北京體育大學(xué)考博英語模擬測試及其解析

北京體育大學(xué)考博英語模擬測試及其解析Oneofthebasiccharacteristicsofcapitalismistheprivateownershipofthemajormeansofproductioncapital.Theownershipoflargeamountsofcapitalcanbring1profits,aswellaseconomicandpoliticalpower.Somerecenttheorists,2,havearguedthatoursocietyhasmovedtoanewstageof3thattheycall“postGengduoyuanxiaowanzhengkaoboyingyuzhentijiqijiexiqinglianxiquanguomianfeizixundianhua:silinglingliuliubaliujiuqiba,huojiazixunqq:qiqierliuqibawusanqiindustrial”society.Oneimportantchangeinsuchasocietyisthattheownershipof4amountsofcapitalisnolongertheonlyoreventhemostimportant5ofprofitsandinfluence;knowledgeaswellas6capitalbringsprofitsandinfluence.Therearemany7withthethesisabove,nottheleastof8isthatwealthycapitalistscanbuytheexpertsandknowledgetheyneededtokeeptheirprofitsandinfluence.Butthisdoesnot9theimportanceofknowledgeinanadvancedindustrialsociety,asthe10ofsomenewindustrialindicates.11,geneticengineeringandthenewcomputertechnologyhave12manynewfirmsandmadesomescientistsquiterich.In13withcriticismofthepostindustrialsocietythesis,however,itmustalsobe14thatthosealreadyincontrolofhugeamountsofcapital(i.e.,majorcorporationssoon15totakemostprofitsintheseindustriesbasedonnewknowledge.Movingdownfromthelevelofwealthandpower,westillfindknowledgeincreasingly16.Manynewhigh-techjobsarebeingcreatedattheupper-middle-classlevel,butevenmorenewjobsarebeingcreatedinthelow-skill,low-payingservice17.Somethinglikeacastelineisemergingcenteredaroundknowledge.Individualswhofalltoofarbehindinthe18ofknowledgeatayoungagewillfinditalmostimpossibletocatchlater,nomatterhowhardtheytry.IlliteracyintheEnglishlanguagehasbeenasevere19formanyyearsintheUnitedStates,butwearealsomovingtothepointwhencomputerilliteracywillhindermanymorepeopleand20themtoalifeoflow-skillandlow-paidlabor.1.[A]quantitative[B]extensive[C]comprehension[D]sophisticated2.[A]moreover[B]however[C]therefore[D]nevertheless3.[A]aggression[B]proficiency[C]productivity[D]evolution4.[A]dominant[B]impressive[C]magnificent[D]significant5.[A]source[B]factor[C]component[D]element6.[A]adequate[B]profitable[C]material[D]spiritual7.[A]advantages[B]consequences[C]problems[D]potentials8.[A]them[B]those[C]which[D]that9.[A]deny[B]refuse[C]admit[D]acknowledge10.[A]emergence[B]innovation[C]extinction[D]discovery11.[A]Inaddition[B]Forexample[C]Aboveall[D]Inshort12.[A]produced[B]created[C]improved[D]facilitated13.[A]line[B]need[C]doubt[D]match14.[A]idealized[B]recognized[C]supervised[D]summarized15.[A]steppedin[B]settleddown[C]leanedover[D]turnedout16.[A]accessible[B]important[C]popular[D]abundant17.[A]enterprises[B]employment[C]professions[D]industries18.[A]control[B]mastery[C]search[D]pursuit19.[A]handicap[B]penalty[C]inconvenience[D]shortcoming20.[A]enforce[B]punish[C]confine[D]condemnSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40pointsText1HalftheworldspopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015,researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakit,saysaBritishCouncilestimate.Otherlanguages,suchasFrench,riskbecomingthecasualtiesofthis“l(fā)inguisticglobalization”.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglishlanguageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccess,saysDavidGraddol,authorofthereport,TheFutureofEnglish.Mr.GraddolsresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglishlanguageteachingaroundtheworld.Thelecturer,whohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25years,saidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050.ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducation,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(Unescooneducationprovision,demographicprojections,governmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernmentspolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin.Basedonitsfindings,Mr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.