Chapter3藝術(shù)文化娛樂(lè)

第三章文化，藝術(shù)，娛樂(lè)SectionI

英譯中音樂(lè)aria

n.獨(dú)唱曲，詠嘆調(diào)backgroundmusic

n.背景音樂(lè)band

n.樂(lè)隊(duì)baritonen.男中音bass

n.低音部，男低音，低音樂(lè)器beat

n.節(jié)奏，鼓點(diǎn)brass

n.銅管樂(lè)器，或銅管樂(lè)隊(duì)Broadwaymusicals

n.百老匯音樂(lè)劇canon

n.卡農(nóng)，一種樂(lè)曲形式，其中同樣的旋律被一個(gè)或多個(gè)聲部重復(fù)，同一調(diào)或相關(guān)調(diào)彼此在時(shí)間上重合chord

n.和弦，和音composer

n.作家，作曲家concerto

n.協(xié)奏曲conductor

n.管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)、合唱隊(duì)指揮contemporarymusic

n.當(dāng)代音樂(lè)crescendo

n.聲音漸增，漸強(qiáng)decrescendo

n.漸弱dissonanc

n.不諧和音，不一致duet

n.二重奏finale

n.（戲劇的）最后一場(chǎng)，結(jié)局，終曲，（電視劇）最后一集flat

n.[音]降半音foxtrot

n.狐步舞，狐步舞曲fugue

n.[音]賦格曲genre

n.類(lèi)型，流派acidjazz

酸性爵士alternative另類(lèi)（非主流）音樂(lè)，如gaymusic（同性戀音樂(lè)）bluegrass藍(lán)草音樂(lè)--起源于美國(guó)南方的民間音樂(lè)，特色為音樂(lè)輕快和象爵士樂(lè)那樣即興演奏blues

布魯斯歌曲（藍(lán)調(diào)音樂(lè)）Celtic凱爾特音樂(lè)（尤指愛(ài)爾蘭風(fēng)格）classical古典樂(lè)country鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)dance勁爆蹦迪音樂(lè)easylistening輕音樂(lè)electronica電子音樂(lè)environmentalmusic環(huán)境音樂(lè)experimental實(shí)驗(yàn)音樂(lè)folk民族音樂(lè)fusion融合音樂(lè)heavymetal/hardrock重金屬搖滾hip-hop/urban嘻蹦樂(lè)，又譯嘻哈house電子樂(lè)的一種（注：HipHop或Rap源于紐約黑人區(qū)，HouseMusic源于芝加哥，但多為白人所作，同時(shí)HouseMusic主要為強(qiáng)調(diào)BassLine及Drums的音樂(lè)花招，并不涉及文化覺(jué)醒或社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)等主題。）Indie-Rock獨(dú)立音樂(lè)（屬于另類(lèi)音樂(lè)）jazz

爵士樂(lè)JazzBlues爵士布魯斯Latin拉丁樂(lè)musicals音樂(lè)劇NewAge新時(shí)代樂(lè)風(fēng)--以在某些樂(lè)器上寧?kù)o的即興創(chuàng)作為特征的現(xiàn)代音樂(lè)，例如風(fēng)琴、吉它或合成器。以夢(mèng)幻般的悅耳音樂(lè)和民族器樂(lè)的樂(lè)風(fēng)而聞名Punk/Newwave朋克/新浪潮R&B節(jié)奏布魯斯Rap說(shuō)唱Reggae雷鬼樂(lè)，一種風(fēng)格獨(dú)特的牙買(mǎi)加音樂(lè)Retro懷舊音樂(lè)Softrock慢搖滾soulmusic

