二輪總復(fù)習(xí)作業(yè)課時(shí)作業(yè)：第一版塊+閱讀理解+作業(yè)四

好好努力夢想終會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)好好努力夢想終會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)語篇閱讀高分練（四）第一組（2019?北京二模）Don'tputitoff,doitnow!Whydowespendsomuchtimenotdoingtheworkweshoulddo,orputtingoffsmalljobsthathavepileduptocreateabigproblem?Procrastinating,asputtingthingsofflikethisiscalled,isinourcharacterwehavenaturallysincebirth;weavoiddullordifficultjobsuntilit'stoolatetodoanythingelse.“Weoftenputthingsoffalthoughweknowitwillmakelifemorestressful，”saysDr.Steel,anauthorityonthescienceofmotivation.“Ifthesetaskswerefun,we'djustdothemnow.Weputoffwhatisdifficultorunpleasant,suchasthepaperworkthatneedsdoingbeforeleavingtheofficeorcleaningthebitsofyourhomethatpeoplecan'tsee.Butthefactis,thelesspeopleprocrastinate,themoremoneytheyhave,thebetterrelationshipstheyhave,andthehealthiertheyare.”Thisisobviouswhenyoulookatthecoupleswhodon'targueaboutwhetheranyonehascleanedthekitchen,andthepeoplewhosimplygoforaruninsteadofendlesslyreschedulingitintheirheads.Ofcourse,therearetherestofus,whofeelthesmalljobspilinguparoundusdaily.“We'veevolvedtorespondtothemoment,andnottosetoursightstoofarinanuncertainworld，”Dr.Steeladds.“Wearenotsetuptoappreciatelong－termrewards,whetherit'sthebenefitofafour－

yeardegree,doingexerciseordieting.Weusuallyfeelthecostnowandtherewardcomesmuchlater.”AccordingtoDr.Steel,wehavetwodecision－makingsystems.Theyarethelimbic,whichisresponsiblefortheshortterm,andtheprefrontalcortex,whichdealswiththefuture.Webouncebetweenlong－termgoalsandshort－termtemptations,soweneedgoalsthatwilltranslateourplansforthelimbicsystem.Let'staketheexampleofstudents'writingessays.Theyshouldsetthemselvestargetsandwordcountsperday.Thesearethusturnedfromseeminglyendlesstasksintosomethingconcretewithmeasuredprogress.Dr.Steelrecommendssuchtechniques,or“pre－commitments”，addingthatleavingyouamonthbeforethe“deadline”makesitmorelikelyataskwillbecompleted.Thebenefitisthatyou'llavoidtheembarrassmentofnotfollowinguponsomethingpeopleareexpectingyoutodo—tellingeveryoneyouaregoingtotakeupjoggingmakesyoumorelikelytodoso.worthmakingsureyouhaveeverythinginplace.“Successfulpeopledon'tpretendtheydon'tprocrastinate，”Dr.Steelsays.“Peoplewhopretendtheyhavewillpowerarelesssuccessful.”Instead,planforprocrastination:makeyourworkenvironmentatempleofproductivitybycuttingoutwhatstopsyoupayingyourattention,soyoucanreallyfocusonmovingforward.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutprocrastinationinParagraph1?Itissomethingmanypeoplecan'thelp.Itisanexcusepeopleoftenuseinpublic.Itiscausedbythetechnologyinpeople'slife.Itismorecommonwhenpeoplehavesmalljobstodo.InParagraph3,Dr.Steelbelievesthatpeoplewhoprocrastinateshould.attempttoovercometheirnaturaltendenciestaketheadviceofothersinthesamesituationbeawarethattheirproblemisrelativelysmallfindoutmoreaboutthewaytheymakedecisionsWhydoesDr.Steelrecommendmaking“pre－commitments”inParagraph4?Theyareanalternativetoimpossiblegoals.Theymakechallengesfeelmoremanageable.Theyareaneffectivewayofimpressingothers.Theyallowpeopletoachievetheiraimssooner.Whatdoestheauthordobysayingtheunderlinedsentence?Encouragethereadertodevelopplanseffectively.Advisethereadertodealwithcomplextasksquickly.Warnthereaderagainstspendingtoolonggettingorganized.Remindthereadertotakethetimetofocusproperlyonatask.答案與解析【語篇解讀】本文屬于議論文，主要介紹拖延癥的影響以及處理拖延癥需要注意的事項(xiàng)。1.