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HowEmpathyUnfoldsThemomentHope,justninemonthsold,sawanotherbabyfall,tearswelledupinherowneyesandshecrawledofftobecomfortedbyhermother,asthoughitwereshewhohadbeenhurt.And15-month-oldMichaelwenttogethisownteddybearforhiscryingfriendPaul;whenPaulkeptcrying,MichaelretrievedPaul'ssecurityblanketforhim.霍普才九個月大,一見到另一個嬰兒摔倒,淚水就涌了出來。她爬到媽媽身邊尋求安慰,就好像是她自己摔疼了。15個月大的邁克爾去把自己的玩具熊拿來給正在大哭的朋友保羅;保羅不停地大哭的時候,邁克爾替保羅撿回他的安樂毯。Boththesesmallactsofsympathyandcaringwereobservedbymotherstrainedtorecordsuchincidentsofempathyinaction.Theresultsofthestudysuggestthattherootsofempathycanbetracedtoinfancy.Virtuallyfromthedaytheyareborninfantsareupsetwhentheyhearanotherinfantcrying–aresponsesomeseeastheearliestprecursorofempathy.這些小小的表示同情和關(guān)愛的舉動都是接受過記錄同感行為訓(xùn)練的母親們觀察到的。這項研究的結(jié)果表明,同感的根源可以追溯到人的嬰兒期。實(shí)際上,從出生的那天起,嬰兒在聽到其他嬰兒哭鬧的時候就會感到不安——有些人認(rèn)為這種反應(yīng)是同感的最初先兆。Developmentalpsychologistshavefoundthatinfantsfeelsympatheticdistressevenbeforetheyfullyrealizethattheyexistapartfromotherpeople.Evenafewmonthsafterbirth,infantsreacttoadisturbanceinthosearoundthemasthoughitweretheirown,cryingwhentheyseeanotherchild'stears.成長心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),甚至在充分意識到自己是獨(dú)立于其他人而存在之前,嬰兒就感受到了同情的苦惱。甚至在出生后幾個月,嬰兒就會對周圍人的煩躁不安做出反應(yīng),就好像他們自己的煩躁不安一樣,看到別的孩子哭也跟著哭。Byoneyearorso,theystarttorealizethemiseryisnottheirownbutsomeoneelse's,thoughtheystillseemconfusedoverwhattodoaboutit.InresearchbyMartinL.HoffmanatNewYorkUniversity,forexample,aone-year-oldbroughthisownmotherovertocomfortacryingfriend,ignoringthefriend'smother,whowasalsointheroom.到了一歲左右,他們開始意識到痛苦不是他們的,而是別人的,可是他們對這樣的事情似乎還是感到不知所措。例如,在紐約大學(xué)的馬丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一項研究中,一個一歲的孩子把自己的媽媽拉過來安慰哭鬧的朋友,卻忽視了同在一室的朋友的媽媽。Thisconfusionisseentoowhenone-year-oldsimitatethedistressofsomeoneelse,possiblytobettercomprehendwhattheyarefeeling;forexample,ifanotherbabyhurtsherfingers,aone-year-oldmightputherownfingersinhermouthtoseeifshehurts,too.Onseeinghismothercry,onebabywipedhisowneyes,thoughtheyhadnotears.這樣的困惑在其他一歲大的孩子身上也能看到,他們模仿別的孩子的痛苦,也許是為了更好地理解他們的感受。例如,如果別的嬰兒傷了手指,一個一歲大的孩子就會把自己的手指放進(jìn)嘴里,看看自己是否也感覺到痛??吹阶约旱膵寢尶?,嬰兒即使沒有眼淚,也會擦拭自己的眼睛。Suchmotormimicry,asitiscalled,istheoriginaltechnicalsenseofthewordempathyasitwasfirstusedinthe1920sbyE.B.Titchener,anAmericanpsychologist.Titchener'stheorywasthatempathystemmedfromasortofphysicalimitationofthedistressofanother,whichthenevokesthesamefeelingsinoneself.這種所謂的運(yùn)動神經(jīng)模仿就是“同感”的原始字面含義,而“同感”這個詞于20世紀(jì)20年代由美國心理學(xué)家E.B.鐵欽納首次使用。鐵欽納的理論是:同感發(fā)自對他人痛苦的一種身體模仿;這種模仿繼而在自身引起同樣的心理感受。Hesoughtawordthatwouldbedistinctfromsympathy,whichcanbefeltforthegeneralplightofanotherwithnosharingwhateverofwhatthatotherpersonisfeeling.他當(dāng)時在尋找一個與同情有所區(qū)別的詞;同情是針對他人的一般困境而發(fā)的,無須分擔(dān)他人的任何感受。Motormimicryfadesfromtoddlers'repertoireataroundtwoandahalfyears,atwhichpointtheyrealizethatsomeoneelse'spainisdifferentfromtheirown,andarebetterabletocomfortthem.Atypicalincident,fromamother'sdiary:小孩兩歲半左右就漸漸不再有運(yùn)動神經(jīng)模仿行為,那時他們會意識到別人的痛苦與自己的不同,會更有能力安慰別人。