（美國(guó)黑人）爵士靈歌，

結(jié)合了福音唱詩(shī)以及節(jié)奏布魯斯音樂(lè)的特點(diǎn)soundtrack電影配樂(lè)swing

搖擺樂(lè)，形成于1935年前后的一種流行舞蹈音樂(lè)，以爵士樂(lè)為基礎(chǔ)，但運(yùn)用更簡(jiǎn)單的和聲和節(jié)奏形式以及更大的管樂(lè)隊(duì)Techno強(qiáng)烈動(dòng)感的電子音樂(lè)Trance非常Hi的電子舞曲，迷幻電子樂(lè)gospel

n.福音音樂(lè)harmony

n.[音]和弦，和聲，悅耳的聲音組合hymn

n.贊美詩(shī)，圣歌v.唱贊美歌improvisationn.即席創(chuàng)作lipsynchingv./n.對(duì)口型，假唱lyricsn.抒情詩(shī)，歌詞marchn.[音]進(jìn)行曲melody

n.旋律operan.歌劇opus

n.作品orchestra

n.管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)alargemusicalensembleconsistingofstring,woodwind,brass,andpercussioninstrumentspercussion

n.打擊樂(lè)器，鼓點(diǎn)polka

n.波爾卡舞曲popmusic

n.流行音樂(lè)，通俗音樂(lè)quartet

n.四重奏，四重唱Renaissancen.文藝復(fù)興，有文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的音樂(lè)theperiod

inWesternEuropefrom1400-1600;thestyleofmusicfromthisperiodrepertoire

n.（準(zhǔn)備好演出的）節(jié)目，保留劇目aninventoryofcompositionsmasteredandperformedbyamusicianorensembleRequiemMass

n.安魂曲aMassforthedeadrhumban.（=rumba）倫巴舞蹈，倫巴樂(lè)曲aballroomdance

basedontheAfroCubanrumbarhythmn.節(jié)奏，韻律rockn.搖滾樂(lè)salsan.薩爾薩舞曲，拉丁美洲一種流行舞曲samban.桑巴舞（一種源自非洲的巴西舞）scoren.樂(lè)譜solon.獨(dú)奏曲，獨(dú)唱sonatan.[音]奏鳴曲amultimovementcompositionforsoloinstrument,orinstrumentsandkeyboardaccompanimentsopranon.女高音symphonyn.交響樂(lè)，交響曲tangon.探戈anArgentineandanceinduplemeterwithlong,glidingstepstempo

n.（音樂(lè)）速度、拍子，發(fā)展速度thespeedofthemusic,basedonthebeattenor

n.[音]男高音ahighpitchedmalevoicetheme

n.[音]主題，主題曲，主旋律themeandvariations

n.[音]主題與變奏trio

n.三重唱vocalrange

n.音域waltzn.華爾茲舞，華爾茲舞曲SECTIONII:中譯英2.1中國(guó)文化四大發(fā)明thefourgreatinventionsofancientChina[擴(kuò)展]火藥gunpowder印刷術(shù)printing造紙術(shù)paper-making指南針thecompass中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)家AncientChinesePhilosophers孔子Confucius孟子Mencius老子LaoTzu莊子ChuangTzu墨子MoTzu孫子SunTzu（注：seeattachedforfamousquotationsofAncientChinesePhilosophers引言見(jiàn)附錄）道Tao,“theway”，

theprincipleoftheworkingsoftheuniverse仁humaneness（alsomean:humanity,benevolence,goodness,virtue）四書(shū)TheFourBooks《大學(xué)》TheGreatLearning《中庸》TheDoctrineoftheMean《論語(yǔ)》TheAnalectsofConfucius《孟子》TheMencius書(shū)法五大書(shū)體fivemajorstylesofcalligraphy篆書(shū)sealscript/sealcharacter隸書(shū)officialscript/clericalscript行書(shū)runningscript/semi-cursivescript草書(shū)cursivescript楷書(shū)regularscript/standardscript中國(guó)畫(huà)traditionalChinesepainting水墨畫(huà)Chinesebrushpainting;inkandwashpainting工筆

traditionalChineserealisticpainting六藝：sixclassicalarts[擴(kuò)展]禮rites樂(lè)music射archery御riding書(shū)writing數(shù)arithmetic孫子兵法TheArtofWar漢字Chinesecharacter（漢字）筆畫(huà)stroke偏旁部首