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Procrastinating,asputtingthingsofflikethisiscalled,isinourcharacterwehavenaturallysincebirth;weavoiddullordifficultjobsuntilit'stoolatetodoanythingelse.”可知，拖延癥是我們出生就在我們性格里面的東西，我們逃避一些枯燥或者困難的事情直到太晚而什么都做不了，故可知，拖延癥是很多人無法擺脫的，因?yàn)樘焐陀校蔬xA項(xiàng)。答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的"We'veevolvedtorespondtothemoment,andnottosetoursightstoofarinanuncertainworld”可知，我們已經(jīng)進(jìn)化到對當(dāng)下做出反應(yīng)，而不是把我們的目光放在一個(gè)不確定的世界里太遠(yuǎn)，故可知，要克服拖延癥，還必須要克服天性，故選A項(xiàng)。答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的"Thesearethusturnedfromseeminglyendlesstasksintosomethingconcretewithmeasuredprogress.Dr.Steelrecommendssuchtechniques,or‘pre－commitments'，addingthatleavingyouamonthbeforethe‘deadline'makesitmorelikelyataskwillbecompleted.”可知，pre-commitments就是把一些似乎無盡的任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換成一些可以量化進(jìn)步的具體事務(wù)，在截止日期前給自己一個(gè)月的時(shí)間讓任務(wù)完成得可能性更高，故可知，precommitments會(huì)讓自己要做的事情更可控，故選B項(xiàng)。4.答案C解析推理判斷題。本句意思為，最終解決拖延癥落實(shí)到了計(jì)劃，但是如果不小心，計(jì)劃本身就會(huì)成為拖延癥的一種表現(xiàn)，故可知，要計(jì)劃，計(jì)劃之后要立即落實(shí)，故作者說這句話的意義在于警告計(jì)劃不能太拖延，故選C項(xiàng)。(2019?天津模擬)AlbertEinsteinsaid,“Onlyalifelivedforothersisworthliving.”Howdoesthisjoboffersound?You'llneedtobeavailableonshortnotice,includinglateatnightandonweekends.Youcouldbeaskedtodoanythingfromhelpingatcommunityeventstorespondingtolife－threateningemergencies(sometimesputtingyourownsafetyatrisk).Thisjobalsoinvolvesalotofregulartraining.Oh,andyouwon'tbepaidforanyofthis.Wouldyoutakethejob?Thisjobmightnotnecessarilyappealtoeveryone,butifthissoundslikeanopportunityyou'deagerlyaccept,thenyou'dfitrightinwithWesternAustralia's26，000emergencyservicevolunteers.Theemergencyservicesaren'ttheonlyindustrybenefitingfromvolunteers.AcrossbothAustraliaandAmerica,betweenaquarterandhalfofthepopulationvolunteereachyearinareasincludingeducation,sports,health,religion,andsocialservices.Whatmotivatespeopletovolunteer?Yes,volunteersdon'tgetpaid.Butitdoesn'tmeanpeopledon'tgetbenefitsfromvolunteering.Indeed,researchshowstherearesignificantmentalhealthbenefitscomingwithvolunteering.Itcanbeameanstomakenewfriends,buildnewskillsortrythingsoutofyourcomfortzone.Itcanalsobeameanstohelplovedones.Acaseissomeoneclosetomewhorecentlylostherhusbandtoadisease.Whenherhusbandwasadmittedtoanursingfacility,shedecidedtovolunteerforthepatientadvocacycommittee.Shefoundgreatsupportandfeltshecouldmakeadifferenceinthelivesofthepatients.Afterherhusband'spassing,shedecidedtocontinuevolunteeringforthecommitteenotonlyasawaytoshowgratitudeforthegreatcareherhusbandreceivedbutalsobecauseshemadefriendsthere.Shefoundawaytoputhercareerskillstouseforthecommongoodandkeepactiveafterretirement.Therearecountlesswaystovolunteer.Nomatterhowyoudoit,itisdefinitelywortheveryminuteyouputintoit.Ifwearecommittedto“thisjob”describedinPara.2,wearealwaysindangeroflosingourlivesoncall24hoursaday,7daysaweekbusyprovidingfirst－aidtrainingincommunitiesgoingtoworkonweekendsandrestonweekdaysWhatdoestheauthormainlytellusinthethirdparagraph?Noteveryoneisfittobeavolunteer.Manyindustriesintheworldneedvolunteers.ManyemergencyservicesexistinWesternAustralia.ManypeopledevotethemselvestovolunteeringinAustraliaandAmerica.Wecancometotheconclusionthatvolunteering.isawin－winsituationbenefitsboththebodyandthemindspreadsquicklyamongpeopleishardtosticktowithoutrewardsTheauthor'sfriendkeptvolunteeringafterherhusband'sdeathforherinteresttolearncareerskillstostayhelpfulandrelatedtopeople

