofpetfood,afterthechemicalwasfoundinwheatgluten（麥麩）linkedthismonthtothedeathsofatleast16petsintheUnitedStates.這種化學制品被發(fā)現(xiàn)在麥麩中，聯(lián)系到這個月美國至少16只寵物的死亡，6千萬包寵物食品被召回，三聚氰胺是主因。Nooneknowsexactlyhowmelamine（whichisnotbelievedtobeparticularlytoxic）becamesofatalinpetfood,butitspresenceinanyformofAmericanfoodisillegal.沒人正確地知道三聚氰胺（人們不認為它是特殊有毒的物質(zhì)）在寵物食品中是怎樣致命的，但是，它在美國任何一種形式的食品中存在都是非法的。ThelinktoChinahassetoffconcernsamongcriticsoftheFoodandDrugAdministrationthatingredientsinpetfoodaswellashumanfood,whichareincreasinglycomingfromabroad,arenotbeingadequatelyscreened.美國食品和藥品治理局對關于中國的這起事件表示擔憂，批評家認為人類食用的食品與寵物食品的配方是一樣的，而且目前正以增長態(tài)勢從國外進口至美國，但這些產(chǎn)品并沒有得到嚴格的篩選和檢驗?！癟heyhavefewerpeopleinspectingproductattheportsthaneverbefore,''saysCarolineSmithDeWaal,thedirectoroffoodsafetyfortheCenterforScienceinthePublicInterestinWashington.“UntilChinagetsprogramsinplacetoverifythesafetyoftheirproducts,theyneedtobeinspectedbyU.S.inspectors.Thisopen-doorpolicyonfoodingredientsisanopeninvitationforanattackonthefoodsupply,eitherintentionalorunintentional.'卡洛琳史密斯，食品安全中心主任，日前在華盛頓大眾營養(yǎng)科學健康中心的會議上指出：“.港口的檢驗人員比以往的任何時候少了許多?！薄爱斨袊凑粘绦虬阉麄兊漠a(chǎn)品提交檢驗，需要由美國的檢驗人員驗證食品的安全性。對食品添加劑的這一開放政策是對食品供應的一種公然攻擊，不論是故意或非故意.Now,withevidencemountingthatthetaintedwheatglutencamefromChina,Americanregulatorshavebeengrantedpermissiontovisittheregiontoconductinspectionsoffoodtreatmentfacilities.現(xiàn)在，有證據(jù)顯示，在抽檢的小麥谷骯粉來自中國，美國監(jiān)管機構已經(jīng)獲準前往該地區(qū)進行檢查食品的處理設施。TheFoodandDrugAdministrationhasalreadybannedimportsofwheatglutenfromChinaafteritreceivedmorethan14,000reportsofpetsbelievedtohavebeensickenedbypackagedfood.Andlastweek,theagencyopenedacriminalinvestigationinthecaseandsearchedtheofficesofatleastonepetfoodsupplier.FDA已禁止進口來自中國的谷骯粉,FDA已接獲超過14,000報告認為,寵物的病因是由這種包裝食品引起的。上周，該機構開設了案件調(diào)查小組，并搜查他的辦公室至少有一寵物食品供應。TheDepartmentofAgriculturehasalsosteppedin.OnThursday,theagencyorderedmorethan6,000hogstobequarantinedorslaughteredaftersomeofthepetfoodingredientslacedwithmelaminewereaccidentallysenttohog（豬）farmsineightstates,includingCalifornia.農(nóng)業(yè)部也加強力度調(diào)查此事，周二，含有三聚氰胺的寵物飼料被誤送到包括美國加州在內(nèi)的8個國家，.該機構對超過6000頭豬被隔離或宰殺。Scientistsarenowtryingtodeterminewhethermelaminecouldbeharmfultohumans.科學家們正試圖證實三聚氰胺可能對人體健康有害.ThepetfoodcaseisalsoputtingChina’sagriculturalexportsundergreaterscrutiny（徹查）becausethecountryhashadaterriblefoodsafetyrecord.寵物食品案件使得中國的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口受到更嚴格的審議，因為該國曾有過可怕食品安全記錄.Inrecentyears,forinstance,China'sfoodsafetyscandalshaveinvolvedeverythingfromfakebabymilkformulasandsoysaucemadefromhumanhairtoinstanceswherecuttlefishweresoakedincalligraphyinktoimprovetheircolorandeelswerefedcontraceptivepillstomakethemgrowlongandslim.近年來，中國食品安全的丑聞不斷，例如嬰兒奶粉摻假事件，人的頭發(fā)制成醬油，魷魚浸泡在書法油墨,以改善其顏色，鰻魚用避孕藥喂養(yǎng)以刺激生長等等。