介詞和動(dòng)詞短語 （ 含答案解析 ） 高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)

介詞和動(dòng)詞短語【考情分析】介詞在英語中比較活躍，然而在高考中直接考查介詞的題不是很多，但是介詞卻是考生最容易犯錯(cuò)誤的語法項(xiàng)目之一。預(yù)計(jì)2022年高考對介詞的考查將不再局限于單個(gè)介詞，將會(huì)更加注重對介詞固定搭配中的介詞的考查，精細(xì)化考查介詞短語的辨析。在學(xué)習(xí)介詞時(shí)，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握介詞的基本用法，同時(shí)注意總結(jié)其與名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞等搭配構(gòu)成的短語的意思和用法。高考英語側(cè)重考查動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語在不同語境中的運(yùn)用。同學(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，最好把動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語放在具體的句中中，加以領(lǐng)會(huì)具體用法。還可以借助閱讀，在短文中理解動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語的實(shí)際意義，因?yàn)橥ㄟ^具體語境可以獲得更好的學(xué)習(xí)效果?！究键c(diǎn)梳理】考點(diǎn)一介詞一.介詞的分類分類特點(diǎn)例詞簡單介詞即一個(gè)介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,

beyond,during,in,on等等。合成介詞由兩個(gè)介詞構(gòu)成的合成詞into,onto,throughout,upon,within短語介詞由短語構(gòu)成accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,

owingto,thanksto等等。雙重介詞由兩個(gè)介詞搭配而成fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,in

between等等。分詞介詞由現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來considering(就……而論),

including，regarding，concerning等。兼類介詞由形容詞直接轉(zhuǎn)化而來like,unlike,near,next,

opposite等等。

二.介詞短語的語法功能

介詞不能獨(dú)立在句中做成份，介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。介詞短語的功能

例

句作定語

Theydidn’tfind

thesolution

totheproblem.作狀語

Wehavebreakfast

atseven.（表時(shí)間）

Theywerelateforthemeeting

becauseoftheheavyrain.（表原因）

Whatdoyoumean

bydoingsuchathing?（表方法）

Nothingintheworldcouldlive

withoutairorwater.（表?xiàng)l件）作表語

WhenIpaidavisittoyouyesterday,youwerenot

athome.作賓語補(bǔ)足語

Ifoundtheoldbuilding

inabadcondition.

三.

表示相同或相似概念的介詞（短語）的區(qū)別表示的概念介詞（短語）區(qū)

別例

子時(shí)間in

on

atat在一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上；in在一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)；on在具體某一天或具體的上午、下午、晚上。①at8o'clock,atnoon②inthe1990s,inJanuary③onMonday,onawarmmorningsince

fromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用；from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始。①Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.②Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday.in,

afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，用于一般將來時(shí)，也可以指一段時(shí)間之內(nèi)=within；after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后，用于一般過去時(shí)。①We’llbebackinthreedays.②Aheend

attheendof

bytheendofintheend作“最后”、“終于”解，單獨(dú)作句子成分，后不接介詞of；attheendof表示“在……末梢”，“到……盡頭”，既可指時(shí)間，也可以指地上或物體。不可單獨(dú)使用；bytheend

of作“在……結(jié)束時(shí)”，“到……末為止”解，只能指時(shí)間。不可單獨(dú)使用。①Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety.②Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.③TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.④Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.位置betweenamong一般說來，between表示兩者之間；among用于三者或三者以上之間。①Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme.②Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意：但有時(shí)說的雖然是三個(gè)以上的人或東西，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是兩兩相互間接關(guān)系時(shí)、在談到一些事物或一組事物，而把它們視為分居兩邊時(shí)以及在談事物間的差別時(shí)，要用between。①Agreementsweremadebetweenthe

differentcountries.②Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhigh

mountains.③Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,riceandcoin.in

on

toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)；on指與什么毗鄰；to指在某范圍之外。①ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina.②MongoliaisonthenorthofChina.③JapanistotheeastofChina.on

inon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。①Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.

②Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper.③Hedugaholeinthewall.in

intoin通常表示位置（靜態(tài)）；into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置。①Wewalkedinthepark.②Wewalkedintothepark.through

acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)；across則表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過，與on有關(guān)。①Waterflowsthroughthepipe.②Theoldmanwalkedacrossthe

hecorneronthecorneratthecornerinthecorner表示在角落里，in指角的內(nèi)面；onthecorner表示“在角上”，on指的不是內(nèi)面，也不是外面，而含內(nèi)外兼有之意；atthecorner指“在拐角處”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。①Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom.②Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner.③Hesatonthecornerofthetable.除了besides

except

but

exceptforbesides指“除了……還有；except指“除了，減去什么”，不能放在句首。but與except意思近似，表示“除了…..外”經(jīng)常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑問詞后面。exceptfor表示“除...外，撇開”。①Allwentoutexceptme.②Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.③Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.