radical書(shū)寫(xiě)體系writingsystem漢藏語(yǔ)系Sino-Tibetan漢學(xué)家Sinologist/Sinologue中國(guó)熱Sinomania同宗同源ofthesameorigin華夏祖先theChineseancestors單音節(jié)singlesyllable漢語(yǔ)有“合理的邏輯性”Chineselanguageis“soberlylogical”（EdwardSapir,Americanlinguist）漢語(yǔ)四聲調(diào)thefourtonesofChinesecharactersleveltone陽(yáng)平risingtone陰平falling-risingtone上聲fallingtone去聲武術(shù)martialart中國(guó)武術(shù)Kungfu武術(shù)門(mén)派stylesorschoolsofmartialart習(xí)武健身practicemartialartforfitness古代格斗術(shù)ancientformofcombat中國(guó)武術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)ChineseMartialArtAssociation武林高手topmartialartist氣功Qigong,deepbreathingexercises柔道judo空手道Karate跆拳道taekwondo拳擊boxing摔跤wrestling擊劍fencing仗劍走天涯walktheearth（withasword）武俠小說(shuō)talesofrovingknights;kungfunovels中國(guó)文學(xué)Chineseliterature《三國(guó)演義》ThreeKingdoms《西游記》JourneytotheWest;PilgrimagetotheWest《紅樓夢(mèng)》DreamoftheRedMansions《山海經(jīng)》theClassicofMountainsandRivers《資治通鑒》HistoryasaMirror；ComprehensiveHistoryRetoldasaMirrorforRulers《西廂記》theRomanceofWestChamber《水滸傳》HeroesoftheMarshes;TalesoftheWaterMargin《聊齋志異》StrangeTalesofaLonelyStudio;StrangeTalesfromMake-DoStudio《圍城》FortressBesieged《阿Q正傳》TheTrueStoryofAhQ春秋theSpringandAutumnAnnals史記HistoricalRecords詩(shī)經(jīng)TheBooksofSongs；theBookofOdes書(shū)經(jīng)TheBooksofHistory易經(jīng)IChing;theBookofChanges禮記theBookofRites孝經(jīng)BookofFilialPiety三字經(jīng)three-characterscripture；three-wordchant八股文eight-partessay;stereotypedwriting五言絕句five-characterquatrain七言律詩(shī)seven-characteroctave中國(guó)建筑Chinesearchitecture四合院

quadrangle,thetraditionalChinesesingle-storyhouseswithrowsofroomsaroundthefoursidesofacourtyard蒙古包（Mongolian）yurt碑刻，碑文，碑銘inscriptionsonatablet碑林theforestofsteles,tabletforest道觀Taoisttemple殿hall烽火臺(tái)beacontower鼓樓drumtower華表ornamentalcolumn回廊corridor祭壇altar假山rockeries角樓watchtower廊corridor牌樓

pailou,decoratedarchway橋bridges石舫stoneboat石窟grotto水榭paviliononthewater塔pagoda;tower臺(tái)terrace壇altar亭閣pavilion鐘樓belltower柱pillar,column,post陵墓emperor’smausoleum/tomb重要文化遺產(chǎn)majorculturalheritage優(yōu)秀民間藝術(shù)outstandingfolkarts文物culturalrelics中國(guó)結(jié)

Chineseknot旗袍Cheongsam中山裝Chinesetunicsuit唐裝traditionalChinesegarments（clothing），Tangsuit景泰藍(lán)cloisonné朝廷使者

royalcourtenvoy文人menofletters雅士refinedscholars文化產(chǎn)業(yè)cultureindustry文化底蘊(yùn)culturaldeposits文化事業(yè)culturalundertaking文化交流cross-culturalcommunication文化沖突cultureshock民族文化nationalculture民間文化folkculture城鎮(zhèn)文化urbanculture鄉(xiāng)村文化ruralculture當(dāng)?shù)匚幕痭ativeculture表演藝術(shù)performingart現(xiàn)代流行藝術(shù)popularart,popart純藝術(shù)highart高雅藝術(shù)refinedart電影藝術(shù)cinematographicart戲劇藝術(shù)theatricalart[擴(kuò)展]生（男性正面角色）