下面是摘自一位母親日記里的典型事例:Aneighbor'sbabycriesandJennyapproachesandtriestogivehimsomecookies.Shefollowshimaroundandbeginstowhimpertoherself.Shethentriestostrokehishair,buthepullsaway…Hecalmsdown,butJennystilllooksworried.Shecontinuestobringhimtoysandtopathisheadandshoulders.鄰居家的嬰兒哭了,珍妮走上前去,試圖給他一些小甜餅。她跟著他轉(zhuǎn),開始帶著哭腔低聲自言自語。然后她試圖撫摸他的頭發(fā),可是他躲開了……他平靜下來,但是珍妮仍然面帶憂色。她繼續(xù)給他拿來玩具,輕拍他的頭和肩膀。Atthispointintheirdevelopmenttoddlersbegintodivergefromoneanotherintheiroverallsensitivitytootherpeople'semotionalupsets,withsome,likeJenny,keenlyawareandotherstuningout.在這個年齡,幼兒對于他人感情波動的總體敏感度開始有所不同,有些像珍妮一樣,感同身受,有些則不予理睬。AseriesofstudiesbyMarianRadke-YarrowandCarolynZahn-WaxlerattheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthshowedthatalargepartofthisdifferenceinempathicconcernhadtodowithhowparentsdisciplinedtheirchildren.Children,theyfound,weremoreempathicwhenthedisciplineincludedcallingstrongattentiontothedistresstheirmisbehaviorcausedsomeoneelse:美國國家心理健康研究所的瑪麗安·拉德克-亞羅和卡羅琳·察恩-瓦克斯勒所做的一系列研究表明,這種在同感關(guān)注方面的差異大部分與父母怎樣教養(yǎng)子女有關(guān)。她們發(fā)現(xiàn),如果在家教中讓孩子特別注意他們的惡作劇給別人造成的痛苦,孩子就比較有同感心。"Lookhowsadyou'vemadeherfeel"insteadof"Thatwasnaughty".Theyfoundtoothatchildren'sempathyisalsoshapedbyseeinghowothersreactwhensomeoneelseisdistressed;byimitatingwhattheysee,childrendeveloparepertoireofempathicresponse,especiallyinhelpingotherpeoplewhoaredistressed.比如對孩子說“瞧你讓她多傷心啊”,而不是說“你真調(diào)皮”。她們也發(fā)現(xiàn),觀看別人遇到痛苦時其他人的反應(yīng),兒童的同感心也會受到影響。通過模仿親眼所見,兒童能培養(yǎng)出一套同感反應(yīng)行為,尤其是在幫助那些痛苦的人的時候。Thatwasthestraplineofthe2002filmCatchMeIfYouCan,whichtellsthestoryofFrankAbagnale,Jr.(LeonardoDiCaprio),abrilliantyoungmasterofdeceptionwhoatdifferenttimesimpersonatedadoctor,alawyer,andanairplanepilot,forgingchecksworthmorethansixmilliondollarsin26countries.HebecametheyoungestmantoevermaketheFBI'smost-wantedlistforforgery.HuntedandcaughtinthefilmbyfictionalFBIagentCarlHanratty(TomHanks),Abagnalelaterescaped.HeeventuallybecameaconsultantfortheFBIwherehefocusedonwhite-collarcrime.這是2002年的電影《有種來抓我》的劇情簡介。影片講述了小弗蘭克?阿巴格納爾(萊昂納多?迪卡普里奧飾演)的故事。影片主人公是一位聰明絕頂?shù)哪贻p騙術(shù)大師,曾在不同時間扮演醫(yī)生、律師和飛行員的角色,在26個國家偽造了價值600萬美元以上的支票。他成了聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局有史以來偽造罪頭號通緝令名單上最年輕的通緝犯。在影片中,阿巴格納爾被虛構(gòu)的聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局特工卡爾?漢拉提(湯姆?漢克斯飾演)追捕,但后來逃脫了。他最終成了聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局專攻白領(lǐng)犯罪的顧問專家。3It'sagreatfilm,butcouldithappeninreallife?Infact,CatchMeIfYouCanisbasedonthetruestoryofFrankAbagnale,whosecareerasafraudsterlastedaboutsixyearsbeforehewascaught,whoescapedfromcustodythreetimes(oncethroughanairplanetoilet),andwhospentatotalofsixyearsinprisoninFrance,SwedenandtheUS.Henowrunsaconsultancyadvisingtheworldofbusinesshowtoavoidfraud.Hehasraisedenoughmoneytopaybackallhisvictims,andisnowamulti-millionaire.《有種來抓我》是一部很棒的電影,但影片中的事情會在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中發(fā)生嗎?其實(shí),《有種來抓我》是根據(jù)弗蘭克?阿巴格納爾的真實(shí)故事改編的,他的行騙生涯持續(xù)了大約六年;被抓后,曾三次逃脫監(jiān)管(有一次是從飛機(jī)的廁所逃走的);在法國、瑞典和美國的監(jiān)獄中總共度過了六年時光。他現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營一家咨詢事務(wù)所,為企業(yè)界提供防造假咨詢。他掙到了足夠的錢,賠付了所有的受害者,如今已是大富豪。