動(dòng)作at+名詞atdinner/table在吃飯

atwork在工作

atwar交戰(zhàn)atcards在玩牌

atwork在辦公

atplay在玩耍

atrest在休息

atschool在上學(xué)

atpress正在排印atchurch在做禮拜beyond+名詞beyond

belief難以置信

beyond

control無法控制

beyond

compare

無可比擬

beyond

description

難以形容beyond

expression

無法表達(dá)

beyond

suspicion

無可懷疑in+名詞或in

+名詞+of+名詞inthearmy在當(dāng)兵

inneedof需要

inaction在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)inprogress在進(jìn)行

inoperation在運(yùn)行中

in

use

開始使用in

sight看得見

in

store貯藏著in

course

of

construction正在興建當(dāng)中

in

(good)

repair維修良好的

in

course

of

shipment定的貨正在運(yùn)輸途中

in

charge

of

負(fù)責(zé)

in

the

charge

of

由……負(fù)責(zé)

in

possession

of

擁有

in

the

possession

of

被……擁有on+名詞onbusiness辦事/出差

onholiday/vacation/leave在休假onwatch值班

onduty值勤/日onguard在值勤

onstrike在罷工onsale出售

onloan借貸onthemove在移動(dòng)，搬遷，離開

onthemarch在行軍ontheair在廣播

on

fire在燃燒on

trial在試用

on

show/display/exhibition在展出under+名詞undercontrol在被控制之中

underdiscussion在被討論中underdevelopment在被發(fā)展中

underobservation在被觀察中undertest在被測試

underconstruction在被建設(shè)中underfire在炮火中

underexamination在被檢查/調(diào)查中underconsideration在被考慮中

underrepair在被修理中under

arrest被被逮捕中

under

attack在被襲擊中under

medical

treatment在被治療中

under

study在被研究中

其他againstone’sopinion反對某人的見解forone’sopinion同意某人的見解above

reproach無可指責(zé)，無可非議

above

suspicion不受懷疑above

criticism無可指責(zé)atthemercyof在……支配下；任由……擺布for

sale供出售

for

rent供出租

within

sight看得見四.容易混淆的介詞固定搭配的詞組類

型舉

例差一冠詞，大相徑庭infrontof（在……前面)——inthefrontof（在……前部）

inchargeof（負(fù)責(zé)）——inthechargeof（由……負(fù)責(zé)）

outofquestion（毫無疑問）——outofthequestion（不可能）

attable（在吃飯；在吃飯時(shí)）——atthetable（在桌子旁邊）有無介詞，意義不同knowsb.認(rèn)識(shí)某人——knowaboutsb.了解某人

shootsb.擊中某人——shootatsb.向某人射擊searchsb.搜身——searchforsb.搜尋某人

believesb.相信某人的話——believeinsb.信任某人的人格

benefitsb.使某人受益——benefitfromsb.從某人那里得到益處畫蛇添足，誤加介詞servethepeople為人民服務(wù)（容易在serve后加for）

entertheroom進(jìn)入房間（容易在enter后加into）followme跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind）