male

（thepositivemalerole）旦（女性正面角色）

female（thepositivefemalerole）凈（性格鮮明的男性配角）

asupportingmalerolewithstrikingcharacter丑（幽默滑稽或反面角色）

aclownoranegativerole花臉paintedrole獨(dú)角戲monodrama；one-manshow歌舞喜劇musical滑稽場(chǎng)面，搞笑小噱頭shtick滑稽短劇skit京劇票友a(bǔ)mateurperformerofBeijingOpera/PekingOperafan京劇人物臉譜PekingOperaMask口技ventriloquism木偶戲puppetshow旁白voiceover皮影戲shadowplay;leather-silhouetteshow說(shuō)書(shū)story-telling疊羅漢makeahumanpyramid折子戲operahighlights踩高蹺stiltwalk啞劇pantomime;mime啞劇演員pantomimist戲劇小品skit馬戲circusshow單口相聲monologuecomictalk,standupcomedy特技表演stunt相聲wittydialoguecomedy,comiccrosstalk雜技acrobatics京韻大鼓thetraditionalstory-tellinginBeijingdialectwithdrumaccompaniment秦腔shaanxiopera篆刻sealcutting陰文characterscutinintaglio陽(yáng)文characterscutinrelief圖章seal刻刀graver拓碑makingrubbingsfromstoneinscriptions拓片rubbing工藝，手藝workmanship/craftsmanship手工藝品handicraft木雕woodcarving黃楊木雕boxwoodcraft雕漆carvedlacquerware石雕stonecarving微雕miniatureengraving象牙雕ivorycarving竹雕bambooengraving貝雕shellcarving冰雕icesculpture彩塑paintedsculpture瓷釉enamel刺繡embroidery卷軸scroll蠟染batik泥人clayfigure漆畫(huà)lacquerpainting漆器Lacquerware青瓷色Celadon雙面繡two-sidedembroidery水墨畫(huà)Landscape/inkpainting蘇繡Suzhouembroidery檀香扇sandalwoodfan唐三彩Trio-coloredglazedpotteryoftheTangDynasty陶器pottery制陶業(yè)Ceramics文房四寶ThefourstationerytreasuresoftheChinesestudyawritingbrush,aninkstick,aninkstoneandpaper硯刻inkslabengraving宜興陶Yixingpottery折扇Foldingfan枝編工藝Wickerwork織錦，掛毯Tapestry紙工藝品papiermache中國(guó)畫(huà)Chinesepainting民間傳說(shuō)folklores寓言fable傳說(shuō)legend神話(huà)mythology玉皇大帝GodofHeaven八仙theEightImmortals嫦娥Chang’e,theChinesemoongoddess伏羲FuXi,GodofFisheryandHusbandry福祿壽三星godoffortune,godofprosperity,godandlongevity財(cái)神godoffortune灶神godofthekitchen共工Gonggong,GodofWater后羿Houyi（alegendaryherowhoshotdownninesuns）黃帝YellowEmperor夸父Kuafu（afabledsun-chasinggiant）女?huà)zNuwa:agoddesswhopatchesupthesky盤(pán)古PanGu,creatoroftheuniverse神農(nóng)PatronofAgriculture禹Yu,thereputedfounderoftheXiaDynasty祝融Zhurong,GodofFire古為今用，洋為中用makethepastservethepresentandtheforeignservechina

賦詩(shī)inscribeapoem對(duì)對(duì)聯(lián)matchinganantitheticalcouplet陽(yáng)歷Solarcalendar公歷Gregoriancalendar陰歷Lunarcalendar天干heavenlystem地支earthlybranch閏年leapyear二十四節(jié)氣thetwenty-foursolarterms十二生肖zodiacRat鼠Ox牛Tiger虎Hare兔Dragon龍Snake蛇Horse馬Sheep羊Monkey猴Rooster雞Dog狗Pig豬猴年yearofmonkey本命年one'syearofbirthconsideredinrelationtothe12TerrestrialBranches傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日traditionalholidays春節(jié)SpringFestival拜年payaNewYearvisit爆竹，鞭炮firecracker除夕EveofChineseNewYear春聯(lián)Springcouplets辭舊迎新ringouttheoldyearandringinthenew餃子Jiaozi,boileddumpling鍋貼potsticker廟會(huì)templefair鳴鐘辭舊歲ringouttheoldyear年畫(huà)（traditional）NewYearpictures年夜飯theEveFeast;familyreuniondinneronLunarNewYear’sEve年終大掃除year-endhouseholdcleaning守歲stayuplateontheNewYear’sEve團(tuán)圓飯familyreuniondinner壓歲錢(qián)NewYeargift-money;moneygiventochildrenasaNewYeargift舞龍dragondance元宵節(jié)LanternFestival（15thdayofthefirstlunarmonth）元宵sweetstickyricedumplings花燈festivallantern燈謎lanternriddle獅子舞liondance踩高蹺stiltwalking清明節(jié)PureBrightnessFestival/Tomb-sweepingDay（Aprilthe5th）掃墓sweeptombsitesoflovedones祭祖offersacrificestotheancestors踏青goforanoutinginspring端午節(jié)DragonBoatFestival（5thofthefifthlunarmonth）賽龍舟dragonboatrace粽子zongzi（pyramid-shapeddumplingmadebyglutinousricewrappedinreedorbambooleaves）Departedsoul