4Since2003,identitythefthasbecomeincreasinglycommon.Fewpeoplecouldimaginehowimportantthingsliketakingmailtothepostofficeandnotleavingitinthemailboxforpickup,shreddingdocumentsinsteadofthrowingthemoutwiththetrash,evenusingapencostingacoupleofbucks,havebecometoavoidlife-changingcrimes.2003年以來,身份盜竊案變得越來越常見。很少有人會想象到,為了預(yù)防這種改變?nèi)松姆缸?,采取一些預(yù)防措施有多么重要,比如把郵件拿到郵局去寄而不是丟在信箱里等人來取、把文件切碎而不是直接把它們連同垃圾一道扔出去,甚至使用幾美元一支的(特效)筆等等。5Moreandmorepeoplearebecominganonymousvictimsofidentitytheft.Wespendmanyhoursanddollarstryingtorecoverourname,ourcredit,ourmoneyandourlives.Weneedtolookfordifferentwaystoprotectourselves.Wecanimproveourchancesofavoidingthiscrime,butitwillnevergoaway.越來越多的人正在成為身份盜竊案的無名受害者。我們花費(fèi)許多時間和金錢,去努力挽回我們的姓名、我們的信用、我們的錢和我們的生活。我們需要想方設(shè)法來保護(hù)自己。我們可以減少此類犯罪的機(jī)會,但是它永遠(yuǎn)不會消失。6It'snotjustalistofdo'sanddon'ts,weneedtochangeourmindset.Althoughonlinebankingisnowcommonplace,there'sasignificantgroupofpeopleinthecountry—thebabyboomers,15percentofthepopulation—whostillprefertousepaper.What'smore,30percentofcasesoffraudoccurwithinthisgroup.Acheckhasalltheinformationaboutyouthatanidentitythiefneeds.Ifyouuseaballpointpen,theinkcanberemovedwiththehelpofaregularhouseholdchemicalandthesumofmoneycanbechanged.Morethan1.2millionbadchecksareissuedeveryday,morethan13persecond.這不僅僅是要求我們列一份“該做”和“不該做”事項的清單,我們還需要改變心態(tài)。雖然網(wǎng)上銀行現(xiàn)在很常見,但國內(nèi)有一大群人——即占人口15%的生育高峰時期出生的一代人——還是更喜歡用紙。而且,30%的詐騙案都發(fā)生在這群人當(dāng)中。支票上有身份盜賊所需的你的全部信息。如果你用圓珠筆,筆跡可以用一般的家用化學(xué)藥品除去,錢數(shù)可以更改。每天發(fā)出的空頭支票高達(dá)120萬張以上,平均每秒13張以上。7Checkfraudisbigbusiness...andgrowingby25percenteveryyear.Criminalscountonourmistakestomaketheirjobseasier.Sohowcanwepreventidentitytheftbeforeithappenstous?支票造假是個大產(chǎn)業(yè)……每年以25%的速率增長。犯罪分子指望我們犯錯誤,好讓他們更容易得手。那么我們怎樣才能防患于未然呢?8Takeafewprecautions.Don'tleaveyourmailinyourmailboxovernightorovertheweekend.Thieveswaitfortheredflagtogoup,sotheycanlookthroughyouroutgoingmailforusefulpersonalinformationorchecks.Useagelpenforchecksandimportantforms,theinkistrappedinthefibreofthepaper,anditcan'tberemovedwithchemicals.Also,shredortearupalldocumentswhichcontainpersonalinformationbeforeyouputtheminthetrash.采取一些預(yù)防措施。不要把你的郵件留在郵箱里過夜或過周末。小偷就等著看你家信箱的小紅旗(注:在美國,信箱上插上小紅旗表示有郵件需要投遞),以便通過你要投遞的郵件找尋有用的個人信息或支票。要用簽字筆填寫支票和重要表格,(因?yàn)椋┖炞止P的墨水會滲進(jìn)紙張的纖維中,無法用化學(xué)藥品除去。還有,切碎或撕碎含有個人信息的所有文件,然后再把它們丟進(jìn)垃圾桶。9Rememberthatthereareplentyofonlineopportunitiesforthievestocreateafalseidentitybasedonyourown.We'reallawareoftheriskstopersonalinformationoncomputerdatabasesbyhackingandTrojanhorses.ButchoosingsomeoneanddoingaGooglesearchcanalsoyieldlargeamountsofpersonalinformation,andsocanonlinesocialnetworkingsitessuchasMySpace,FacebookandBebo.Andjustaswetakeourpocketbookwithuswhenweleavetheofficetogotothebathroom,it'salsoworthloggingoffyourcomputertoavoidopportunistictheft.記住,網(wǎng)上有大量機(jī)會可以被小偷利用。他們根據(jù)你的身份偽造假身份。我們都知道黑客行為和木馬軟件對電腦數(shù)據(jù)庫中個人信息的威脅。但是在谷歌上搜索某人也會透露大量個人信息,在線社交網(wǎng)站(如“我的空間”、“相冊”和“畢波”)也一樣。正如我們離開辦公室去廁所時要隨身帶上錢包一樣,離開電腦時也應(yīng)該注銷你的電腦以防臨時起意的盜竊。10Finally,ifyougetrobbedinamoretraditionalway—inthestreet—cancelingyourcreditcardsisobviouslythefirstthingtodo.Butdon'tforgetthatevenafterthey'rereportedlost,theycanbeusedasidentificationtoacquirestorecards...andyougetthecriminalrecord.