“Manygovernments,especiallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependence,areintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner.”“ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworld,andforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforwork,includinglucrative(profitableoutsourcingcontracts,Englishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon.”Thepotentialbonanza(sourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademia,andmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage.Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.“Englishlanguagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthen,”hesaid,“Increasingly,asEnglishspreadacrosstheglobe,morepeoplewillbecomebilingual,evenmultilingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages.”ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreading,andtheworld,farfrombeingdominatedbyEnglish,wastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.Graddolsaid,“Chinese,ArabicandSpanishareallpopular,andlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture.”21.ItisestimatedthatinadecadeEnglishwillbe[A]activelystudiedbyover200millionpeople.[B]freelyspokenbyglobalEnglishlearners.[C]popularwithover80%ofworldinhabitants.[D]reallymasteredby50%ofpeopleworldwide.22.Accordingtothetext,“l(fā)inguisticglobalization”will[A]eliminateFrenchfromtheglobe.[B]defeatotherEuropeanlanguages.[C]failalllanguagesexceptEnglish.[D]makeEnglishthebiggestwinner.23.DavidGraddolpredictsthatthethrivingperiodofEnglishwill[A]terminatewithinhalfacentury.[B]climaxinthemiddleofthecentury.[C]endurefornolessthanfivedecades.[D]quittillthebeginningofthe2050s.24.Thereport“TheFutureofEnglish”factoredinallofthefollowingEXCEPT[A]theeducationalconditionandpolicy.[B]thedirectionsanddesignsofUnesco.[C]thestatisticsaboutpopulation.[D]themovementsofoverseasstudents.35.Thewriterofthereportdeemsthatoutsourcingisto[A]resultintheincreaseofEnglishsubjects.[B]leadtothedropofinterestinEnglishstudy.[C]accountforthefurtherspreadofEnglish.[D]bringabouttransitionincollegecurricula.Text2PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainingtobeawizardattheHogwartsschoolofmagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheworldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20th,hisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof“HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix”.Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.Relatedtoys,games,DVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania.YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousone,inwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.Whileanexcitablemedia(herebyincludingTheEconomist,happytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalizationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovel,aboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishers(ScholasticinAmericaandBritain’sBloomsburyinEnglishelsewherehaveorganizedisareadingbyMsRowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHall,tobebroadcastasalivewebcast.Hollywood,whichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPotter,saysitisdoingevenless.Incredibleasitmayseem,theguardiansofthebrandsaythat,toprotectthePotterfranchise,theyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Well,relativelylow.MsRowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrothers,partofAOLTimeWarner,givingthestudioexclusivefilm,licensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500,000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimages,fromwhichMsRowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen―ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilm,whichboostsbooksales,whichliftssalesofPotterproducts.Globally,thefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice.Thisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasure,especiallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeovercommercialized.Inlinewithherwishes,Warnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycareful,atleastbyHollywoodstandards,aboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCocaCola,insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncans,andisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammeevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall.ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto“OrderofthePhoenix”;noryetfor“HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban”,thefilmofthethirdbook,whichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMsRowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialproperty,onewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitz,saysDianeNelson,thestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvital,sheadds,thatwithmoretocome,readersofthebooksarenotalienated.“Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwaning.”26.Whentheauthorsays“therewillbenoescapingPottermania”,heimpliesthat.[A]HarryPotter’sappealforthereadersissimplyirresistible[B]itissomewhatirrationaltobesocrazyaboutthemagicboy[C]crazeaboutHarryPotterwillnotbeoverinthenearfuture[D]Hogwartsschoolofmagicwillbethebiggestattractionworldover27.MsRowling’sreadinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHallismentionedtoshow.[A]publishersarereallyadventurousinmanagingthePotter’sbusiness[B]businessesareactuallymorecrediblethanmediainPotter’sworld[C]themediaarepromotingPottermaniamoreactivelythanHollywood[D]businessesinvolvedwithPotteraremovingalonginanunusualway28.Theauthorbelievesthat.[A]Britain’sSundayTimesrichlistisnotveryconvincingasitsounds[B]TimeWarner’smanagementoflicensesisabitovercommercialized[C]otherfirmsmayproducegoodsusingHarryPotterimagesatwill[D]whatMsRowlinggotinreturnforherofferingtoWarnerisarealbargain29.Paragraph4intendsmainlytoshowWarner’s.[A]determinationtopromotePotter[B]consistenceinconductingbusiness[C]highregardforMsRowling’srequest[D]carefulrestrictionsonlicensingtoCoco-Cola30.Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]productsofPotterfilmshavebroughtenormousprofitstoWarner[B]currentHollywood’smarketingofPottermaydamageitspotential[C]readerscouldgettiredofMsRowling’swritingssoonerorlater[D]WarnerwillmaintainthesamestrategywithPotterinfutureText3WhataccountsfortheastoundingpopularityofDr.PhilMcGraw?WhyhavesomanyTVviewersandbookbuyersembracedthistoughwarriorofapsychologistwhotellsthemtosuckitupanddealwiththeirownproblemsratherthancomplainingandblamingeveryoneelse?Obviously,OprahWinfreyhasalottodowithit.Shemadehimfamouswithregularappearancesonhershow,andisco-producingthenew"Dr.Phil"showthat’slikelytobethehottestnewdaytimeofferingthisfall.ButwedecidedtoputDr.Philonthecovernotjustbecausehe’saphenomenon.WethinkhissuccessmayreflectaninterestingshiftintheAmericanspiritoftime.Coulditbethatwe’refinallygettingtiredofthecultureofvictimology?Thisisatrickysubject,becausethereareverysadrealvictimsamongus.Menstillabusewomeninalarmingnumbers.Racismanddiscriminationpersistinsubtleandnot-so-subtleforms.Butthesedays,almostanyonecanfindatherapistorlawyertoassurethemthattheirprofessionalrelationshiporhealthproblemsaren’ttheirfault.AsMarcPeysertellsusinhisterrificprofileofDr.Phil,theTVsuitswereinitiallyafraidaudienceswouldbeoffendedbyhissternadviceto"getreal!"Infact,viewersthirstedforthetoughtalk.Privately,weallknowwehavetotakeresponsibilityfordecisionswecontrol.Itmaynotberevolutionaryadvice(andmayleaveoutimportantfactorslikeunconsciousimpulses.Butit’sstillanimportantmessagewithclearechoingas,ayearlater,wecontemplatethepersonallessonsofSeptember11.Backattheranch(livestockfarm-theoneinCrawford,Texas-PresidentBushcontinuedtoissuemixedsignalsonIraq.HefinallypromisedtoconsultalliesandCongressbeforegoingtowar,andsignaledanattackisn’tcomingrightnow("I’mapatientman".Butsofartherehasbeenlittleconsensus-building,evenastheadministrationtalksof"regimechange"andpositionstroopsinthegulf.Bush’steamalsoridiculedthepressforgivingsomuchcoveragetotheIraqissue.DefenseSecretaryRumsfeldcalledita"frenzy,"andPressSecretaryAriFleischerdismisseditas"self-inflictedsilliness."ButasMichaelHirshnotesinourleadstory,muchofthedebatehasbeeninsidetheRepublicanParty,whereimportantvoicesofexperienceargueBushneedstopreparedomesticandworldopinionandthinkthroughtheglobalconsequencesbeforemovingforward.Withsomuchatstake,themediashouldn’tpayattention?Nowwho’sbeingsilly?31.Facedwithdiversifiedissuesofinjustice,Dr.PhilMcGrawadvisedthatpeopleshould__.[A]stronglyvoicetheircondemnationofthoseresponsible[B]directlyprobetherootoftheirvictimization[C]carefullyexaminetheirownproblems[D]sincerelyexpresstheirsympathyforthevictims32.Onepossibleresponse,whentheprogram"Dr.Phil"wasfirstpresentedonTV,thatpeoplewereafraidofwas_____.[A]suspicion[B]satisfaction[C]indifference[D]indignation33.Theword"tough"(Line7,Paragraph2mostprobablymeans_____.[A]piercingtothetruth[B]usingvulgarlanguage[C]meanandhostile[D]difficulttounderstand34.Theauthoradvisesthepublicto_____.[A]leaveoutfactorssuchasunconsciousimpulses[B]drawlessonsoftheirownfromSeptember11[C]responddecisivelytoSeptember11tragedy[D]acceptdecisionsbeyondourcontrol35.Withaseriesofquestionsattheendofthetext,theauthor_____.[A]feelsuncertainofwhathisownopinionis[B]differentiatestwoconflictingviews[C]criticizestheBushAdministration[D]arguesfortheUSpolicyonIraqText4WiththeextensionofdemocraticrightsinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishment,anewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatus,butaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudents,thegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenborn,buttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waiting,butthejourneymanapprenticeforupwardmobility.Inthenineteenthcenturyacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnon-Anglo-Saxon,working-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses.Andwiththisshift,educationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectwastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation.Forthegentleman-in-waiting,virtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyle,indoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessness,awkwardness,inbehavinginappropriately,discourteously,orostentatiously.Fortheapprentice,however,virtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardwork.Therequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstyle,butdrive,determination,andasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentleman,frugality,thrift,andself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprentice.Andwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhigh,theapprenticewascontinuallybecoming,striving,strugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstill,notrising.36.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?[A]Democraticideasstartedwitheducation.[B]Federalistswereopposedtoeducation.[C]Neweducationhelpedconfirmpeople’ssocialstatus.[D]Oldeducationhadbeenintunewithhierarchicalsociety.37.Thedifferencebetween"gentleman-in-waiting"and"journeyman"isthat_____.[A]educationtrainedgentleman-in-waitingtoclimbhigherladders[B]journeymanwasreadytotakewhateverwasgiventohim[C]gentleman-in-waitingbelongedtoafixedandhighsocialclass[D]journeymancoulddopracticallynothingwithouteducation38.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,land-grantCollege_____.[A]belongedtotheland-owningclass[B]enlargedthescopeofeducation[C]wasprovidedonlytothepoor[D]benefitedallbuttheupperclass39.Whichofthefollowingwasthemostimportantfora"gentleman-in-waiting"?