亡靈忠臣loyalminister詩(shī)人屈原Quyuanthepoet中秋節(jié)MoonFestival/Mid-AutumnDay（15thoftheeightlunarmonth）月餅mooncake賞月appreciatethegloriousfullmoon團(tuán)圓reunion桂花sweetosmanthus重陽(yáng)節(jié)DoubleNinthDay/theAgedDay賞菊admirethebeautyofchrysanthemum登高climbmountain中藥TCMtraditionalChinesemedicine

（詳見(jiàn)HEALTH一章）秦始皇帝FirstEmperor,EmperorChin皇太后EmpressDowager漢高祖劉邦founderoftheHanDynasty（206BC-220AD）成吉思汗

GenghisKhan;Temujin才子佳人

giftedscholarsandbeautifulladies文明搖籃cradleofcivilization夏朝XiaDynasty明清兩代（of）MingandQingdynasties中華文明Chinesecivilization文明搖籃cradleofcivilization地名：特別注意四川和陜拼法四川

Sichuan,Szechwan,Szechuan陜西Shaanxi古文明研究中心ResearchCenterforAncientCivilizations中外學(xué)者Chineseandoverseasscholars考古學(xué)家archaeologists人類(lèi)學(xué)家anthropologist歷史學(xué)家historian地理學(xué)家geographer江南水鄉(xiāng)thesouthofthelowerreachesoftheYangzeRiver水鄉(xiāng)景色riversidescenery2.2

體育，娛樂(lè)2008夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)

2008summerOlympics主辦2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)

hostthe2008OlympicGames奧運(yùn)會(huì)火炬Olympictorch奧運(yùn)村Olympicvillage奧運(yùn)選手Olympian奧運(yùn)會(huì)核心精神thecorespiritoftheOlympicgames更快、更高、更強(qiáng)Citius,Altius,Fortius東道國(guó)hostcountry主辦城市hostcity冬奧會(huì)OlympicWinterGames國(guó)際奧委會(huì)IOC（InternationalOlympicCommittee）會(huì)歌anthem會(huì)徽emblem申辦bid申辦成功winthebidding板球criket公開(kāi)賽open/opentournament錦標(biāo)賽championships國(guó)家體育總局StatePhysicalCultureAdministration健美運(yùn)動(dòng)

bodybuilding教練coach/trainer舉重

weightlifting馬術(shù)equitation球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)ballgames賽馬horserace射擊shooting射箭archery室內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)indoorsports室外運(yùn)動(dòng)outdoorsports體育道德、運(yùn)動(dòng)家精神sportsmanship田徑trackandfield跳高h(yuǎn)ighjump跳遠(yuǎn)longjump馬拉松marathon職業(yè)選手professionalathlete自行車(chē)賽cycling跨欄hurdlerace體操gymnastics接力賽relayrace冰球hockey娛樂(lè)recreation/entertainment[擴(kuò)展]《伯爾尼公約》（有關(guān)保護(hù)文學(xué)和藝術(shù)作品版權(quán)的公約）BerneConvention比基尼bikini茶道

sado敞蓬車(chē)

convertible寵物醫(yī)院

petclinic傳媒

media吹風(fēng)會(huì)

briefing大開(kāi)眼界

openone'seyes;broadenone'shorizon;beaneye-opener大眾傳媒

massmedia（ofcommunications）發(fā)燒友

zealot;enthusiasticfan狗仔隊(duì)

paparazzo（singular），paparazzi（plural）廣告妙語(yǔ)

punchline吉尼斯世界記錄

GuinnessBookofRecords家庭影院

hometheater票房

boxoffice潑水節(jié)