最后一點(diǎn),假如你遭遇較傳統(tǒng)方式的搶劫——比如在大街上——掛失你的信用卡顯然是要做的第一件事。但是別忘了,即使掛了失,信用卡也可以用作身份證件來獲得購物卡……那你就有了犯罪記錄。11Identityfraudcangoonforyearswithoutthevictim'sknowledge.Thereisnoescapingthefactthatrightnowfraudstersarefindingidentitycrimealltooeasy.Ifyouhaven'thadyouridentitystolen,it'sonlybecausetheyhaven'tgottoyouyet.Yourturnwillcome身份偽造可以肆行多年而不為受害者所知。一個無法回避的事實(shí)是:現(xiàn)在的詐騙者覺得身份犯罪簡直是太容易了。如果你的身份尚未失竊,那只是因?yàn)樗麄冞€沒有對你動手。就會輪到你的。Makingtheheadlines1Itisn'tveryoftenthatthemedialeadwiththesamestoryeverywhereintheworld.Suchaneventwouldhavetobeofenormousinternationalsignificance.ButthisisexactlywhatoccurredinSeptember2001withtheterroristattackontheTwinTowersoftheWorldTradeCenterinNewYork.Itisprobablynotexaggeratedtosaythatfromthatmomenttheworldwasadifferentplace.世界各地的媒體都以頭條報道同一新聞的情形并不很常見。這樣的事件得具有巨大的國際影響力。但是這正是2001年9月恐怖分子襲擊紐約世貿(mào)中心雙塔之后發(fā)生的情形。從那一刻起世界改變了模樣,這樣說也許并不夸張。2Butitisnotjustthehistoricalandinternationaldimensionthatmade9/11memorableand(touseawordthemedialike)newsworthy.Itwastheshockandhorror,too.Sostriking,sosensational,wasthenewsthat,yearsaftertheevent,manypeoplecanstillrememberexactlywheretheywereandwhattheyweredoingwhentheyfirstheardit.Theycanremembertheirownreactions:Formanypeopleacrosstheglobetheirfirstinstinctwastogoandtellsomeoneelseaboutit,thusprovidingconfirmationoftheoldsayingthatbadnewstravelsfast.但是,使9/11值得紀(jì)念并(用媒體喜歡的話來說)具有新聞價值的不僅僅是它的歷史性和國際性。還有震驚和恐懼。這一消息極度震撼,極具爆炸性。事發(fā)多年以后,許多人還能清楚地記得他們第一次聽到這一消息時身在何處、當(dāng)時正在做什么。他們能記得自己的反應(yīng):對世界各地的許多人來說,他們的第一本能是去把這一消息告訴別人。這就證實(shí)了那句老話:“壞事傳千里”。3Andsoitiswithallmajornewsstories.IrememberwhenIwasatprimaryschooltheteacherannouncingpale-facedtoastartledclassofsevenyearoldsPresidentKennedyisdead.Ididn'tknowwhoPresidentKennedywas,butIwassoupsetathearingthenewsthatIwentrushinghomeafterwardstotellmyparents(whoalreadyknew,ofcourse).Infact,thisisoneofmyearliestmemories.一切重大新聞都是如此。我記得上小學(xué)的時候,老師臉色煞白地向一班吃驚的七歲孩子通報說,肯尼迪總統(tǒng)死了。我并不知道肯尼迪總統(tǒng)是誰,但是我聽到這一消息后非常不安,后來就跑回家去告訴了父母(當(dāng)然,他們已經(jīng)知道了)。事實(shí)上,這是我最早的記憶之一。4Sowhatexactlyisnews?Theobjectiveimportanceofaneventisobviouslynotenough—thereareplentyofenormousglobalissuesoutthere,withdramaticconsequences,frompovertytoglobalwarming—butsincetheyareongoing,theydon'tallmakethejustinternational,butodd,unexpected,and(inthesensethatitwaspossibletoidentifywiththeplightofpeoplecaughtupinthedrama)veryhuman.那么,新聞到底是什么?一個事件光有客觀重要性顯然還不夠——世界上有大量全球性的大問題,都會造成戲劇性的后果,從貧困問題到全球變暖問題——但由于它們都是進(jìn)行中的,并不都會在同一天成為頭條。對比之下,9/11不僅具有國際性,而且奇特怪異、出人意料,還(可能使讀者對身陷那場悲劇中的人們的痛苦感同身受,從這個意義上講)極具人性。5Odddoesn'tmeanhuge.Takethestoryintoday'sChinaDailyaboutamouseholdingupaflightfromVietnamtoJapan.ThemousewasspottedrunningdowntheaisleofaplaneinHanoiairport.Itwaseventuallycaughtbyagroupof12techniciansworriedthatthemousecouldchewthroughwiresandcauseashortcircuit.Bythetimeittookofftheplanewasmorethanfourhourslate.奇特怪異并不意味著重大。就拿今天的《中國日報》上關(guān)于一只老鼠延誤了一架從越南飛至日本的航班這條消息為例吧。在河內(nèi)機(jī)場有人發(fā)現(xiàn)那只老鼠在一架飛機(jī)的過道里奔跑。它最終被12名技術(shù)人員合力逮住,他們怕它會咬破電線,造成短路。飛機(jī)晚點(diǎn)了四個多小時才起飛。