marrysb.與某人結(jié)婚（容易在marry后加with）goabroad出國（容易在go后面加to）

liveupstairs住在樓上（容易在live后面加in）母語思維，誤用介詞becaughtintherain被雨淋著（不用by）

leaveforsomeplace動(dòng)身去某地（不用to）

setanexampleto

sb.為某人樹立榜樣（不用for）

inthedirection朝著……方向（不用to）

doafavorforsb.幫某人一個(gè)忙（不用to）

differentfrom和……不同（不用with）

withthehelpof在……的幫助下（不用under）

stealsth.fromsb.偷某人的東西（不用of）readsth.tosb.給（為）……讀（念）……（不用for）?？冀樵~短語：Ａ1.accordingto根據(jù)2.aheadof在…之前3.allover遍及4.apartfrom除了,（除…以外尚有）5.asfor至于；就…方面說來6.asfaras遠(yuǎn)至,到...程度7.asgoodas和...幾乎一樣8.attheendof在……結(jié)尾7.anumberof許多的10.aswellas和……一樣11.alongwith一道Ｂ12.becauseof由于13.bymeansof依靠;借助于14.badlyoff急缺15.butfor要不是16.dueto由于；因…造成Ｅ17.eversince從那以后18.exceptfor(不同類中的)除此以外Ｆ19.farfrom遠(yuǎn)非;遠(yuǎn)離20.forfearof以免；以防21.forthesakeof為了,為了...的利益Ｉ22.inspiteof盡管23.infrontof在…前面24.inregardto關(guān)于；對于25.intermsof根據(jù);以…為單位26.insteadof而不是；反而27.inneedof需要；缺少28.infavorof贊同;支持29.in(the)chargeof主管；負(fù)責(zé)30.inhonorof為慶祝；為紀(jì)念31.insearchof搜索;為了尋找32.intouchwith與…保持聯(lián)絡(luò)33.inaccordancewith與...一致,按照34.inadditionto除...之外(還)35.incaseof假如,防備36.inlinewith與...一致37.inplaceof代替,取代,交換38.inreturnfor作為對...報(bào)答39.instepwith與...一致/協(xié)調(diào)40.inthecourseof在...期間/過程中41.intheeventof如果...發(fā)生,萬一42.inmemoryof為了紀(jì)念Ｌ43.lessthan少于，不到Ｍ44.morethan超過;不只是45.nothingbut僅僅；只不過Ｎ46.nextto緊鄰;在…近旁;僅次于Ｏ47.onbehalfof代表48.otherthan不同于49.outof.出于；出自50.onthepointof即將...的時(shí)刻51.oppositeto在對面52.otherthan除了;不同于Ｒ53.regardlessof不顧54.ratherthan而不是Ｓ55.suchas比如56.shortof缺少Ｔ57.thanksto幸虧；由于Ｕ58.upto達(dá)到；多達(dá)Ｗ59.withreferenceto關(guān)于,參照60.withrespectto關(guān)于，（至于）談到【對點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練】單項(xiàng)選擇Group11．Sheisproudthatbothherchildrenhaveatalent________music.A．in B．of C．for D．a(chǎn)t【答案】C2．What’swrongwithTom?Hedisagreed________whateverIsaidyesterday.A．on B．to C．with D．in【答案】C3．________thetopconcernsofthecollegeteachers,theytrytomakethenewstudentsadapt________thenewcollegelifehere.A．On;at B．Between:with C．Over;in D．Among;to【答案】D4．Astourismdevelops,peoplearebecomingincreasinglyconcerned______theenvironment.A．a(chǎn)bout B．to C．of D．than【答案】A5．______argumentsover“stupidthings”nowandthen,Alistairagreesthathavingabrotherisanadvantage.A．Unless B．Thus C．Therefore D．Despite【答案】D6．______butterfliesinmystomach,Ibreatheddeeplytointroducemyself.A．As B．On C．To D．With【答案】D7．Whenheapplied__________college,hedecidedtoworkhardathissubject.A．of B．on C．to D．a(chǎn)bout【答案】C8．Thenewtechnologywasapplied________farming.Iwanttoapply________theposition.A．on,for B．to,on C．for,to D．to,for【答案】DGroup21．Mr.Wangis__________ourclass.A．inthecharge B．inchargeof C．inthechargeof D．incharge【答案】B2．Thenarratordoubtsifthere’sanybodytherewhoisindifferentbetweenthechoices,indifferent________thechoicebetweenthesetwolives.A．infavorof B．inhonorofC．inplaceof D．inregardto【答案】D3．Theyweregivennothing________drybreadandwaterfortheireveningmeal.A．otherthan B．ratherthan C．morethan D．lessthan【答案】A4．Mygoalwastolose150poundsinoneyearandraise$50,000________amovementfounded30yearsagotoendhunger.A．