Foritspart,Chineseofficialsdisputeanysuggestionthatmelaminefromthecountrycouldhavekilledpets.ButregulatorshereonFridaybannedtheuseofmelamineinvegetableproteinsmadeforexportorforuseindomesticfoodsupplies.中國政府官員就來自中國的三聚氰胺可以殺死寵物提出異議，但監(jiān)管機構在周五禁止使用三聚氰胺的植物蛋白用于出口，或用于國內(nèi)糧食供應。YetwhatisclearfromvisitingthisregionofnortheastChinaisthatforyearsmelaminehasbeenquietlymixedintoChineseanimalfeedandthensoldtounsuspectingfarmersasprotein-richpig,poultry（家禽）andfishfeed.但有一點很清晰，從中國東北的調(diào)查看來，三聚氰胺多年來一直在被混在動物飼料中，然后出售給毫無戒心的農(nóng)民作為豬、家禽和魚的一種富含蛋白質(zhì)的飼料。ManyanimalfeedoperatorshereadvertiseontheInternet,seekingtopurchasemelaminescrap.TheXuzhouAnyingBiologicTechnologyDevelopmentCompany,oneofthecompaniesthatAmericanregulatorsnamedashavingshippedmelamine-taintedwheatglutentotheUnitedStates,hadpostedsuchanoticeontheInternetlastMarch.許多寵物飼料公司在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上發(fā)布廣告求購三聚氰胺廢料，被美國監(jiān)管機構稱為具有生產(chǎn)含有三聚氰胺谷骯粉的徐州安營生物技術開發(fā)公司的公司就是其中之一。HereattheShandongMingshuiGreatChemicalGroupfactory,hugeboilervatsareturningcoalintomelamine,whichisthenusedtocreateplasticsandfertilizer.山東明水大化集團的工廠，龐大的鍋爐正把煤轉化成三聚青胺，，用來制造塑膠和化肥。Buttheleftovermelaminescrap,golfball-sizechunksofwhiterock,issometimesbeingsoldtolocalagriculturalentrepreneurs，whosaytheymixapowderedformofthescrapintoanimalfeedtodeceivethosewhoraiseanimalsintothinkingtheyarebuyingfeedthatishighinprotein.但是這些三聚氰胺的邊角料，一種像高爾夫球大小的大塊白色石頭，有時就賣給當?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)家，據(jù)說他們就是把這些邊角料磨成粉末，變成飼料給欺騙那些飼養(yǎng)戶，聲稱他們所買的飼料是富含高蛋白的.Justsavesmoneyifyouaddmelaminescrap,”saidthemanagerofananimalfeedfactoryhere.一個寵物飼料廠的經(jīng)理說，這只是為了節(jié)約成本。LastFridayhereinZhangqiu,afast-growingindustrialcitysoutheastofBeijing,twoanimalfeedproducersexplainedingreatdetailhowtheypurchaselow-gradewheat，corn，soybeanorotherproteinsandthenmixinsmallportionsofnitrogen-richmelaminescrap,whosechemicalpropertieshelpthefeedregisteraninflatedproteinlevel.上周五，在章丘，中國北京東南方向的一個快速增長的工業(yè)城市，兩個動物飼料生產(chǎn)者詳細地解釋了他們?nèi)绾钨徺I劣質(zhì)小麥，玉米大豆或其他蛋白質(zhì)，然后拌少量的富含三聚氰胺廢料的化學物質(zhì)，幫助飼料膨脹。Melamineisthenewscamofchoice,theysay,becauseureaanothernitrogen-richchemical—isillegalforuseinpigandpoultryfeedandcanbeeasilydetectedinChinaaswellasintheUnitedStates.三聚氰胺是新的騙局，他們說，由于含有尿素氮的化學品是禁止在豬和家禽飼料中使用的，無論在中國或者是美國，都很輕易被檢測出來?！癙eopleusemelaminescraptoboostnitrogenlevelsforthetests,”saidthemanageroftheanimalfeedfactory.“Ifyouadditinsmallquantities,itwon'thurttheanimals.”飼料廠的經(jīng)理稱：人們用廢棄的三聚氰胺來增加氮含量進行了檢測，如果只是添加少量的,它不會傷害到動物。Themanager,whoworksatasmallanimalfeedoperationherethatconsistsofahandfulofstorageandmixingareas,saidhehasmixedmelaminescrapintoanimalfeedforyears.這家生產(chǎn)小動物飼料的工廠經(jīng)理說，多年來，他都有把一小部分的三聚氰胺廢料添加到在飼料中。Hesaidhewasnotcurrentlyusingmelamine.Buthethenpulledoutaplasticbagcontainingwhathesaidwasmelaminepowderandsaidhecoulddyeitanycolortomatchtherightfeedstock,他說，他目前也沒有用到三聚氰胺.