asameanstogetoverhergreatlossbecauseitwasherhusband'slastwillWhatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassage?Toencouragevolunteering.Toadvertiseajobopportunity.Toexpressgratitudetovolunteers.Togiveadviceonvolunteering.答案與解析文章結(jié)構(gòu)】Para.「用愛因斯坦的話——貝有為別人而活的生命才有價(jià)值，引出做志愿者的話題主題：豉勵(lì)人01做｛志愿者Para,2；介紹志愿者工作的性質(zhì)：隨叫隨到■.無主題：豉勵(lì)人01做｛志愿者Para.3：介紹志愿者服務(wù)的現(xiàn)狀；在澳大利亞和美國.許多人致力于志愿脫務(wù)Para.43介紹當(dāng)志愿者的好處自.5；呼吁人們當(dāng)志愿者語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要講述做志愿者的好處，鼓勵(lì)人們做志愿者。1.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“You'llneedtobeavailableonshortnotice,includinglateatnightandonweekends.”（你需要一接到通知就得有空，包括深夜和周末。）可知，如果我們致力于第2段所述的“這項(xiàng)工作”，我們每周7天、每天24小時(shí)隨叫隨到。故選B項(xiàng)。2.答案D解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段中“AcrossbothAustraliaandAmerica,betweenaquarterandhalfofthepopulationvolunteereachyearinareasincludingeducation,sports,health,religion,andsocialservices.”（在澳大利亞和美國，每年有四分之一到一半的人口在教育、體育、健康、宗教和社會(huì)服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域志愿服務(wù)。）可知，在澳大利亞和美國，許多人致力于志愿服務(wù)。故選D項(xiàng)。3.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Indeed,researchshowstherearesignificantmentalhealthbenefitscomingwithvolunteering.Itcanbeameanstomakenewfriends,buildnewskillsortrythingsoutofyourcomfortzone.Itcanalsobeameanstohelplovedones.（事實(shí)上，硏究表明志愿服務(wù)對心理健康有很大的好處。它可以是一種結(jié)交新朋友、培養(yǎng)新技能或嘗試新事物的方式。它也可以是幫助所愛的人的一種方式。）”可知，當(dāng)志愿者既讓被幫助的人受益，又讓志愿者本人受益，這是一個(gè)雙贏的局面。故選A項(xiàng)。4.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Afterherhusband'spassing,shedecidedtocontinuevolunteeringforthecommitteenotonlyasawaytoshowgratitudeforthegreatcareherhusbandreceivedbutalsobecauseshemadefriendsthere.（在她丈夫去世后’她決定繼續(xù)擔(dān)任委員會(huì)的志愿者，這不僅是為了表達(dá)對她丈夫受到的極大關(guān)懷的感激之情，也是因?yàn)樗谀抢锝Y(jié)交了朋友。）”可知，作者的朋友在她丈夫死后繼續(xù)做志愿服務(wù)，以保持樂于助人的精神和與人們的交往。故選B項(xiàng)。5.答案A解析目的意圖題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Therearecountlesswaystovolunteer.Nomatterhowyoudoit,itisdefinitelywortheveryminuteyouputintoit.（志愿服務(wù)有無數(shù)種方式。不管你怎么做，你投入的每一分鐘都是值得的。）”可知，這篇文章的目的是“鼓勵(lì)人們做志愿者”故選A項(xiàng)。（2019?孝義模擬）Ifyouwanttobeproductive,youmustcompletework.Almosteverythingwedohasmanystagestocompletionandinmanysituations,youdon'tactuallycreatevalueuntilyoufinishthelaststage.Farmerscan'tselltheirgrainuntilitisharvested.Automakerscan'tsellcarsthathavemadeit90%ofthewaythroughtheassemblyline（生產(chǎn)線）.Mostemployersaren'tgoingtopayyouforhavingadegreeunlessyoufinishedthelastclassandgraduated.Nowallthosethingsrequirestarting,butifyouhaveworkinprogress,themostvaluablethingyoucandoistopicksomethingandfinishit.Finishingiswhereyoustartbenefitingfromthevalueyou'vecreated.I'venoticedthatmanysuccessfulpeoplearen'ttheoneswhoarethesmartestorhavethebestideas.Theyareoftentheoneswhodothebestjoboftakinganideaandcompletingit.Agoodideafullycarriedoutisbetterthanagreatideathatnevergetscompleted.Doesthismeanyouneedtofinisheverythingyoustart?Notnecessarily,butifyoudon'tthinksomethingisworthfinishing,behonestwithyourselfandtERminAtetheproject.Don'tleavehundredsofhalffinishedeffortslyingaroundphysicallyormentallyactinglikeyouaregoingtocomebackandpickthemup.Ifyouneedtodropsomething,dosostrategicallyandintentionally.Ifyou'veputsignificanteffortintoaproject,youmaystillbenefitfromfinishingitevenifyouwouldn'tstartitagainbasedonchangedcircumstances.Forexample,ifyouareinyourlastfewmonthsbeforegraduatingfromcollegeandrealizeyoudon'twanttocareerinwhatyouaremajoringin,youprobablyshouldgoaheadandgraduatebecausethereissignificantvalueinhavingthedegree—evenifyoudon'tintendtoactuallyworkinthatfield.Whatprojectsdoyouhavethatarecurrentlyinprogress?Canyoufindsomethingandfinishit?Whydomanypeoplebecomesuccessfulaccordingtotheauthor?Theyarethesmartest.Theyhavethebestideas.Theystartthingssmoothly.Theymakeideasfullycompleted.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“terminate”inParagraph3mean?Develop.B.End.C.Plan.D.Support.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisthecorrectwayofcreatingvalue?Amandecidestofinishallhestartstodo.Farmershurrytoselltheircropsbeforetheyareripe.Acollegestudentchoosestostudyuntilhegetshisdegree.Astudentkeepsahalf－filledstampalbumaroundforfutureuse.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?Finishingvs.StartingWellBegunIsHalfDonePlanningvs.PerformingD.ItIsEasierSaidthanDone答案與解析【語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章作者主要討論了并非所有事情開始了都需要完成。1.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“I'venoticedthatmanysuccessfulpeoplearen'ttheoneswhoarethesmartestorhavethebestideas.Theyareoftentheoneswhodothebestjoboftakinganideaandcompletingit.Agoodideafullycarriedoutisbetterthanagreatideathatnevergetscompleted.”可知，成功的人是那些能夠把自己的好想法付諸實(shí)踐并完成的人。故選D項(xiàng)。2.答案B解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“Notnecessarily,butifyoudon'tthinksomethingisworthfinishing,behonestwithyourselfandterminatetheproject.”可知，開始了的事情未必將要全部完成。如果你認(rèn)為某事不值得做，要忠實(shí)于自己，并可以終止它。故選B項(xiàng)。3.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句可知，除非你完成了最后一門課程并畢業(yè)，否則大多數(shù)雇主不會(huì)為你的學(xué)位支付薪水。因此大學(xué)生選擇學(xué)習(xí)直到獲得學(xué)位是能夠創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的正確方式，故選項(xiàng)C正確。根據(jù)文章第三段前兩句可知，不必完成所有開始了的事情，故選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)文章第一段中“Farmerscan'tselltheirgrainuntilitisharvested.”可知，農(nóng)民們只有等到糧食收割后才能出售他們的糧食，故選項(xiàng)B錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)文章第三段第三句可知，不要把成百上千的半途而廢的工作放著，就好像你要回來把它們撿起來一樣。因此選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)誤。4.答案A解析標(biāo)題判斷題。本文中作者主要討論了并非所有事情開始了都需要完成。所以用標(biāo)題Finishingvs.Starting。古攵選A項(xiàng)。（2019?衡水模擬）Atyournextmeeting,waitforapauseinconversationandtrytomeasurehowlongitlasts.AmongEnglishspeakers,chancesarethatitwillbeasecondortwoatmost.Butwhilethispatternmaybeuniversal,ourawarenessofsilencediffersdramaticallyacrosscultures.Whatonecultureconsidersaconfusingorawkwardpausemaybeseenbyothersasavaluablemomentofreflectionandasignofrespectforwhatthelastspeakerhassaid.ResearchinDutch（荷蘭語）andalsoinEnglishfoundthatwhenasilenceinconversationstretchestofourseconds,peoplestarttofeeluneasy.Incontrast,aseparatestudyofbusinessmeetingsfoundthatJapanesepeoplearehappywithsilencesof8.2seconds—nearlytwiceaslongasinAmericans'meetings.InJapan,itisrecognizedthatthebestcommunicationiswhenyoudon'tspeakatall.It'salreadyafailuretounderstandeachotherbyspeakingbecauseyou'rerepairingthatfailurebyusingwords.IntheUS,itmaystartfromthehistoryofcolonial（殖民地的）Americaasacrossroadsofmanydifferentraces.Whenyouhaveacomplexofdifference,it'shardtodevelopcommonunderstandingunlessyoutalkandthere'sunderstandablyakindofanxietyunlesspeopleareverballydevotedtodevelopingacommonlife.ThisappliesalsotosomeextenttoLondon.Incontrast,whenthere'smorehomogeneity,_perhapsit'seasierforsomekindsofsilencetoappear.Forexample,amongyourclosestfriendsandfamilyit'seasiertositinsilencethanwithpeopleyou'relesswellacquaintedwith.