育苗基質(zhì)中農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的應(yīng)用探究,農(nóng)藝學(xué)論文

育苗基質(zhì)中農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的應(yīng)用探究,農(nóng)藝學(xué)論文本篇論文目錄導(dǎo)航：【題目】育苗基質(zhì)中農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的應(yīng)用探究【第一章】【第二章】【第三章】【第四章】【第五章】【結(jié)論/以下為參考文獻(xiàn)】摘要農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)過(guò)產(chǎn)生的各種農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物大量增加，既浪費(fèi)資源，又造成了嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，也不利于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。利用農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物作為育苗基質(zhì)，不但能夠有效解決農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物所造成的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，還能夠降低基質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)成本。本試驗(yàn)以牛糞、豬糞、菇渣和鋸末為材料，根據(jù)一定比例配制成混合基質(zhì)，以發(fā)酵7個(gè)月、8個(gè)月、腐熟商品基質(zhì)和添加樹(shù)皮的商品基質(zhì)為研究對(duì)象，對(duì)其物理性質(zhì)，化學(xué)性質(zhì)和生物學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，研究了不同堆腐時(shí)間，不同添加材料對(duì)基質(zhì)性質(zhì)的影響，獲得主要結(jié)論如下：〔1〕研究了堆腐經(jīng)過(guò)基質(zhì)的基本性質(zhì)變化隨堆肥時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)，堆肥8個(gè)月基質(zhì)容重高于堆肥7個(gè)月基質(zhì)容重；商品基質(zhì)添加樹(shù)皮對(duì)容重影響不大，腐熟商品基質(zhì)容重大于未腐熟基質(zhì)。腐熟商品基質(zhì)的含水率明顯高于添加樹(shù)皮的商品基質(zhì)?？赡苁怯捎谔砑訕?shù)皮增加了基質(zhì)的透氣性，導(dǎo)致基質(zhì)中水分蒸發(fā)，使含水率下降。堆腐7個(gè)月到8個(gè)月，基質(zhì)pH、EC呈下降趨勢(shì)，添加樹(shù)皮商品基質(zhì)的pH、EC明顯低于腐熟商品基質(zhì)。樹(shù)皮中可電離鹽離子含量低，添加樹(shù)皮后，使基質(zhì)中EC值降低。腐熟商品基質(zhì)pH、EC值小于未腐熟基質(zhì)。水土比10:1浸提，小白菜GI、芽長(zhǎng)、發(fā)芽率均高于水土比5:1.隨堆腐時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)，小白菜GI、芽長(zhǎng)、發(fā)芽率均呈上升趨勢(shì)。添加樹(shù)皮商品基質(zhì)，小白菜GI、芽長(zhǎng)、發(fā)芽率均高于腐熟商品基質(zhì)。添加樹(shù)皮后，降低了基質(zhì)pH和EC,降低了基質(zhì)毒害性，進(jìn)而提高了種子的發(fā)芽率，使種子芽長(zhǎng)增加?！?〕研究了堆腐經(jīng)過(guò)基質(zhì)的碳氮磷的變化規(guī)律基質(zhì)堆肥經(jīng)過(guò)中有機(jī)碳發(fā)生分解轉(zhuǎn)化，堆腐7個(gè)月到8個(gè)月，水溶性碳含量呈上升趨勢(shì)，堿溶性碳含量呈下降趨勢(shì)；腐熟商品基質(zhì)水溶性碳含量高于添加樹(shù)皮商品基質(zhì)，而堿溶性碳含量低于于添加樹(shù)皮商品基質(zhì)；總體看來(lái)，商品基質(zhì)中水溶性碳、堿溶性碳含量低于未腐熟基質(zhì)。全基質(zhì)腐熟7個(gè)月到8個(gè)月，全氮和氨基酸態(tài)氮含量呈現(xiàn)出下降趨勢(shì)。添加樹(shù)皮能夠顯著降低基質(zhì)中氮含量，對(duì)氨基酸態(tài)氮含量影響不顯著。腐熟基質(zhì)全氮和氨基酸態(tài)氮含量與未腐熟基質(zhì)相比，呈下降趨勢(shì)。隨堆腐時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)，堆腐7個(gè)月到8個(gè)月，基質(zhì)中銨態(tài)氮含量呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)；腐熟基質(zhì)和添加樹(shù)皮基質(zhì)中銨態(tài)氮含量基本一樣，添加樹(shù)皮對(duì)基質(zhì)中銨態(tài)氮含量影響不顯著。商品基質(zhì)與未腐熟基質(zhì)中銨態(tài)氮含量差異顯著。硝態(tài)氮與銨態(tài)氮含量變化相對(duì)應(yīng)，堆腐7個(gè)月到8個(gè)月，硝態(tài)氮含量變化不大；添加樹(shù)皮商品基質(zhì)硝態(tài)氮含量高于腐熟商品基質(zhì)。添加樹(shù)皮對(duì)基質(zhì)中硝態(tài)氮含量影響極顯著。腐熟基質(zhì)中硝態(tài)氮含量明顯高于未腐熟基質(zhì)。以NH4+-N/NO3--N的比值小于0.5作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，商品基質(zhì)到達(dá)腐熟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。隨堆腐時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)，堆腐7個(gè)月到8個(gè)月，基質(zhì)全P含量變化不大，全K含量呈上升趨勢(shì)，腐熟基質(zhì)全P含量與堆肥7個(gè)月和8個(gè)月基質(zhì)相比差異極顯著。添加樹(shù)皮后，基質(zhì)全P、全K含量低于腐熟商品基質(zhì)?？