infavourof B．inneedof C．inplaceof D．insearchof【答案】A5．Wehavemuchtolookforwardtointhefuture,thankstoadvancesintechnology.I’msurethatAIdoctorsare________.A．intheway B．onthespot C．intheend D．onthehorizon【答案】D6．Thelittlegirldancedaroundhermother________her.A．a(chǎn)tthesightof B．catchsightof C．a(chǎn)tfirstsight D．outofsight【答案】A7．Toourjoy,thehotelitselfcanhold70guestsand,______,thereareseveralself-cookingapartments.A．inparticular B．inturn C．inadvance D．inaddition【答案】D8．Thesteamboatwasfullyfurnishedwithrescueequipment.Thepassengersmightbesaved______accidents.A．inspiteof B．insearchof C．incaseof D．inplaceof【答案】C9．Thecompanyisputtingmoremoneyintothebuildingofanewfactory_______thefastgrowingdemandfortheproductsinthemarket.A．inresponseto B．inreturnfor C．incaseof D．inchargeof【答案】A10．Manyenterprisingyoungpeoplepresenttheirideas________gettinginvestmentandadvicetostarttheirownbusiness.A．a(chǎn)tthecostof B．bymeansof C．a(chǎn)saresultof D．inthehopeof【答案】D11．WithMother’sDay____,Maxwantstoseizetheopportunitytoexpresshisloveforhismother.A．onthewhole B．onthecontrary C．onthehorizon D．onthecorner【答案】C12．Thecustomerpraisedthemanager,who,______praisedhisstaff.A．a(chǎn)trandom B．bychance C．inturn D．onoccasion【答案】C13．—Hey,Leo,doyoufancyseeingmovies?—Definitely.SomeofthemarenotbadandthefilmTheShawshankRedemption,________isexcellent.A．incommon B．intotalC．inparticular D．ingeneral【答案】C14．Studentsareencouragedtotakecontroloftheirownlearning,________justdependingontheteacher.A．ratherthan B．inspiteof C．dueto D．inturn【答案】A15．JaneandTomaregoodfriends.Sheisgivinghimpianolessons__________hishelpwithherEnglish.A．infavorof B．inexchangeforC．inhonorof D．inplaceof【答案】B16．Ihaveofferedtopaintthehouse________aweek’saccommodation.A．inrespectof B．inexchangefor C．bymeansof D．inplaceof【答案】B17．Ilikeallsortsofsports,badminton_________.A．inturn B．infact C．inpanic D．inparticular【答案】D18．Thestocklost60penceashare,________lastyearwhenitgained21pence.A．insteadof B．inreturnforC．incontrastto D．ratherthan【答案】C19.Itakethreemealsadayatthesametimeeachday,________holidays.A．regardlessof B．becauseof C．insteadof D．inchargeof【答案】A單句語法填空11．Mr.Mengsaidthatchallengesatseniorhighmightputthem________pressure.【答案】under12．Asyoungpeople,wearesupposedtoshowrespectforthosewhoaresenior________us.【答案】to13．Itwillbeashorttimebeforeweadapt________thenewenvironment.【答案】to14．PeoplesaythattheBritishalwaysplaysafe________whattheyeat.【答案】with15．Rather________cuttingoutthefoodsIenjoyed,Iaddedhealthyfoodstomymeals.【答案】than16．________(like)HainanIsland,theclimateinthenorthisusuallycoolinautumn.【答案】UnlikeThehungryandexhaustedboyscheeredup________thesightofdeliciousfood.【答案】at18．Theyfellinlove________firstsightandthengotmarried.【答案】at19．________________yourrequest,IamwritingtogiveyousometipsonhowtolearnChinesewell.【答案】At20．_______hiscredit,theboygavebackthemoneyhefoundandbecamearesponsibleman.【答案】To【上海高考真題及模擬試題精選】語法填空A（2022·上海嘉定·二模）Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,

useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.WillRobotsTakeYourJobintheFuture?In2013,researchersatOxfordUniversitydidastudyonthefutureofwork.Theyconcludedthatalmostoneineverytwojobshaveahighriskof____1____(automate)bymachines.Machinelearningisthetechnologythat’sresponsibleformostofthissituation.It’sthemostpowerfulbranchofartificialintelligence.Itallowsmachinestolearnfromdataandimitatesomeofthethings____2____humanscando.Machinelearningstartedmakingitswayintoindustryintheearly1990s.Itstartedwithrelativelysimpletasks.Itstartedwiththings____3____assessingcreditriskfromloanapplications,sortingthemailbyreadinghandwrittencharactersfromzipcodes.Overthepastfewyears,we____4____(make)dramaticbreakthroughs.Machinelearningisnowcapableoffar,far____5____(complex)tasks.In2012,Kagglechallengeditscommunity____6____(build)analgorithm(算法)thatcouldgradehigh-schoolessays.Thewinningalgorithmswereabletomatchthegradesgivenbyhumanteachers.Now,____7____(give)therightdata,machinesaregoingtooutperformhumansattaskslikethis.Ateacher____8____read10,000essaysovera40-yearcareer.Amachinecanreadmillionsofessayswithinminutes.Wehavenochanceofcompetingagainstmachinesonfrequent,high-volumetasks.Buttherearethingswecandothatmachinescan’tdo.____9____machineshavemadeverylittleprogressisindealingwithnovelsituations.Theycan’thandlethingstheyhaven’tseenmanytimesbefore.Thefundamentallimitationofmachinelearningisthatitneedstolearnfromlargevolumesofpastdata.Now,humansdon’t.Wehavetheabilitytoconnectseeminglydifferentthreadstosolveproblemswe’veneverseenbefore.Machinescannotcompetewithuswhenitcomestodealingwithnovelsituations,andthis_____10_____(put)afundamentallimitonthehumantasksthatmachineswillautomate.【答案】1．beingautomated