6Notaneventwithmomentousinternationalconsequences,youmightsay,(apartfromafewpassengersarrivinglatefortheirappointmentsinanothercountry),butthereareechoesofthestoryacrosstheglobe,inonlineeditionsofpapersfromAsiatoAmerica,viaScotland(Mousechaseholdsupflight,intheEdinburghEveningNews).你也許會說,這并不是具有重大國際影響的事件(除了少數(shù)乘客到另一國赴約遲到以外)。但是全球卻頗有反響,從亞洲經(jīng)蘇格蘭到美洲的電子版報紙都有轉(zhuǎn)載(《愛丁堡晚報》的標(biāo)題是《捉老鼠延誤航班》)。7Anotherelementofnewsworthinessisimmediacy.Thisreferstothenearnessoftheeventintime.Aneventwhichhappenedaweekagoisnotgenerallynews—unlessyou'vejustreadaboutit."When"isoneofthefive"wh"questionstraineejournalistsareregularlytoldthattheyhavetousetoframeanewsstory(theothersare"who","what","where"and"why");"today","thismorning",and"yesterday"areprobablyatthetopofthelistoftimeadverbsinanewsreport.Similarly,aneventwhichisabouttohappen("today","thisevening"or"tonight")mayalsobenewsworthy,although,bydefinition,itisnotunexpectedandsolesssensational.新聞價值的另一個元素是即時性。這是指事件發(fā)生的時間近。一周前發(fā)生的事件一般來說就不是新聞了——除非你剛剛讀到它。“何時”是受訓(xùn)記者常被教導(dǎo)用以勾勒新聞故事的五個“何”問題之一(其余是“何人”、“何事”、“何地”和“何故”);今天、今晨、昨天很可能在新聞報道所使用的時間副詞中名列前茅。同樣,即將發(fā)生的事件(今天、今晚或今夜)也可能具有新聞價值,雖然,從定義上講,它不出人意外,也就不那么聳人聽聞了。8Whenitcomestoimmediacy,thosemediawhichcanpresentnewsinrealtime,suchasTV,radio,andtheInternet,haveanenormousadvantageoverthepress.Toseeaneventunfoldinginfrontofyoureyesisratherdifferentfromreadingaboutitatbreakfastthenextmorning.ButTVnewsisnotnecessarilymoreobjectiveorreliablethananewspaperreport,sincetheimagesyouarelookingatonyourscreenhavebeenchosenbyjournalistsoreditorswithspecificobjectives,oratleastfollowingsetguidelines,andtheyareshownfromauniqueviewpoint.Byplacingthecamerasomewhereelseyouwouldgetadifferentpicture.Thisiswhyitisusualtotalkofthe"powerofthemedia"—thepowertoinfluencethepublic,moreorlesscovertly.說到即時性,能夠?qū)崟r播報新聞的媒體,如電視、廣播和互聯(lián)網(wǎng),就比報紙的優(yōu)勢大多了。眼看著事件在你眼前展開與次日早餐時在報上讀到它的感覺大不相同。但是,電視新聞未必比報紙報道更客觀或更可靠,因?yàn)槟阍谄聊簧峡吹降膱D像是經(jīng)記者或編輯根據(jù)特殊的目的,或至少是按照預(yù)定指示篩選過的;它們是從一個獨(dú)特的視點(diǎn)展現(xiàn)給觀眾的。如果把攝像機(jī)移到別的地方,你就會看到另一番景象。這就是為什么人們通常會談到“媒體霸權(quán)”——或多或少地暗中影響公眾。9Butperhapsinthethirdmillenniumthispowerisbeingeroded,oratleastdevolvedtoordinarypeople.Theproliferationofpersonalblogs,thepossibilityofself-broadcastingthroughsitessuchasYouTube,andthegrowthofopen-accesswebpages(wikis)meansthatanyonewithanythingtosay—orshow—cannowreachaworldwideaudienceinstantly.但也許在第三個千年,這種權(quán)力正在減弱,或至少下放給普通民眾。個人博客的大量出現(xiàn),通過像YouTube這樣的網(wǎng)站自我廣播的可能性,以及權(quán)限開放網(wǎng)頁(wiki網(wǎng))的增長都意味著任何人有任何話要說——或有任何東西要展示——現(xiàn)在都能立刻讓全世界的觀眾看到。10Thisdoesn'tmeanthatthepressandTVaregoingtodisappearovernight,ofcourse.Butintheirnever-endingsearchforinterestingnewsitems—odd,unexpected,andhuman—theyaregoingtoturnincreasinglytothesesitesfortheirsources,providingtheglobalinformationnetworkwithacuriouslylocaldimension當(dāng)然,這并不意味著報紙和電視即將在一夜之間消失。但是,在它們永不休止的搜尋有趣新聞——奇特怪異、出人意外和極具人性的新聞——的過程中,報紙和電視將越來越多地借助網(wǎng)站來收集資料,為全球信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供極具地方色彩的視角。