[A]Manners.[B]Education.[C]Moral.[D]Personality.40.Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____.[A]EducationandProgress[B]OldandNewSocialNorms[C]NewEducation:OpportunitiesforMore[D]DemeritsofHierarchicalSocietyPartBSampleoneDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelishA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoicesthatdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10pointsAsmoreandmorematerialfromotherculturesbecameavailable,Europeanscholarscametorecognizeevengreatercomplexityinmythologicaltraditions.EspeciallyvaluablewastheevidenceprovidedbyancientIndianandIraniantextssuchastheBhagavad-GitaandtheZend-Avesta.Fromthesesourcesitbecameapparentthatthecharacterofmythsvariedwidely,notonlybygeographicalregionbutalsobyhistoricalperiod.(41__________HearguedthattherelativelysimpleGreekmythofPersephonereflectstheconcernsofabasicagriculturalcommunity,whereasthemoreinvolvedandcomplexmythsfoundlaterinHomeraretheproductofamoredevelopedsociety.Scholarsalsoattemptedtotievariousmythsoftheworldtogetherinsomeway.Fromthelate18thcenturythroughtheearly19thcentury,thecomparativestudyoflanguageshadledtothereconstructionofahypotheticalparentlanguagetoaccountforstrikingsimilaritiesamongthevariouslanguagesofEuropeandtheNearEast.Theselanguages,scholarsconcluded,belongedtoanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.ExpertsonmythologylikewisesearchedforaparentmythologythatpresumablystoodbehindthemythologiesofalltheEuropeanpeoples.(42__________Forexample,anexpressionlike"maidendawn"for"sunrise"resultedfirstinpersonificationofthedawn,andtheninmythsabouther.Laterinthe19thcenturythetheoryofevolutionputforwardbyEnglishnaturalistCharlesDarwinheavilyinfluencedthestudyofmythology.Scholarsresearchedonthehistoryofmythology,muchastheywoulddigfossil-bearinggeologicalformations,forremainsfromthedistantpast.(43__________Similarly,BritishanthropologistSirJamesGeorgeFrazerproposedathree-stageevolutionaryschemeinTheGoldenBough.AccordingtoFrazer’sscheme,humanbeingsfirstattributednaturalphenomenatoarbitrarysupernaturalforces(magic,laterexplainingthemasthewillofthegods(religion,andfinallysubjectingthemtorationalinvestigation(science.TheresearchofBritishscholarWilliamRobertsonSmith,publishedinLecturesontheReligionoftheSemites(1889,alsoinfluencedFrazer.ThroughSmith’swork,Frazercametobelievethatmanymythshadtheiroriginintheritualpracticesofancientagriculturalpeoples,forwhomtheannualcyclesofvegetationwereofcentralimportance.(44__________Thisapproachreacheditsmostextremeformintheso-calledfunctionalismofBritishanthropologistA.R.Radcliffe-Brown,whoheldthateverymythimpliesaritual,andeveryritualimpliesamyth.Mostanalysesofmythsinthe18thand19thcenturiesshowedatendencytoreducemythstosomeessentialcore-whethertheseasonalcyclesofnature,historicalcircumstances,orritual.Thatcoresupposedlyremainedoncethefancifulelementsofthenarrativeshadbeenstrippedaway.Inthe20thcentury,investigatorsbegantopaycloserattentiontothecontentofthenarrativesthemselves.(45__________[A]German-bornBritishscholarMaxMüllerconcludedthattheRig-VedaofancientIndia-theoldestpreservedbodyofliteraturewritteninanIndo-Europeanlanguage-reflectedtheearlieststagesofanIndo-Europeanmythology.M?llerattributedalllatermythstomisunderstandingsthatarosefromthepicturesquetermsinwhichearlypeoplesdescribednaturalphenomena.[B]Themythandritualtheory,asthisapproachcametobecalled,wasdevelopedmostfullybyBritishscholarJaneEllenHarrison.UsinginsightgainedfromtheworkofFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheim,Harrisonarguedthatallmythshavetheiroriginincollectiveritualsofasociety.[C]AustrianpsychoanalystSigmundFreudheldthatmyths-likedreams-condensethematerialofexperienceandrepresentitinsymbols.