2．that

3．like

4．havemade

5．morecomplex

6．tobuild

7．given

8．may/might

9．Where

10．puts【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹未來機(jī)器人會(huì)取代你的工作嗎。1．考查動(dòng)名詞。句意：他們得出的結(jié)論是，幾乎每兩份工作中就有一份具有被機(jī)器自動(dòng)化的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)句意可知，“almostoneineverytwojobs”與“automate”是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，需要被動(dòng)語態(tài)。of后接動(dòng)名詞形式，所以填動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。故填beingautomated。2．考查定語從句。句意：它允許機(jī)器從數(shù)據(jù)中學(xué)習(xí)并模仿人類可以做的一些事情。someofthethings為先行詞，作定語從句的賓語，關(guān)系代詞為that。故填that。3．考查介詞。句意：它從像評估貸款申請的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)開始，通過閱讀郵政編碼中的手寫字符來分類郵件。根據(jù)句意可知，需填介詞like。故填like。4．考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意：在過去幾年中，我們?nèi)〉昧司薮蟮耐黄?。根?jù)時(shí)間狀語Overthepastfewyears可知，此處用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故填havemade。5．考查形容詞比較級。句意：機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在能夠完成極其復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。根據(jù)上文的far以及句意可知，此處應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級。故填morecomplex。6．考查非謂語。句意：2012年，Kaggle給當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校出了個(gè)難題，設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)算法來評判高中作文。分析句子可知，此處應(yīng)用不定式tobuild作目的狀語。故填tobuild。7．考查非謂語。句意：現(xiàn)在，如果被給與正確的數(shù)據(jù)，機(jī)器將在這樣的任務(wù)中勝過人類。本句為非謂語動(dòng)詞，與machines在邏輯上是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。所以用過去分詞。故填given。8．考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。句意：一名教師在40年的職業(yè)生涯中可能閱讀10000篇論文。根據(jù)后文“Amachinecanreadmillionsofessayswithinminutes.”（一臺(tái)機(jī)器可以在幾分鐘內(nèi)閱讀數(shù)百萬篇文章。）可知，此處是在做一種推斷，且沒有具體事實(shí)支撐，故可能性相對較小。故填may或者might。9．考查副詞。句意：機(jī)器在處理新情況方面進(jìn)展甚微。分析句子可知，設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)主語從句，且缺少表示地點(diǎn)的連接詞where，故用副詞where引導(dǎo)主語從句。故填Where。10．考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意：在處理新情況時(shí)，機(jī)器無法與我們競爭，這對機(jī)器將自動(dòng)化的人工任務(wù)造成了根本限制。分析句子可知，上文的“cannot”和“comes”都是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，此處也需一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，且主語為this，故此處填puts。故填puts。B（2022·上?！じ裰轮袑W(xué)模擬預(yù)測）Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.TheNewZealandgovernmenthasbannedthesaleofexistinghomestoforeignbuyers,sayingNewZealandersweresickofbeing“tenantsinourownland”.AssociateministeroffinanceDavidParkersaidthebanwouldmeanhousingwouldbecome____11____(affordable)forlocals,andsupplywouldincrease.“WethinkthemarketforNewZealandhomesandfarmsshouldbesetbyNewZealandbuyers____12____overseasbuyers,”saidParkerinaninterviewwiththeGuardian.“ThatistobenefitNewZealanderswhohavetheirshouldertothewheeloftheNewZealandeconomy,paytaxhere,havefamilieshere.Wedon’tthinkthey____13____beoutbid(出價(jià)高于)bywealthierpeople____14____overseas.”O(jiān)nlyaquarterofadultsinNewZealandowntheirownhome,____15____(compare)withhalfin1991,andinthelastfiveyearshomelessfigureshaveincreased,____16____someNewZealandersforcedtoliveincars,garagesandunderbridges.AreportbytheEconomistin2017foundNewZealandhadthemostunaffordablehousepricesintheworld,withpricesinAuckland____17____(climb)75%inthelastfouryears,____18____themarkethascooledinrecentmonths.NewZealandhasbecomeadestinationforChinese,AustralianandAsianbuyersand____19____(gain)areputationasabolthole(refuge)fortheworld’swealthy,whoviewitasasafehavenfromapotentialnuclearconflict,theriseofterrorismandcivilunrest,orsimplyasaplacetogetawayfromitall._____20_____thelatestfiguresfromstatisticsNewZealand,3.3%ofhomessoldinthelastquarterweretoforeigners,withthebulkofthebuyersChinese,followedbyAustralians.TaxresidentsoftheUK,USandHongKongwerealsoamongthebiggestbuyersofproperty.【答案】11．moreaffordable