Water-SprinklingFestival群眾精神文化生活people'sculturallife人體彩繪

bodypainting迪斯尼樂(lè)園

Disneyland米老鼠Mickeymouse唐老鴨DonaldDuck特技演員stuntman替身演員

stand-in;double選美

beautycontest,beautypageant綜藝節(jié)目

varietyshow2.3

飲食文化各大菜系

majorstylesofcooking/cuisine粽子Zongzi:apyramid-shapeddumplingmadeofglutinousricewrappedinbambooorreedleaves（eatenontheDragonBoatFestival）月餅mooncake蜜餞candiedpreservedfruit/sweetenedpreservedplums豆沙sweetbeanpaste蛋黃eggyolk咸蛋黃marinatedeggyolk海鮮seafood扇貝scallop大蔥scallion蔥greenonion肉餡mincedmeat魚(yú)糜mincedfillet蝦糜mincedshrimp餃子Jiaozi

boileddumpling八寶飯8-treasurerice鯉魚(yú)carp青魚(yú)blackcarp草魚(yú)grasscarp歐洲鯽魚(yú)cruciancarp鯽魚(yú)goldencarp鱸魚(yú)bass桂魚(yú)Chineseperch石斑魚(yú)garoupa三文魚(yú)/大麻哈魚(yú)salmon金槍魚(yú)tuna鱈魚(yú)cod年糕ricecake-yearcake胡桃walnut飯票，餐券mealticket涮羊肉thinslicesofmuttonforboilinginahotpot芝麻sesame油條deep-frieddoughsticks醬油soysauce綠豆mungbeans油餅deep-frieddoughcake湯soup菜dish豆?jié){soybeanmilk蓋交飯riceservedwithmeatandveggiesontop香菜cilantro（Chineseparsleycilantro/coriander）粉絲glassnoodles;vermicellimadefrombeanstarch,etc.饅頭steamedbuns花卷steamedtwistedrolls包子steamedstuffedbuns肉包子steamedbunwithmeatfilling肉餡meatfilling豆沙包steamedbunfilledwithbeanpaste豆沙餡bean-pastefilling春卷springroll（athinsheetofdough,stuffed,rolledandfried）包餃子makingChinesedumplings案板kneadingboard搟面杖rollingpin餡stuffing;filling面團(tuán)兒dough餃子皮dumplingwrappers餛飩皮wontonwrappers網(wǎng)篩wirestrainer蒸籠bamboo（food）steamer鍋貼potsticker燒賣(mài)shaomai（asteameddumplingwiththedoughgatheredatthetop）蔥餅scallionpancake推棍兒pancakespreader甜面醬sweetsaucemadeoffermentedflour北京烤鴨Beijingroastduck面條noodles拉面hand-stretchednoodles;ramen方便面instantnoodle掛面finedriednoodles炒面friednoodles涼面coldnoodlesinsauce餛飩wonton（dumplingsinsoup）刀削面shavednoodles米粉riceflour面粉wheatflour烤面包toast果醬jam三明治sandwich熱狗hotdog漢堡包hamburger糖納滋doughnut百吉餅、面包圈bagel高粱飴sorghumcandy酒心糖liqueur-filledcandy口香糖chewinggum泡泡糖bubblegum山楂片hawflakes糖炒栗子chestnutsroast（insand）withbrownsugar爆米花popcorn松糕spongecake綠豆粥mungbeanporridge紅豆粥redbeanporridge杏核豆腐almondbeancurd豆腐tofu（beancurd）麻花frieddoughtwist薩其馬eggcrispcake魷魚(yú)squid筍bambooshoot筍干air-driedbambooshoot香菇driedmushroom草菇strawmushroom猴菇hedgehogmushroom木耳wood-ear/Jew’sear白木耳tremella冬蟲(chóng)夏草Chinesecaterpillarfungus海帶kelp紫菜seaweed燕窩bird’snest海蜇jellyfish海參seacucumber鮑魚(yú)abalone魚(yú)翅shark’sfin熊掌bear’spaw豆腐泡beancurdpuff腐乳fermentedbeancurd刀工cuttingtechnique切丁dice切條slice切絲shred剁、剁碎chop切碎（成泥）mince方塊cube塊chunk瓜子sunflowerseeds蓮藕lotusroot蓮子lotusseeds青蒜，韭蔥leek韭菜Chinesechives/leek平菇oystermushroom苦瓜bittergourd四季豆、菜豆stringbean，snapbean，greenbean豌豆莢、雪豆莢snowpea豆芽beansprout綠豆芽mungbeansprouts黃豆芽soybeansprouts棗子Chinesedates山楂haw石榴pomegranate彌猴桃、奇異果kiwifruit荔枝lychee龍眼longan橘子tangerine西柚、葡萄柚grapefruit佛手瓜Buddha’s-hand;fingeredcitron木瓜papaya核桃仁walnutmeat松子，松人pinenutkernels西瓜子melonseeds腰果cashewnut榛果，榛子hazelnut葡萄grape核桃walnut谷grain;cereal米ricelongrice長(zhǎng)米，較硬，煮前先泡一個(gè)小時(shí)Puddingriceorshortrice短米，較軟Brownrice糙米THAIFragrantrice泰國(guó)香米Glutinousrice糯米強(qiáng)力面粉strongflour中筋面粉，不含發(fā)酵粉的面粉plainflour自發(fā)粉self-raisingflour小麥面粉wholemealflour砂糖brownsugar紅糖（感冒時(shí)煮姜湯時(shí)用）darkbrownsugar糖粉icingsugar冰糖rocksugar醋vinger玉米淀粉、太白粉cornstarch麥芽糖maltose芝麻sesameseeds麻油sesameoil蠔油oystersauce胡椒pepper白胡椒whitepepper黑胡椒blackpepper辣椒粉redchillipowder芝麻醬sesamepaste味精msg（monosodiumglutamate）豆鼓blackbeansauce大紅豆redkidneybean冬菇driedblackmushroom酸菜pickledmustard-green八角、茴香anise荸薺、馬蹄waterchestnuts蝦米driedshrimps明蝦prawn美食節(jié)gourmetfestival中餐烹飪Chinesecuisine;Chineseculinaryart色香味形color,aroma,tasteandappearance四大菜系：fourmajorChinesecusines:山東菜Shangdongcuisine川菜Sichuancuisine粵菜Cantoncuisine揚(yáng)州菜Yangzhoucuisine南淡北咸thelightsoutherncuisineandthesaltynortherncusine東甜西辣thesweeteasterncuisineandthespicywesterncuisine八寶飯eight-treasurericepudding風(fēng)味小吃localdelicacy切片slice切絲shred切丁dice切碎mince絞碎grind大、旺、武火highheat中火mediumheat小、微、文火lowheat煎pan-fry炒stir-fry;sauté爆quick-fry炸deep-fry燴stew熏smoke煨，燉simmer,stew煮boil烘bake烤bake;roast,grill架烤grill;BBQ蒸steam紅燒braise（withsoysauce）涮（羊肉）

dip-boil（muttonslices）2.4哲學(xué)與宗教無(wú)神論atheism[詳析]-thedoctrineorbeliefthatthereisnoGodorgods.創(chuàng)世論creationism[詳析]thebeliefthatGodcreatedtheuniverse,includingalllife,initspresentformpreciselyasstatedintheBibleinthebookofGenesis.進(jìn)化論Darwinism[詳析]thetheorythattheoriginofthespeciesisderivedbydescent,withvariation,fromparentforms,throughthenaturalselectionofthosebestadaptedtosurviveinthestruggleforexistence.宿命論determinism[詳析]aphilosophicalconceptwhichpostulatesthatallevents,includinghumanactions,arepredetermined.辯證的dialectic[詳析]theartorpracticeofalogicaldiscussionasofthetruthofatheoryoropinion.啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)enlightenment[詳析]atrendduringthe18thcenturythatfavoredthepowerofhumanreason.Itwasbelievedthatknowledgecouldonlycomefromobservationguidedbyreasonandthatthroughreason,continuingprogressinknowledge,achievement,andmoralitycouldbesustained.Further,tha