赡軜?shù)皮中全P、全K含量較低，使基質(zhì)中全P、全K含量下降?！?〕提出了利用礦物質(zhì)改進(jìn)基質(zhì)保水性和導(dǎo)水性的技術(shù)基質(zhì)添加珍珠巖或能夠提高基質(zhì)吸水量，且隨添加比例的增大而升高，添加蛭石比添加珍珠巖吸水量多?；|(zhì)與珍珠巖、基質(zhì)與蛭石，比例為3:2配方最佳。添加珍珠巖和蛭石，能夠提高基質(zhì)的飽和含水量，且飽和含水量隨基質(zhì)與珍珠巖和蛭石比例的減小而增加。在基質(zhì)比珍珠巖3:2,基質(zhì)：蛭石2:3時(shí)，飽和含水量基本到達(dá)最大。添加珍珠巖和蛭石后，基質(zhì)的飽和導(dǎo)水率升高，且飽和導(dǎo)水率隨基質(zhì)與珍珠巖和蛭石比例的減小而增加?；|(zhì)與珍珠巖比為1:4是飽和導(dǎo)水率上升最多。添加蛭石飽和導(dǎo)水率與純基質(zhì)飽和導(dǎo)水率差異顯著?；|(zhì)添加珍珠巖飽和導(dǎo)水率高于添加蛭石飽和導(dǎo)水率，呈極顯著差異?；|(zhì)飽和導(dǎo)水率與基質(zhì)容重、初始水分含量呈負(fù)相關(guān)?！?〕提出了提高基質(zhì)發(fā)芽率的技術(shù)基質(zhì)中添加碳酸鈣和氧化鈣對(duì)基質(zhì)發(fā)芽率改進(jìn)效果明顯?；|(zhì)中添加碳酸鈣和氧化鈣有利于小白菜種子發(fā)芽，隨著添加量增加，發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)和發(fā)芽指數(shù)均不斷提高。當(dāng)碳酸鈣比例增加到4%時(shí)到達(dá)最大。小白種子發(fā)芽指數(shù)在添加4%碳酸鈣和4%氧化鈣基質(zhì)中差異不顯著〔P0.05〕。在添加4%碳酸鈣和4%氧化鈣基質(zhì)中小白菜種子發(fā)芽較快，發(fā)芽整潔，且發(fā)芽率高。關(guān)鍵字：育苗基質(zhì)；化學(xué)性質(zhì)；持水性；導(dǎo)水率；發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)ABSTRACTRecently,variousagriculturalwasteslargelyincreaseintheproductionprocessofagricultureandanimalhusbandry.Itwastesresourcesandcausesseriousenvironmentalproblems,whichisnotconducivetoagriculturalproduction.Agriculturalwastes,asnurserysubstrate,caneffectivelysolveenvironmentalproblemscausedbyagriculturalwastesandcanreducetheproductioncostofthematrix.Theexperimentmaterialsarecowmanure,pigmanure,mushroomresidueandsawdustandweshouldmakeupmixedmatrixaccordingtoacertainproportion.Theobjectsofstudyarematuritymatrixesfermentedfor7monthsand8months,commercialmaturitymatrixandcommercialmaturitymatrixaddedbark.Thisstudyinvestigatedtheinfluencesofdifferentcompostingtimesandaddedmaterialsonthepropertiesofsubstratebythetestofphysicalproperties,chemicalpropertiesandbiologicalpropertiesonsubstrate.Themainconclusionsobtainedareasfollows:〔1〕Studyonthecompostingprocess,thebasicpropertieschangesofthesubstrate.Withtheincreaseofcompostingtime,thebulkdensityofcompostmatrixdensityofcompostfor8monthswashigherthan7months.Thematuritycommoditydensityishigherthanthenondecomposedmatrix.Compostwaterfor7monthswaslowerthanthatofcompostingfor8months.Thewaterascommercialsubstratewassignificantlyhigherthanthatofthematrixaddbarkgoods.Maybeduetotheadditionofbarkincreases,thepermeabilityofthematrix,resultinginwaterevaporationinthematrix,themoisturecontentdecreased.Compostingfor7monthsto8months,pHmatrix,ECdecreased.AddbarkgoodssubstratepH,ECwassignificantlylowerthanthatofcommercialmaturitymatrix,Maybeaddedinthepinebark,increasesthepermeabilityofthematrix,theammonianitrogenvolatilizationcaused,resultinginthedecreaseofpH.Lowionizablesaltioncontentinbark,addthebark,thematrixECdecreased.Soilandwater10:1leaching,theGI,budlength,germinationrateofthecabbagewerehigherthanthesoilandwaterratio5:1.Withtheincreaseofheaprottime,thegrowthofGI,budlengthandgerminationrateoftheyoungChinesecabbageincreasedAddbarkgoodsmatrix,ChinesecabbageGI,budlength,germinationratewashigherthanthematurityofcommercialsubstrates.Afteraddingbark,thematrixpHandECweredecreased,thetoxicityofmatrixwasdecreased,andthegerminationrateoftheseedincreased,sotheseedlengthincreased.