12．insteadof

13．should

14．from

15．compared

16．with

17．climbing

18．a(chǎn)lthough

19．hasgained

20．Accordingto【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文，主要講述了新西蘭頒布禁令，為了本國當(dāng)?shù)厝说睦?，禁止將現(xiàn)房賣給外國人。11．考查形容詞。句意：財(cái)政部副部長說道，這一禁令將意味著住房對于當(dāng)?shù)厝?，?huì)變得更加容易負(fù)擔(dān)，房子的供應(yīng)量也會(huì)增加。此處become為系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞做表語，且根據(jù)后文的supplywouldincrease可知，此處意為“能夠更負(fù)擔(dān)得起”，故填moreaffordable。12．考查介詞。句意：我們認(rèn)為，新西蘭的房屋和農(nóng)場應(yīng)該有新西蘭本地購買者所擁有，而不是海外購買者。根據(jù)句意可知，此處意為“而不是”，故應(yīng)用介詞insteadof，故填insteadof。13．考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。句意：我們認(rèn)為，他們不應(yīng)該被來自海外的有錢人出高價(jià)而比下去。根據(jù)句意可知，此處意為“新西蘭當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬粦?yīng)該被海外有錢人所比下去，而無法買到房子”，故應(yīng)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should，表示“應(yīng)該”，故填should。14．考查介詞。句意：我們認(rèn)為，他們不應(yīng)該被來自海外的有錢人出高價(jià)而比下去。此處意為“來自海外的有錢人”，表達(dá)為fromoverseas，故填from。15．考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：與1991年一半的成年人在新西蘭擁有房子，現(xiàn)在只有四分之一的人，并且在過去的五年里，無家可歸的人數(shù)在增加，一些新西蘭人被迫住在車?yán)?，停車場和橋下。此處compare做狀語，“一半的人買房子”和“四分之一的人買房子”，這兩個(gè)是拿來被比較，故應(yīng)用過去分詞，故填compared。16．考查介詞。與1991年一半的成年人在新西蘭擁有房子，現(xiàn)在只有四分之一的人，并且在過去的五年里，無家可歸的人數(shù)在增加，一些新西蘭人被迫住在車?yán)?，停車場和橋下。根?jù)空后的賓語someNewZealanders和賓補(bǔ)forced可知，此處為with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，故填with。17．考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：由經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家2017年做的一項(xiàng)報(bào)道表明，在全世界，新西蘭的房價(jià)是最高的，在過去的四年里，盡管市場不太景氣，奧克蘭的房價(jià)增長了75%。此處為with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語prices與賓補(bǔ)climb之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，故填climbing。18．考查連詞。句意：由經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家2017年做的一項(xiàng)報(bào)道表明，在全世界，新西蘭的房價(jià)是最高的，在過去的四年里，盡管市場不太景氣，奧克蘭的房價(jià)增長了75%。根據(jù)句意可知，此處意為“盡管市場不太景氣，但是奧克蘭的房價(jià)也增長了不少”，故應(yīng)用although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，故填although。19．考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：新西蘭已經(jīng)成為了中國、澳大利亞和亞洲購買者的目的地，而且以及獲得了世界上有錢人的避難所的稱號(hào)。此處and連接前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞become和gain，根據(jù)前文的hasbecome可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故填hasgained。20．考查介詞。句意：根據(jù)來自新西蘭最新的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，上個(gè)季度，3.3%的房子是賣給外國人的，繼澳大利亞之后，大部分是中國人。根據(jù)句意可知，此處意為“根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)顯示”，表達(dá)為accordingto，故填A(yù)ccordingto。閱讀理解（2023·上海中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測）Asartificial-intelligenceproductssteadilyimproveatpretendingtobehuman—anAIproducedvoicethatbooksrestaurantreservationsbyphone,forexample,orachatrobotthatanswersconsumers’questionsonline—peoplewillincreasinglybeputintheunsettlingsituationofnotknowingwhethertheyaretalkingtoamachine.Butthetruthmaymakesuchproductslesseffective:recentresearchfindsatrade-offbetweentransparency(透明度)andcooperationinhuman-computerinteractions.Thestudyusedasimplegameinwhichpairedplayersmakeaseriesofdecisionstocooperatewithorbetraytheirpartner.Inthelongrun,itpaysforbothtokeepcooperating—butthereisalwaysthetemptationtobetrayandearnextrapointsshortterm,atthepartner’sexpense.TheresearchersusedanAlalgorithm(算法)that,whenposingasaperson,implementedastrategythatwasbetterthanpeopleareatgettinghumanpartnerstocooperate.Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.Theteamhopedpeopleplayingwithaknownrobotwouldrecognizeitsabilitytocooperate(withoutbeingapushover)andwouldeventuallygetpasttheirdisbelief.“Sadly,wefailedatthisgoal,”saysTalalRahwan,acomputerscientistatNewYorkUniversityinAbuDhabiandaseniorauthoronthepaper,publishedlastNovemberinNatureMachineIntelligence.“Nomatterwhatthealgorithmdid,peoplejuststucktotheirprejudice.”Arobotplayingopenlyasarobotwaslesslikelytogetcooperationthananotherhuman,eventhoughitsstrategywasclearlymorebeneficialtobothplayers.(Ineachmode,therobotplayed50roundsagainstatleast150individuals.)Inanadditionalexperiment,playersweretold,“Datasuggestthatpeoplearebetteroffiftheytreattherobotasifitwereahuman.”Ithadnoeffect.VirginiaDignum,wholeadstheSocialandEthicalArtificialIntelligencegroupatUmeaUniversityinSwedenandwasnotinvolvedinthestudy,praisestheresearchersforexploringthetransparency-efficacytrade-off,butshewouldliketoseeittestedbeyondthepaper’sparticularsetup.Theauthorssaythatinthepublicfield,peopleshouldbeaskedforagreementtobedeceivedaboutarobot’sidentity.Itcannotbeonaninteraction-byinteractionbasis,orelsethe“deception”obviouslywillnotwork.Butblanketpermissionforoccasionaldeception,evenifitcanbeobtained,stillraisesethicalquandaries(道德困境).Dignumsayshumansshouldhavetheoptiontoknowaftertheyhaveinteractedwitharobot-butifsheiscallingcustomerservicewithasimplequestion,sheadds,“Ijustwanttogetmyanswer.”5．Theword“trade-off”isclosestinmeaningto__________.A．balancing B．combining C．distinction D．a(chǎn)greement6．Accordingtothepassage,whatattitudedopeoplegenerallytaketowardsrobots?A．Highlypositive. B．Casual. C．Stronglyopposed. D．Distrustful.7．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheresearchfindingsfromthepassage?A．Theyfailtosupporttheresearchers’assumption.B．Theywilldrawpeople’sattentiontorobots’problems.C．Theyaredifferentfromthepreviousresearchfindings.D．Theycanexplainwhypeopletreatarobotlikeahuman.8．Accordingtothepassage,whatisVirginiaDignummostlikelytoagreewith?A．TalalRahwan’sresearchfindingscan’tapplytothereal-worldsituations.B．Blanketpermissionforinteractingwitharobotdoesmoreharmthangood.C．Peopleneedn’tbetoldthattheyareinteractingwitharobotonalloccasions.D．Therelationshipbetweentransparencyandefficacyhasbeenfullyexplored.【答案】5．A