但隨后他拿出一張一個塑料袋子，里面裝的據(jù)說就是三聚氰胺粉，并說這種物質(zhì)可以作為染料使得產(chǎn)品的顏色與飼料的原料一樣。Hesaidthatmelamineusedinpetfoodwouldprobablynotbeharmful.“Petsarenotlikepigsorchickens,”hesaidcasually,explainingthattheycanaffordtoeatlessprotein.“Theydon'tneedtogrowfast.”他說三聚氰胺用于寵物食品可能不會有多大害處。貓不象豬或雞，他無意間說道，貓可以盡量少吃蛋白質(zhì)。他們并不需要快速生長。Theresultingmelamine-taintedfeedwouldbeweakinprotein,heacknowledged,whichmeansthefeedislessnutritious.被三聚氰胺污染飼料就會削弱蛋白質(zhì)的營養(yǎng)成分，他承認，這意味著飼料的營養(yǎng)更少。But,byusingthemelamineadditive,thefeedsellermakesaheftierprofitbecausemelaminescrapismuchcheaperthansoy,wheatorcornprotein.但是，用三聚氰胺添加劑飼料，賣方牟取高額利潤，因為三聚氰胺廢料要比大豆，小麥或玉米的蛋白質(zhì)要便宜許多?！癐t'strueyoucanmakealotmoreprofitbyputtingmelaminein,”saidanotheranimalfeedsellerhereinZhangqiu.“Melaminewillcostyouabout$1.20foreachproteincountpertonwhereasrealproteincostsyouabout$6,soyoucanseethedifference.”“三聚氰胺這東西真的可以為你賺更多的利潤”，章丘另一個飼料生產(chǎn)商說：“每一種動物的飼料中，一噸谷骯粉中用三聚氰胺廢料這種添加劑的成本約1.20美元，而用真實的蛋白質(zhì)，成本是6美元。所以你可以看到差別?！盕eedproducerswhousemelamineheresaythetaintedfeedisoftenshippedtofeedmillsintheYangtzeRiverDelta,nearShanghai,ordowntoGuangdongProvince,nearHongKong.Theyalsosaidtheyknewthatsomemelamine-lacedfeedhadbeenexportedtootherpartsofAsia,includingSouthKorea,NorthKorea,IndonesiaandThailand.飼料生產(chǎn)商往往將這種混有三聚氰胺的不干不凈飼料運往長江三角洲，靠近上海，或到廣東省、香港四周。他們說，他們知道有些含有三聚氰胺的飼料已出口到亞洲其它地區(qū),包括南韓,北韓,印尼和泰國.EvidenceismountingthatChineseproteinexportshavebeentaintedwithmelamineandthatitsuseinagriculturalregionslikethisoneiswidespread.ButthegovernmenthasissuednorecallofanyfoodorfeedproducthereinChina.調(diào)查證據(jù)顯示，中國出口蛋白質(zhì)含有三聚氰胺,在農(nóng)業(yè)為主的地區(qū)，這種現(xiàn)象很普遍，但政府并沒有對任何食品或飼料生產(chǎn)廠家發(fā)出召回命令。Indeed,fewpeopleoutsidetheagriculturebusinessknowabouttheuseofmelaminescrap.TheChinesenewsmedia—whichisstrictlycensored—hasnotreportedmuchaboutthecountry'stiestothepetfoodrecallintheUnitedStates.Andfewinagricultureheredonotseeanyharminusingmelamineinsmalldoses;theysimplyseeitascheatingalittleonprotein,notharminganimalsorpets.事實上，從事農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營以外的人很少了解到可以在飼料中使用三聚氰胺廢料。中國新聞媒體，這是被政府嚴格控制的輿論，卻并未報到多少關系到他們國家的寵物食品在美國被召回。在這里小劑量的使用三聚氰胺，也看不出有任何危害；他們只把它看作摻雜少許的添加劑以替代蛋白質(zhì)，而不是傷害動物或寵物。Asforthesaleofmelaminescrap,itisincreasinglypopularasafakeingredientinfeed,tradersandworkersheresay.當?shù)氐纳倘撕凸と寺暦Q，三聚氰胺廢料作為飼料添加劑銷售，卻日益受到歡迎。AttheHebeiHaixingInsectNetFactoryinnearbyHebeiProvince,whichmakesanimalfeed,amanagernamedGuoQingyinsaid:“Inthepastmelaminescrapwasfree,butthepricehasbeengoingupinthepastfewyears.Consumptionofmelaminescrapisprobablybiggerthanthatofureaintheanimalfeedindustrynow.”在四周的河北省河北海星動物飼料廠，郭慶元經(jīng)理說:在過去三聚氰胺廢料是免費的，但現(xiàn)在價格一直在往上走，現(xiàn)在，三聚氰胺廢料可能大大超過用尿素作為飼料添加劑。AndsomelamineproducersliketheoneshereinZhangqiuarebusy.