Mydreamcomestrue1TherainhadstartedtofallgentlythroughtheeveningairasdarknessdescendedoverSydney.HundredsoflightsilluminatedStadiumAustralia,andthenoisewasdeafening.AsIwalkedtowardsthetrackIglancedaroundmeattheseaoffacesinthestands,butmymindwasfocused.TheOlympicgoldmedalwasjustminutesaway,hangingtantalisinglyinthedistance.當(dāng)夜幕降臨悉尼時,雨也開始悄悄地從夜空中飄落。幾百盞燈把澳大利亞體育場照得燈火通明,場內(nèi)的聲音震耳欲聾。走向跑道時我看了一眼四周看臺上無數(shù)的臉,但我的注意力還是很集中。再過幾分鐘奧運(yùn)金牌的歸屬就要見分曉了,它懸掛在遠(yuǎn)處,很誘人。2Myheartwasbeatingloudly,mymouthwasdryandtheadrenalinewaspumping.Iwassoclosetotherealisationofmychildhooddreamandthefeelingwasfantastic;itwascompletelyexhilarating,butalsoterrifying.IknewIwouldhavetopushmyselfbeyondmyknownlimitstoensurethatmydreamcametrue.我的心在劇烈地跳動,口干舌燥,腎上腺素猛增。童年的夢想就要實(shí)現(xiàn)了,這種感覺真是太奇妙了:令人非常興奮,又膽戰(zhàn)心驚。我知道,為了確保能夢想成真我必須強(qiáng)迫自己超越已知的極限。3Itriedtokeepcomposed,tellingmyselfnottopanic,tosticktotheplanandrunmyownrace.IknewtheRussiangirlswouldsetoffquickly—andIhadtofinishthisracefewerthantensecondsbehindtheRussianathleteYelenaProkhorova.IfIcoulddothat,thetitlewouldbemine.我極力保持鎮(zhèn)靜,告誡自己不要緊張,要堅持按原計劃做,按自己的節(jié)奏跑。我知道那些俄羅斯姑娘起跑很快——這場比賽我落后俄羅斯運(yùn)動員葉蓮娜?普羅科霍洛娃不能超過十秒。如果我做到這一點(diǎn),冠軍就是我的了。4Ilookedoutalongthefirststretchofthe400mtrackandcaughtmybreath.The800mracehadpunishedmesomuchovertheyears—intheWorld,CommonwealthandEuropeanChampionships—andnowitstoodbetweenmeandtheOlympictitle.我望著四百米跑道的起跑點(diǎn),屏住了呼吸。這些年來,在世錦賽、英聯(lián)邦錦標(biāo)賽以及歐洲錦標(biāo)賽的八百米賽跑中我屢戰(zhàn)屢敗,飽受挫折?,F(xiàn)在,它再次橫在我與奧運(yùn)冠軍頭銜之間。5TheBritishsupporterswerecheeringsoloudlyitseemedasiftheyweretheonlyfansthere.Icouldhearmynamebeingcalled.Icouldheartheshoutsofencouragementandthecriesofhope.UnionJacksflutteredallaroundthevast,beautifulstadium.Ifeltunifiedwiththecrowd—weallhadthesamevisionandthesamedream.我的英國支持者在為我歡呼,聲音特別大,就好像看臺上只有他們是我的狂熱支持者。我聽到他們喊我的名字,為我鼓勁加油,聽到他們充滿希望的吶喊。寬闊美麗的體育場上到處飄揚(yáng)著大不列顛聯(lián)合王國的國旗,我感覺自己和觀眾融為了一體:我們有著同樣的期盼,同樣的夢想。6MyanklewasbandagedagainstaninjuryIhadincurredinthelongjumpjustacoupleofhoursearlier,butIshutoutallthoughtsofpain.Itriedtoconcentrateonthecrowd.Theyweresovocal.MyspiritsliftedandIfeltcomposed.幾個小時前,我的腳踝在跳遠(yuǎn)時受了傷,纏上了繃帶,但是我忘掉傷痛,盡量把注意力集中在觀眾身上。他們的叫喊聲勢浩大,使我精神振奮,我感到鎮(zhèn)定自若。7IknewIwoulddomybest,thatIwouldrunmyheartoutandfinishtherace.Ifelttheperformerinmemoveinandtakeover.Ihadjusttwolapstorun,thatwasall.Justtwolapsuntiltheemotionalandphysicalstrainofthepasttwodaysandthelast28yearswouldbeeclipsedbyvictoryorfailure.Thisracewasallaboutsurvival.It'sonlytwominutes,Ikepttellingmyself,anyonecanrunfortwominutes.我知道自己會全力以赴,拼盡全力跑完全程。我感覺自己已經(jīng)進(jìn)入最佳狀態(tài)。我只要跑兩圈就行了,就兩圈。跑完這兩圈,過去兩天以及28年來所有情感和身體上的辛苦付出就將被勝利或者失敗所淹沒。這一跑真是生死攸關(guān)。我不斷地告訴自己:也就是跑兩分鐘,誰都能跑兩分鐘。8Thestartinggunwasfired,andtheracebegan.Thefirstlapwasgood,Imanagedtokeepupwiththegroup,butIwasfeelingmuchmoretiredthanIusuallydid,andmuchmorethanI'danticipated.Boththelong,hardweeksoftrainingthathadleduptothischampionship,andtheexhaustionfromtwodaysofgruellingcompetitionwereshowinginmyperformance.Mentalandphysicalfatiguewerestartingtocrushme,andIhadtofightback.發(fā)令槍響了,比賽正式開始。第一圈還好,我跟其他人跑得一樣快,但我覺得比平時要累得多,比我預(yù)想的要累得多。這次錦標(biāo)賽賽前長達(dá)數(shù)周的艱苦訓(xùn)練以及這兩天激烈的比賽所帶來的疲勞在我的賽跑過程中顯現(xiàn)出來。精神和肉體的疲倦開始向我襲來,我不得不反擊。