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemighthavethelongestsilenceinconversation?TheDutch.B.Americans.C.TheEnglish.D.TheJapanese.WhatmighttheJapaneseagreewithinconversation?Speakingmoregivestheupperhand.Speakoutwhatyouhaveinyourmind.Greatmindsthinkalikewithoutwords.Theshortertalkingsilence,thebetter.Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?Afour－secondsilenceinconversationisuniversal.It'shardforAmericanstoreachacommonagreement.EnglishspeakersaremoretalkativethanJapanesespeakers.Thecloserweandourfamilyare,theeasierthesilenceappears.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“homogeneity”inthelastparagraphmean?Similarity.B.Difference.C.Diversity.D.Misunderstanding.答案與解析【語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。主要講述了談話中的沉默文化。盡管交談中出現(xiàn)停頓是普遍存在的，但我們對沉默的認(rèn)識(shí)在不同的文化中有著巨大的差異。不同的文化中沉默時(shí)間不同，對于沉默的看法也不同。相比而言，親密的朋友和家人之間更容易出現(xiàn)沉默。1.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后兩句可知，當(dāng)沉默時(shí)間到達(dá)4秒時(shí)，荷蘭人和英國人就會(huì)感到不安；而日本人對于8.2秒的沉默時(shí)間感到很滿意；8.2秒是美國人參加會(huì)議時(shí)能夠忍受的沉默時(shí)間的兩倍。故可知日本人可能在談話中有最長沉默時(shí)間。故選D項(xiàng)。2.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段首句“InJapan,itisrecognizedthatthebestcommunicationiswhenyoudon'tspeakatall.”可知，在日本，一般認(rèn)為最好的交流是一句話都不說的時(shí)候。因此推斷日本人認(rèn)為“偉大的心靈，無言而思”。故選C項(xiàng)。3.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句'Forexample,amongyourclosestfriendsandfamilyit'seasiertositinsilencethanwithpeopleyou'relesswellacquaintedwith.”可知/親密的人之間更容易出現(xiàn)沉默，因此我們和家人越親密，沉默越容易出現(xiàn)。故選D項(xiàng)。4.答案A解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)下文的舉例可知，越親密的人，越容易出現(xiàn)沉默，因此推斷畫線句句意是：相比而言，當(dāng)有更多相似時(shí)，也許沉默更容易出現(xiàn)。故畫線詞意思與similarity意義相近。故選A項(xiàng)。第二組（2019?長沙模擬）Thevaluesofartisticworks,accordingtoculturalrelativism（相對主義）,aresimplyreflectionsoflocalsocialandeconomicconditions.Suchaview,however,failstoexplaintheabilityofsomeworksofarttoexcitethehumanmindacrossculturesandthroughcenturies.HistoryhaswitnessedtheendlessproductionsofShakespeareanplaysineverymajorlanguageoftheworld.ItisneverraretofindthatMozartpacksJapaneseconcerthalls,asJapanesepainterHiroshigedoesParisgalleries.Uniqueworksofthiskindaredifferentfromtoday'spopularart,eveniftheybeganasworksofpopularart.Theyhavesetthemselvesapartintheirtimelessappealandwillprobablybeenjoyedforcenturiesintothefuture.Ina1757essay,thephilosopherDavidHumearguedthatbecause“thegeneralprinciplesoftasteareuniform（不變的）inhumannature，”thevalueofsomeworksofartmightbeessentiallypermanent.HeobservedthatHomerwasstilladmiredaftertwothousandyears.Worksofthistype,hebelieved,spoketodeepandunvaryingfeaturesofhumannatureandcouldcontinuetoexistovercenturies.Nowresearchersareapplyingscientificmethodstothestudyoftheuniversalityofart.Forexample,evolutionarypsychologyisbeingusedbyliteraryscholarstoexplainthelong－lastingthemesandplotdevicesinfiction.Thestructuresofmusicalpiecesarenowopentoexperimentalanalysisasneverbefore.Researchfindingsseemtoindicatethatthecreationbyagreatartistisaspermanentanachievementasthediscoverybyagreatscientist.