所以章丘這里生產(chǎn)三聚氰胺廢料的廠家都很忙。AmannamedJing,whoworksinthesalesdepartmentattheShandongMingshuiGreatChemicalGroupfactoryhere,saidonFridaythatpriceshavebeenrising,buthesaidthathehadnoideahowthecompany'smelaminescrapisused.一個在山東明水大化集團銷售部門名叫JING的人說，周五以來三聚氰胺價格一直在上升，但他說他已經(jīng)不知道公司是否還在使用三聚氰胺廢料?！癢ehaveanauction(拍賣)formelaminescrapeverythreemonths,”hesaid."Ihaven’theardofitbeingaddedtoanimalfeed.It’snotforanimalfeed.”我們每三個月就拍賣一次三聚氰胺廢棄物他說。但我沒有聽到它被加到動物飼料中。這不是作動物飼料.5.Butespeciallylookintoalternativecateringcompanies.AsI'vebeengettingalotofnegativefeedbackfromtheemployeesthatthestandardofserviceandqualityofthefoodhasbeengettingworse.但是特別要調(diào)查一下其它可選的餐飲公司.因為我從雇員那里得到很多負面反饋.說服務的標準和食品質(zhì)量越來越差了.AlsoIthinkyouneedtohaveawordwithourcateringcompanyaboutthequalityofthefoodlatelyinthecompanycafeteria.I'vebeenreceivingalotofcomplaintslately.此外我認為你有必要和提供我們餐飲的公司就公司食堂的食品質(zhì)量問題談一談.最近我聽到好多抱怨.Youcanlaugh,butlotsofpeopleareconcernedaboutGMfood.GMfoodhasitssupporters.Butuntilweknowforsure,I'dliketobeonthesafeside.你可以笑我，但是很多人都關注著轉基因食品呢。轉基因食品有它的支持者，但是在我們沒有確定之前，我寧愿保險一些。'食品質(zhì)量安全’HowtoCarryoutRegulationofFoodQualityandSafetyMarketAccessforFoodEnterprises食品企業(yè)如何實施食品質(zhì)量安全市場準入制度PublicawarenessanddemandforsaferfoodinHongKonghasrisensharplyinrecentyears,promptedbyaspateofscares.近年來，在恐慌心理爆發(fā)的影響下，香港公眾對提高食品質(zhì)量安全的意識和要求顯著提高。Theresultcouldbeusefultobothacademicandpracticaladministrationonfoodsafetyintheiradvocacyoftheconductofqualitysafetybehavior.基于生產(chǎn)者行為理論和實證研究的結果作了總結，并得出了食品質(zhì)量安全管理的若干啟示。ThefoodqualityandsafetytraceabilitysystembasedonthebarcodeandInternetisbroughtout,andthedesigningideasaboutnetworkstructure,systemprocess,businessprocessandinformationidentificationaredescribed.提出了基于條形碼和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的食品質(zhì)量安全可追蹤系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡結構、系統(tǒng)流程、業(yè)務流程和信息標識的設計方案。4.Influencedbythefoodandhealthyproblemaroundtheworld,spottedbymadcowdisease(BSE),foot-and-mouthdisease(FMD),dioxin(PCDD/Fs)andavianfluetc.,thefoodqualityandsafetyhasbeengettingreinforcedbytheinternationalcommunity.受國際性食品與健康問題，如瘋牛病(BSE)、口蹄疫(FMD)、二惡英(Dioxin)、禽流感(AvianFlu.)等爆發(fā)的影響，國際社會對食品質(zhì)量安全(foodsafety)的關注程度逐步加強。Duringtheperiodof"twomeeting",inMarch,2001,38representativesofNationalPeoplesCongressunitedtobringupaproposalabouttheagro-foodsafety,andsentoutthequestionaboutwhatwestilldaredtoeat.Thisshowedthattheproblemoftheagro-foodsafetyhadalreadybecomethefocusofpeoplefollowingwithinterestandanimportantquestionforurgentlyneedingtobestudiedandsolvedinfrontofthecentralgovernmentandlocalauthorities.在2001年3月的“兩會”期間,38名全國人大代表聯(lián)合提出了關于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全問題的提案,并發(fā)出“我們還敢吃什么”的疑問。由此可見,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全問題已經(jīng)成為老百姓關注的焦點，并已成為擺在各級政府面前的一