9Prokhorovahadsetthepacefromthestart.ItwasimportantthatIdidn'tlethergettoofarinfront.Ihadtostaywithher.AtthebellIwas2.3secondsbehindher.Justonelaptogo.Onelap.Icoulddoit.Ihadtokeepgoing.Inthefinal150metresIcouldheartheroarofthecrowd,givingmeaboostatexactlythemomentIneededitthemost—justwhenmylegswereburningandIcouldseethegapopeningbetweenmeandtheRussian.Thankfully,myfootwasholdingout,sonowitwasalldowntomentalstamina.普羅科霍洛娃一開始就領(lǐng)先。最重要的是我不能被她甩得太遠(yuǎn),我得緊緊地跟著她。最后一圈的鈴聲響起時,我比她落后2.3秒。只剩最后一圈了,就一圈,我能贏,我必須堅持跑下去。到最后150米的時候我聽見觀眾高聲叫喊,在我最需要的時候?yàn)槲壹佑椭@時我的腿疼得要命,我看見我和那個俄羅斯運(yùn)動員之間距離正在拉大。令人欣慰的是,我的腳還在繼續(xù)向前邁步,這時候就全靠精神毅力來支撐了。10Prokhorovawaspullingaway.Icouldn'tlethergettoofar;Ihadtostaywithher.IbegancountingdownthemetresIhadlefttorun:60m,50m,40m,20m.Icouldseetheclock.Icoulddoit,butitwouldbeclose.Thenfinallythelineappeared.Icrossedit,exhausted.Ihadfinished.普羅科霍洛娃正在向前沖,我不能讓她甩開了,我必須跟上她。我開始倒數(shù)剩下的距離:60米、50米、40米、20米。我看得見計時器了,我能贏,但成績會很接近。最后終點(diǎn)線出現(xiàn)了,我沖了過去,累得精疲力竭。我跑完了。11AsIcrossedthelinemyinitialthoughtwashowmuchhardertheracehadbeenthanexpected,bearinginmindhow,onlyeightweeksbefore,Ihadsetanewpersonalbestoftwominutes12.2seconds.Thenmymindturnedtotheresult.HadIdoneit?IthoughtIhad.Iwasawareofwheretheotherathleteswere,andwassurethatI'djustmadeit.But,untilIsawitonthescoreboard,Iwouldn'tletmyselfbelieveit.AsIstoodthere,staringupandwaitingforconfirmation,Itriedhardtokeepnegativethoughtsfrommymind—butIcouldn'thelpthinking,whatifIhavejustmissedout?WhatifI'vebeenthroughallthis,andmissedout?沖過終點(diǎn)線時我最初的念頭是這次賽跑比預(yù)期的要艱苦得多,記得八周前我以2分12.2秒的成績打破了個人最好成績。然后,我的心思轉(zhuǎn)向了比賽成績:我贏了嗎?我想我是贏了,過終點(diǎn)線時,我知道其她運(yùn)動員的位置,我肯定我贏了。但是,如果我不是親眼看見記分牌上的成績,我就無法讓自己相信這是真的。當(dāng)我站在那里,抬頭望著記分牌等待確認(rèn)成績時,我竭力打消腦子里消極的念頭,但是我還是禁不住想:如果我再次與冠軍失之交臂怎么辦?如果我經(jīng)歷了這些磨難卻又一次失敗了,那該怎么辦?12InthedistanceIcouldhearthecommentaryteamtalkingabouttwodaysoftoughcompetition,thenIcouldalmosthearsomeonesay,"Ithinkshe'sdoneenough."ThenextthingIknew,SabineBraunofGermanycameoverandtoldmeI'dwon.Theyhadheardbeforeme,andsheaskedwhatitfeltliketobetheOlympicchampion.Ismiled,stillnotsure.我聽見遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)播比賽的解說員在談?wù)搩商靵淼钠D難賽事,我好像聽見有人說:“我覺得她做得夠好了?!苯酉聛恚瑏碜缘聡乃_賓?布勞恩走過來告訴我我贏了,他們在我之前打聽到了消息,她問我當(dāng)奧運(yùn)冠軍是什么滋味。我笑了,但還是不敢肯定。13Then,themomentthatwillstaywithmefortherestofmylife—mynameinlights.Thatwaswhenitallhitme.Relief,amomentofcalm,andathankyoutomyinnerselffortakingmethroughthesetwodays.Ifeltatinglethroughthewholeofmybody.Thiswashowitismeanttobe—armsaloftandfistsclenched.接下來的那一刻將讓我銘記一生:計分牌上我的名字亮了。那一刻我驚呆了。如釋重負(fù),平靜了一會兒,感謝我內(nèi)在的自我?guī)臀叶冗^了這兩天。我感到全身一陣振顫,這時候該做的事是:高舉雙手,緊握雙拳。14Ilookedoutatthefans,whowerewavingflags,clappingandshoutingwithdelight.IwastheOlympicchampion.TheOlympicchampion.我向我的支持者望去,他們正興高采烈地?fù)]舞旗幟,鼓掌吶喊。我是奧運(yùn)冠軍,奧運(yùn)會的冠軍。Protection1WhenSorenwasleavingforJapantostudycarpentry,heaskedifHogahn,whowashisdogoriginally,couldlivewithme."Ofcourse,"Isaid,"he'llprotectme."Therehadbeenrobberiesintheneighborhoodrecently,andmyhouseinMassachusettswassurroundedbyapondandwoodstothenorthandwest,sothatsomeonecouldeasilyapproachafterdarkwithoutbeingseen.瑟倫要去日本學(xué)木工手藝,臨走前他問我能否收留他的狗霍根。