[D]ThisapproachcanbeseenintheworkofBritishanthropologistEdwardBurnettTylor.InPrimitiveCulture(1871,Tylororganizedthereligiousandphilosophicaldevelopmentofhumanityintoseparateanddistinctevolutionarystages.[E]ThestudiesmadeinthisperiodwereconsolidatedintheworkofGermanscholarChristianGottolobHeyne,whowasthefirstscholartousetheLatintermmyths(insteadoffibula,meaning"fable"torefertothetalesofheroesandgods.[F]GermanscholarKarlOtfriedM?llerfollowedthislineofinquiryinhisProlegomenatoaScientificMythology,1825.SampleTwoDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions4145,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAGtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points\[A\]ChinesecultureandWesternculturesarepolarizedinmanyaspects.Communicationmightappeareasywheretheysharecommonalities,butunfortunatelytherearemanyculturalgaps.Bridgingthemisalwaysadifficultproblem,sometimesevenanimpossibility.\[B\]Onthecontrary,traditionalChineseareapttorefertooneselfwithexpressionslike“yourunderling(zaixia,在下”,“myhumbleself(biren,鄙人”,“thepoortalented(bucai,不才”,“thebaseone(jianren,賤人”,“yourservant(nubi,奴婢”;andevenemperorswouldrefertothemselvesas“theonewholacksmorality(guaren,寡人”or“thesolitary(gu,孤”,showingamentalityofselfrestraint,selfdiscipline,andrespectforothers.\[C\]Ihavehadtheunhappyexperienceatcustomsofficeswherewithouthesitationforeignersoften“kindlyhelped”metochangemynameorder.Forthis,Iwouldalwaysargueandfightwiththemuntilthenameorderwaschangedback.Nowadays,manyChinesemakeitamatterofcoursetoacceptWesterncustomsintheirwayofselfintroduction.ButforeignersdonotnecessarilyacknowledgethecontraryChinesecustoms.Manypotentialcultureclashesareactuallyrootedinsuchmisreadingsandprejudices.\[D\]Also,theordersoflistingnamesandaddressesforChineseandWesternersareactuallyopposite,whichmaybetakentorevealthatChinesetendtorespectwholenessandcollectiveness,andtheirthinkingpatternismoreoftenfrombigtosmall,andfrommacrotomicro.Meanwhile,Westernerstendtorespectsubdividedpartsandindividuals,moreoftenmovingfromsmalltobig,andfrommicrotomacro.WhenChinesepresenttheirnames,theyputsurnamesbeforetheirowngivennames,thusshowingrespecttotheirancestors.Westernersactinacontraryway,showingselfrespect.\[E\]Alanguageepitomizesthecognitivepatternofaworldview.Anynewlanguageonehaslearnedisasgoodasanewwayoneviewstheworld.Importantvaluesareusuallyembeddedwithinlanguages,whichtosomeextentaffectourfortunesateverymoment.Theextentthatonecanbreakoutoflanguageobstaclesisameasureofone’scapacitytobreakawayfrombondagesofone’sownfortune.\[F\]Beforewehaveaclearideaoftheaboveproblem,itmightbemisleadingorextremisttodiscusssuchtopicsaswhetherweshouldmaintainthetraditionalChineseethicalandpoliticalsystemsasthecoreofChineseculturewhilemakinguseofWesternscienceandtechnologyasthepracticalmeanstostrengthenChina\[zhongtixiyong,中體西用\]orwhetherweshouldmainlyadoptWesternethicalandpoliticalsystemstoimproveChineseculture\[xitizhongyong,西體中用\].\[G\]ThegreatdisparitiesbetweenChineseandWesternculturescanbeidentifiedeveninsomeeverydaylinguisticusages,ChineseorWestern.Forexample,inEnglish,theonlypronounthatiscapitalizedis“I”.Capitalizationisanemphasis.Nodoubt,acapitalized“I”stressesegocentrismorindividualismasavalue,withitsimplicationsofselfdependence,selfstrengthening,selfinterestednessandselfimportance.Order:E→41→42→43→44→45→CSampleThreeDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutanimation,followedbyalistofexplanations.ChoosethebestexplanationfromthelistAFforeachnumberedsubheading(4145.Thereisoneextraexplanationwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10pointsAnimationisakindofmotionpicturescreatedbyrecordingaseriesofstillimages—ofdrawings,objects,orpeopleinvariouspositionsofincrementalmovement—thatwhenplayedbacknolongerappearindividuallyasstaticimagesbutcombinetoproducetheillusionofunbrokenmotion.Thetermanimationappliestocreationsonfil