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoweknowaboutculturalrelativism?Itintroducesdifferentculturalvalues.Itexplainsthehistoryofartisticworks.Itrelatesartisticvaluestolocalconditions.Itexcitesthehumanmindthroughouttheworld.InParagraph2,theartistsarementionedinordertoshowthatgreatworksofartcangobeyondnationalboundarieshistorygivesartworksspecialappealtosetthemapartpopularartsarehardlydistinguishablefromgreatartsD.greatartistsareskilledatcombiningvariousculturesAccordingtoHume,someworksofartcanexistforcenturiesbecause.theyareresultsofscientificstudytheyestablishsomegeneralprinciplesofarttheyarecreatedbytheworld'sgreatestartiststheyappealtounchangingfeaturesofhumannatureWhichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthepassage?ArePopularArtsPermanent?AreArtisticValuesUniversal?IsHumanNatureUniform?IsCulturalRelativismScientific?答案與解析【語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。主要討論了藝術(shù)價(jià)值是否是普遍的這個(gè)問題。1.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Thevaluesofartisticworks,accordingtoculturalrelativism（相對主義）,aresimplyreflectionsoflocalsocialandeconomicconditions.”可知，文化相對主義把藝術(shù)價(jià)值與當(dāng)?shù)貤l件聯(lián)系起來。故選C項(xiàng)。2.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段末的“Suchaview,however,failstoexplaintheabilityofsomeworksofarttoexcitethehumanmindacrossculturesandthroughcenturies.”可知“文化相對主義把藝術(shù)價(jià)值與當(dāng)?shù)貤l件聯(lián)系起來”這樣的觀點(diǎn)是無法解釋某些藝術(shù)作品在不同文化和幾個(gè)世紀(jì)中都有著激發(fā)人類心靈的能力的?？梢酝茢喑鲈诘诙纬霈F(xiàn)這些偉大的藝術(shù)家，就是為了說明這些至今還在全世界流行的偉大的藝術(shù)作品可以超越時(shí)間和國界。下文的例子就是對上文觀點(diǎn)的解釋。故選A項(xiàng)。3.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Ina1757essay,thephilosopherDavidHumearguedthatbecause‘thegeneralprinciplesoftasteareuniform（不變的）inhumannature，'thevalueofsomeworksofartmightbeessentiallypermanent.”可知Hume認(rèn)為，一些藝術(shù)作品可以存在幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，是因?yàn)樗麄兎从沉巳诵圆蛔兊奶卣鳌９蔬xD項(xiàng)。4.答案B解析標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要討論了藝術(shù)價(jià)值是否是普遍的這個(gè)問題。特別在文章最后也進(jìn)行了點(diǎn)題“Nowresearchersareapplyingscientificmethodstothestudyoftheuniversalityofart.”，由此可知本文最佳標(biāo)題，故選B項(xiàng)。（2019?重慶模擬）Inmanycountries,authorityisseldomquestioned,eitherbecauseitishighlyrespected,orbecauseitisfeared.Becauserankhasbeenimportantincertainsocietiesforalongtime,peoplehavebeentrainednevertoquestionthoseinauthority.Forexample,childrenarenotexpectedtoquestiontheirteachersinschool.Itmaybeconsideredimproperforyoungbusinessmentosuggestideasthatdifferfromthoseofolder,moreexperiencedmembersofthebusiness.Inothercountries,includingAmerica,childrenaretrainedtoquestionandsearchforanswers.Whenachildasksaquestion,hewilloftenbetoldtogotothelibraryandfindtheanswerforhimself.Bythetimestudentsreachtheageof14or15,theymaybedevelopingexcitingnewideasinallfieldsofscienceandarts.Toencouragesuchcreativity,therearemanynationalprizesofferedtostudentseveryyearfortheirscientificdiscoveriesandartisticaccomplishments.Thisinterestinquestioningandsearchingmaybeconsideredbysomepeopleasbadforyoungpeople'smanners,thatyoungpeoplelackrespectforauthority.ThisimpressionmaybecreatedwhenvisitorsnoticeyoungAmericansaskingquestionsandarguingwitholderpeople.However,thisisbecausemanyAmericanshaveadifferentattitudetowardauthoritythanmayexistinotherareasoftheworld.Inaworkorbusinesssituation,ideasarefreelyandopenlydiscussedandargued.Itisimportanttorememberthatitistheperson'sideasthatarebeingquestioned,nottheindividualhimself.Thetwoarequiteseparate.Thepurposeofthesearching,questioning,andarguingistofindthefactsinaparticularsituation,andthereforeasolution,sothattheworkofthebusinesscanprogressinthemosteffectivemannerpossible.Aswasmentionedearlier,youmaynoticethesamequestioninginsocialconversations.AlthoughsomeindividualmaythinkthatAmericansarerudebecauseofthedirectmannerwithpeople,theyaremerelytryingtolearnmoreaboutyourideas.InmanycountriesauthorityisseldomquestionedforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat.peopleshowgreatrespectforitpeopleareafraidofitpeopledon'tcareaboutitpeoplearenottrainedtoquestionthoseinauthorityNationalprizesareofferedtostudentsinAmericaeveryyearbecause.thestudentsofthisageareverycuriousthestudentsoftengotothelibraryandfindtheanswertoaquestionforthemselvesthestudentsmaybedevelopingexcitingnewideasinallfieldsofscienceandartsthestudentsareencouragedtodeveloptheircreativityFromthetextwecaninferthat.youngpeoplelackrespectforauthorityinAmericawhatmattersisthatthequestioningofauthorityleadstoaneffectivesolutionquestioningapersonisimpoliteandhisideasaswellAmericanyoungpeoplealwaysgivetheimpressionofbeingrudetoothersWhatispossiblythebesttitleofthetext?DevelopingtheQualityofQuestioningRudeorHonest？—TrueAmericansQuestioningtheAuthorityIsImpoliteBadMannersorGoodWays答案與解析【語篇解讀】這是一篇議論文。文章說明了在許多國家，權(quán)威很少受到質(zhì)疑，要么是因?yàn)樗艿礁叨茸鹬兀词且驗(yàn)樗钊宋窇?。但是，對?quán)威的質(zhì)疑有時(shí)會(huì)有助于有效的解決方案。因此本文倡導(dǎo)質(zhì)疑品質(zhì)的發(fā)展。1.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。該題適宜用排除法來解答。根據(jù)第一段可知，在許多國家，權(quán)威很少受到質(zhì)疑，要么是因?yàn)樗艿礁叨茸鹬兀词且驗(yàn)樗钊宋窇?。因?yàn)殚L期以來，等級(jí)在某些社會(huì)中一直很重要，人們也從來沒有學(xué)過去質(zhì)疑這些權(quán)威的東西。因此排除A、B、D三項(xiàng)，故選C項(xiàng)。2.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。答案定位在第二段中“Toencouragesuchcreativity,therearemanynationalprizesofferedtostudentseveryyearfortheirscientificdiscoveriesandartisticaccomplishments.”可知在美國，每年提供給學(xué)生們國家獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生們被鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展他們的創(chuàng)造力，故選D項(xiàng)。3.答案B解析推理判斷題。答案定位在倒數(shù)第二段中“Thepurposeofthesearching,questioning,andarguingistofindthefactsinaparticularsituation,andthereforeasolution,sothattheworkofthebusinesscanprogressinthemosteffectivemannerpossible.”可推知，重要的是，對權(quán)威的質(zhì)疑導(dǎo)致了有效的解決方案，故選B項(xiàng)。4.答案A解析標(biāo)題判斷題。通過閱讀文章，可知這篇文章主要講了探究、質(zhì)疑和爭論的目的是在特定的情況下發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)，即本文倡導(dǎo)質(zhì)疑品質(zhì)的發(fā)展。故選A項(xiàng)。（2019?天津模擬）InsomeislandsnorthofScotland,ifheadlice（頭虱）lefttheirhost,hebecamesickandfeverish.Therefore,sickpeoplehadliceputintheirhairintentionally.Therewasamethodintheirmadness:Assoonasthelicehadsettledinagain,thepatientimproved.Thestoryexplainstheconfusionofcauseandeffect.Iftheliceleavethesickhost,itisbecausehehasafeverandtheysimplygethotfeet,andwhenthefeverbreaks,theyreturn.Suchfalsecausality（假因果關(guān)系）misleadsuseveryday.Considertheheadline:“Fact:WomenWhoUseShampooXYZEveryDayHaveStrongerHair.”Itsaysverylittle—leastofall,thattheshampoomakesyourhairstronger.Itmightsimplybetheotherwayround:WomenwithstronghairtendtouseShampooXYZ—andperhapsthat'sbecauseitsays“especiallyforthickhair”onthebottle.Anotherexample:Scientistsfoundthatlongperiodsinthehospitaldidharmtopatients.But,clearly,patientswhoaredismissedimmediatelyarehealthierthanthosewhomuststayonfortreatment.RecentlyIreadthatstudentsgetbettergradesatschooliftheirhomescontainmanybooks