6．D

7．A

8．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了隨著人工智能產(chǎn)品在扮演人類角色方面不斷進(jìn)步，人們越來越擔(dān)心對面正和自己交流是否是機(jī)器人，因?yàn)槿藗冇凶约旱钠姡恍湃螜C(jī)器人，即使實(shí)驗(yàn)證明機(jī)器人是有好的合作能力的。5．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第二段“TheresearchersusedanAlalgorithm(算法)that,whenposingasaperson,implementedastrategythatwasbetterthanpeopleareatgettinghumanpartnerstocooperate.Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.（研究人員使用了一種人工智能算法，當(dāng)假扮成一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，實(shí)施了一種比人類更善于讓人類伙伴合作的策略。但是之前的研究表明人們傾向于不相信機(jī)器，所以科學(xué)家們想知道如果機(jī)器人真的這樣暴露出來會(huì)發(fā)生什么)”可知提到了人們不相信機(jī)器，即使機(jī)器人的策略比人類本身的策略更容易讓合作伙伴合作；根據(jù)文章第三段““Nomatterwhatthealgorithmdid,peoplejuststucktotheirprejudice.”Arobotplayingopenlyasarobotwaslesslikelytogetcooperationthananotherhuman,eventhoughitsstrategywasclearlymorebeneficialtobothplayers.(“不管算法做了什么，人們只是堅(jiān)持自己的偏見?！币粋€(gè)公開扮演機(jī)器人的機(jī)器人比人類更不可能獲得合作，盡管它的策略顯然對雙方都更有利)”可知無論怎樣做，人們就是不相信機(jī)器人，如果被告知是機(jī)器人的話，他們更不會(huì)選擇機(jī)器人合作了，綜上所述，推知“Butthetruthmaymakesuchproductslesseffective:recentresearchfindsatrade-offbetweentransparency(透明度)andcooperationinhuman-computerinteractions.(但事實(shí)可能會(huì)降低這類產(chǎn)品的效率：最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在人機(jī)交流中，透明度和合作之間存在權(quán)衡)”表述的是人們在與機(jī)器交流中，應(yīng)該存在透明度和合作之間的平衡，否則，一旦人們知道對面是機(jī)器人在和他們交流，他們根本不會(huì)相信機(jī)器人，那必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)器人的效率低了，所以在透明度和合作之間要有平衡，故推知“trade-off”意思的“平衡”；故選A項(xiàng)。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文第二段“Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.(但是之前的研究表明人們傾向于不相信機(jī)器，所以科學(xué)家們想知道如果機(jī)器人真的這樣暴露出來會(huì)發(fā)生什么)”和文章第三段“Theteamhopedpeopleplayingwithaknownrobotwouldrecognizeitsabilitytocooperate(withoutbeingapushover)andwouldeventuallygetpasttheirdisbelief.“Sadly,wefailedatthisgoal,”(研究小組希望人們在與一個(gè)已知的機(jī)器人玩時(shí)能夠認(rèn)識(shí)到它的合作能力（而不是一個(gè)容易被打敗的機(jī)器人），并最終克服他們的懷疑?！斑z憾的是，我們失敗了”)”可知研究表明人類不相信機(jī)器人，而科學(xué)家希望人類能認(rèn)識(shí)到機(jī)器人的合作能力而最終戰(zhàn)勝對它們的懷疑，但是失敗了，推知人類對機(jī)器人的態(tài)度就是抱有懷疑的；故選D項(xiàng)。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.(但是之前的研究表明人們傾向于不相信機(jī)器，所以科學(xué)家們想知道如果機(jī)器人真的這樣暴露出來會(huì)發(fā)生什么)”可知研究表明人類不相信機(jī)器，而科學(xué)家們想知道如果機(jī)器人真的暴露出來，會(huì)生什么；根據(jù)文章第三段““Nomatterwhatthealgorithmdid,peoplejuststucktotheirprejudice.”Arobotplayingopenlyasarobotwaslesslikelytogetcooperationthananotherhuman,eventhoughitsstrategywasclearlymorebeneficialtobothplayers.(“不管算法做了什么，人們只是堅(jiān)持自己的偏見?！币粋€(gè)公開扮演機(jī)器人的機(jī)器人比人類更不可能獲得合作，盡管它的策略顯然對雙方都更有利。”)”可知不管怎樣做，人們就是不相信機(jī)器人，如果人們被告知是機(jī)器人，更不可能去跟它們合作。由此推知，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果不支持科學(xué)家們的假設(shè)，故選A項(xiàng)。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段“praisestheresearchersforexploringthetransparency-efficacytrade-off,butshewouldliketoseeittestedbeyondthepaper’sparticularsetup.(贊揚(yáng)了研究人員探索透明度與效率之間的平衡,，但她希望看到它在論文的特殊設(shè)置之外進(jìn)行測試)”可知Dignum對于此項(xiàng)研究是贊同的，而且希望去除實(shí)驗(yàn)特殊設(shè)置；根據(jù)文章最后一段“Theauthorssaythatinthepublicfield,peopleshouldbeaskedforagreementtobedeceivedaboutarobot’sidentity.Itcannotbeonaninteraction-byinteractionbasis,orelsethe“deception”obviouslywillnotwork.Butblanketpermissionforoccasionaldeception,evenifitcanbeobtained,stillraisesethicalquandaries(道德困境).Dignumsayshumansshouldhavetheoptiontoknowaftertheyhaveinteractedwitharobot-butifsheiscallingcustomerservicewithasimplequestion,sheadds,“Ijustwanttogetmyanswer.”(作者說，在公共領(lǐng)域，應(yīng)該要求人們同意被欺騙的機(jī)器人的身份。它不能建立在互動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)上，否則“欺騙”顯然不會(huì)起作用。但是，即使能夠獲得對偶爾欺騙行為的全面許可，仍然會(huì)引發(fā)道德上的兩難困境。Dignum說，人類在與機(jī)器人交流之后應(yīng)該有權(quán)知道答案，但是如果她打電話給客服只是為了問一個(gè)簡單的問題，她補(bǔ)充說，“我只是想得到我的答案)”可知此項(xiàng)研究論文的作者認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該事先告知人們機(jī)器人的身份，而Dignum對于這個(gè)研究是贊揚(yáng)的，即對論文的作者的觀點(diǎn)是不排斥的，并且認(rèn)為可以去除實(shí)驗(yàn)中的設(shè)置來驗(yàn)證這個(gè)現(xiàn)象，而且Dignum認(rèn)為人們在與機(jī)器交流后應(yīng)該有權(quán)知道答案，而沒有提及事先告知人們機(jī)器人的身份，故推知Dignum認(rèn)同人們不需要被告知他們在任何場合都在與機(jī)器人互動(dòng)這樣的觀點(diǎn)；故選C項(xiàng)。六選四（2020·上海寶山·二模）As2019drawstoaclose,itcanbehelpfultothinkaboutfinishingwhatyouhavestarted.Withthatinmind,herearesomethoughtsonfinishingprojectsandseasonswell.FinishingprojectsOnesteptofinishingaprojectcomesnearthebeginning:definewhatitmeansfortheprojecttobefinished.Thiscouldmeangettinganarticlepublished,submittingareporttoyourbossorteacher,orcreatingdesignsforaproduct.___17___.Inorder