我說:“當(dāng)然可以,它可以保護(hù)我?!弊罱覀兗腋浇S袚尳侔赴l(fā)生,我在馬薩諸塞州的房子北面靠湖,西面被樹林環(huán)繞,晚上壞人可以神不知鬼不覺地溜進(jìn)來。2Sorenlaughed."Hogahndoesn'texactlybarkwhensomeonecomestothedoor,"hesaid."Ifaburglarcame,hewouldprobablylickhim."瑟倫哈哈大笑。他說:“有陌生人進(jìn)門時,霍根也不一定會叫。如果來了個夜賊,他或許還會去舔他?!?ButHogahnsensedthathisconnectiontomewasdifferentfromhisconnectiontoSoren.Soren,whoisstrongandrelativelyfearless,didnotneedmuchprotection.WhenSorenwasinahurry,hewouldliftHogahnlikeasmallchildintothebedofthepickup.Icouldnotlifthim.Wewerejustaboutthesameweight,andHogahnwasyoungerandstronger.Asawoman,IfaceddangersthatSorenandHogahndidnothavetoknowabout.Afteraweekoflivingwithme,Hogahnwasbarkingatanyonewhocamenearthehouse.不過,霍根感覺到他跟我的關(guān)系與他跟瑟倫的關(guān)系有所不同。瑟倫體格強(qiáng)壯,而且相對來說比較勇敢,他并不需要太多的保護(hù)。匆忙趕路時,瑟倫會像抱小孩那樣一下子把霍根抱到皮卡的貨箱上。我可抱不動他,我的體重和霍根差不多,而且他還比我年輕力壯。作為女人,我所面臨的危險是瑟倫和霍根根本不可能知道的。在我這里生活了一周之后,只要一有陌生人靠近家門,霍根就開始吠叫。4Ourprotectingrelationshipbeganearly,withmeastheinitialprotector.Hogahnwasapuppy,aboutsevenmonthsold,whenSorenlefthimwithmeforthefirsttime,onlyforaweekend.Itwasacold,lateNovembermorningandthewaterinthepondwasjustbeginningtofreeze.Athinlayeroficeheldblowingleavesandlightbranches,butwasmuchtootenuousforanimalpaws.我們之間的保護(hù)關(guān)系其實(shí)早就存在了,起初我是保護(hù)者。瑟倫第一次把霍根托付給我看管時,他還只是一只七個月大的小狗,他只在我家里過了一個周末。那是11月底一個寒冷的早晨,湖水剛開始結(jié)冰。湖面上的一層薄冰能托得住吹落的樹葉和細(xì)小的樹枝,但是還太脆弱,遠(yuǎn)不能承受動物的爪子。5Iwashangingupthelaundryinthebackyardonalongclotheslinewhichstretchedfromthegiantoaktreenexttothehousetothespruceattheedgeofthewater.Alightbluesheetwasliftingitselfwiththewindandwastryingtosailoffoverthepondtojointhesky.AsIstruggledtotrapitwithaclothespin,Hogahnwaspantingwarmcloudsofairatmyfeet,liftinganddroppingatwo-footoakbranchthathadfallenintohislovingpossession.那時我正在后院晾衣服,長長的曬衣繩拴在房子旁的一棵參天橡樹和湖邊的一棵云杉之間。一條淡藍(lán)色的床單隨風(fēng)飄起,眼看著就要掠過湖面飛上天空。當(dāng)我奮力地用衣服夾子夾床單時,霍根正在我腿邊玩得氣喘噓噓,一段兩英尺長的橡樹枝成了他的寶貝,被他叼來叼去。6Focusedoncapturingthesheetsothatitdrapedevenlyovertheline,Idistractedlypickedupthestickandtosseditdownthehilltowardthefencethatseparatedtheyardfromthewater.由于一心只想著揪住床單,讓它平整伏貼地懸掛在曬衣繩上,我心不在焉地?fù)炱鹉嵌螛渲?,朝山坡下將我們家院子與湖水隔開的圍欄方向扔了過去。7Ihadtossedsticksforhimbeforeandknewtheapproximatedistancetheywouldgo,dependingupontheirweightandmymotion.Thisstick,however,caughtagustand,flyingwherethesheetwantedtogo,sailedacrosstheyard,overthefence,and,withafineskater'stouch,glidedontothepond.AsIlookedup,IsawHogahnracingthroughthegateand,withamagnificentleap,crashingthroughtheicejustshortofthestickandintothewater.我以前也經(jīng)常這樣為他扔木頭。根據(jù)木頭的重量和我動作的大小,我知道它們大概能飛多遠(yuǎn)。但這塊木頭趕上了一陣疾風(fēng),朝著床單想去的方向飛過了院子,越過了圍欄,最后以溜冰高手般的優(yōu)美動作滑進(jìn)湖水里。我抬頭一看,只見霍根飛速穿過院門,以一個漂亮的飛躍撞破薄冰,落入水中,他差一點(diǎn)就夠得著那段木頭了。8TimefrozeasIstoodattheclothesline.Ithought:Sorenhasgivenmethischildtowatchover.Heismyfirstgrandchild.Ihavetosavehim.IwaspenetratinglyawareofthedangersofthepondinNovember.IhadfallenthroughonceandsavedmyselfbecauseIhadstayedverycalmandmovedveryslowly.IknewthatHogahncouldclawatmeinhispanic,pullingmedown,andwecouldbothgounder.時間凝固了,我站在曬衣繩邊,心想:瑟倫把這孩子交給我看管,他可是我的第一個孫子,我必須救他。我深知11月的湖水的危險

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