.Thisstudywassurelya_shot_in_the_armforbooksellers,butitwasalsofalsecausality.Thissimpletruthisthateducatedparentstendtovaluetheirchildren'seducationmorethanuneducatedonesdo,andtheyoftenhavemorebooksathome.Inshort,adust－coveredcopyWarandPeacealoneisn'tgoingtoinfluenceanyone'sgrades;whatcountsisparents'educationlevels,aswellastheirgenes.Therewasalsothesupposedrelationshipbetweenthebirthrateandthenumbersofstork（鸛）pairsinGermany.Bothwereindecline,andifyouplot（描繪）themonagraph（曲線圖）,thetwolinesofdevelopmentfrom1965to1987appearedalmostthesame.Doesthismeanthestorksactuallybringbabies?Obviouslynot.Thiswasapurelyaccidentalconnection.Inconclusion:Connectionisnotcausality.Takeacloserlookatlinkedevents:Sometimeswhatispresentedasthecauseturnsouttobetheeffect,orjusttheotherwayround,andsometimesthereisnolinkatall—justlikewithstorksandbabies.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peopleinsomeislandsnorthofScotland.foundawaytogetridofheadliceusedaneffectivemethodtokeepfitmadeheadliceapartoftheirlifediedduetoinfectionswithheadliceWhichisanexampleoffalsecausality?Womenwithstronghairtendtouseacertainshampoo.Thebirthrateandthestorkpopulationareconnected.Longerperiodsinthehospitalbenefitpatients.Licecanmakeapersonsickandfeverish.Theunderlinedphrase“ashotinthearm”inParagraph4meanspainB.defeatC.guidanceD.encouragementAccordingtotheauthor,studentsgetbettergradesprobablybecause.theirhomesarefullofbookstheyhavereadWarandPeacetheireducatedparentsvalueeducationtheirparentsaresuccessfulbooksellersWecandrawtheconclusionfromthepassagethat.connectionsarepureaccidentscauseandeffectareinterdependentconnectionsaremostlycauseandeffectlinkedeventsmayturnouttobeunrelated答案與解析【文章結(jié)構(gòu)】【語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。這篇文章論述的是生活中存在一些假的因果關(guān)系。兩者之間有聯(lián)系不意味著是因果關(guān)系，關(guān)聯(lián)的事件也可能是不相關(guān)的。1.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“InsomeislandsnorthofScotland,ifheadlice（頭虱）lefttheirhost,hebecamesickandfeverish.Therefore,sickpeoplehadliceputintheirhairintentionally.（在蘇格蘭北部的一些島嶼上，如果頭虱離開宿主，他就會(huì)生病發(fā)燒。因此，病人故意把虱子放在頭發(fā)里。）”可知，在蘇格蘭北部的一些島嶼上，人們把頭虱作為生活的一部分。故選C項(xiàng)。2.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第一句“Therewasalsothesupposedrelationshipbetweenthebirthrateandthenumbersofstork（鸛）pairsinGermany.（在德國，嬰兒的出生率和鸛的數(shù)量之間也存在假定的關(guān)系。）”可知，“出生率和鸛的數(shù)量是相關(guān)的?！笔清e(cuò)誤的因果關(guān)系。故選B項(xiàng)。3.答案D解析詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“RecentlyIreadthatstudentsgetbettergradesatschooliftheirhomescontainmanybooks.（最近我讀到，如果學(xué)生的家里有很多書，他們在學(xué)校的成績會(huì)更好。）”可知，這個(gè)研究對書商是一種“鼓勵(lì)”，所以劃線詞的意思是“鼓勵(lì)”。故選D項(xiàng)。4.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Thissimpletruthisthateducatedparentstendtovaluetheirchildren'seducationmorethanuneducatedonesdo（這個(gè)簡單的事實(shí)是，受過教育的父母往往比沒有受過教育的父母更重視孩子的教育）”可知，根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，學(xué)生取得更好的成績可能是因?yàn)樗麄兪苓^教育的父母重視教育。故選C項(xiàng)。5.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，聯(lián)系不是因果關(guān)系。仔細(xì)觀察一下關(guān)聯(lián)事件：“有時(shí)候，作為原因出現(xiàn)的卻是結(jié)果，或者正好相反，有時(shí)候根本沒有關(guān)聯(lián)——就像鶴和嬰兒。”因此，我們可以從這篇文章中得出結(jié)論，關(guān)聯(lián)的事件可能是不相關(guān)的。故選D項(xiàng)。（2019?云南模擬）Forcenturies,peoplehavetriedtoinventaperfectuniversalwrittenlanguageandChinesehasactuallybeenconsideredbefore.FrancisBaconusedtoassumethatalanguagelikeChineseanditswritingsystemwouldhavequalifie