〔2〕Studyonthecompostingprocess,variationofcarbonnitrogenandphosphorusofthematrix.Therapiddecompositionoforganiccarbonduringmatrixcomposting,somedecompositionofwatersolubleorganiccarbon,thematrixofwatersolubleorganiccarboncontentincreased.Withtheincreasingofmicrobialactivity,watersolubleorganiccarbonconsumption,contentreduced.Withtheincreasingtimeofcomposting,compostingfor7monthsto8months,watersolublecarboncontentincreased,alkalisolublecarboncontentdecreased;thewatersolublecarboncontentofthematurityofcommercialsubstratesishigherthanthematrixaddbarkgoods,thealkalisolublecarboncontentislowerthanthematrixaddbarkgoods.watersolublecarbon,alkalisolublecarboncontentofthecommercialsubstrateislowerthanthenondecomposedmatrixofwatersolublecarbon.Compostingfor7monthsto8months,,totalnitrogenandaminoacidnitrogencontentshowedadownwardtrend.Addthebarkcansignificantlyreducethetotalnitrogencontentinthematrix,theeffectofaminoacidnitrogenwasnotsignificant.Thecontentoftotalnitrogenandaminoacidnitrogeninthematrixdecompositioncomparedwithunfermentedsubstrate,decreased.Withtheincreaseofcompostingtime,compostingfor7monthsto8months,Thecontentofammoniumnitrogeninthematrixshowedatrendofdecline.Thecontentofammoniumnitrogeninthedecompositionofmatrixandaddingpinebarkisbasicallythesame.Effectofaddingbarkonthecontentofammoniumnitrogeninthematrixisnotsignificant.Thedifferenceofammoniumnitrogenincommoditymatrixandunfermentedmatrixsignificantly.Compostingfor7monthsto8months,thenitratecontentdidnotchange;addthebarkmatrixcontentofnitratenitrogenwashigherthanthatofcommercialmaturitycommoditymatrix.Thecontentofnitrateincompostmatrixwassignificantlylowerthanthatoinnondecomposedmatrix.UsetheNH4+-N/NO3--Nlessthan0.5asthestandard,thegoodsmatrixreachthecompostingstandard.Withtheincreaseofcompostingtime,compostingfor7monthsto8months,thetotalPcontentchangedlittle,thecontentoftotlePandKincreased;ThecontentofPinfullmaturityweresignificantlydifferentthanthecompostsubstrate7and8months.Addthebark,matrixP,Kcontentislowerthancommercialmaturitycommoditymatrix.〔3〕Putforwardthetechnology,whichusesmineraltoimprovedmatrixwaterretentionandwaterpermeability.Addperliteorvermiculitecanimprovethewaterabsorbingcapacityofmatrix,increasedwiththeaddingproportion.Theeffectofvermiculitewasbetterthanperlite.Themaximumsaturatedwatercontentwasreachedontherationof2:3bothfortheadditiveofperliteandvermiculite.Addperliteorvermiculitecanimprovethesaturatedwatercontentofmatrix,increasedwiththethedecreaseofmatrixandperliteaddingproportion.Themaximumsaturatedwatercontentwasreachedontherationof2:3bothfortheadditiveofperliteandvermiculite.Addperliteorvermiculitecanimprovethesaturatedwatercontentofmatrix,increasedwiththethedecreaseofmatrixandperliteaddingproportion.Matrixandperliteratioof1:4isthelargestincreaseinsaturatedhydraulicconductivity.Saturatedhydraulicconductivityofaddingvermiculiteandthepurematrixconductivitydifference.Thesaturatedhydraulicconductivityofaddingperlitematrixhigherthanaddingvermiculite,therewasextremelysignificantdifference.Matrixsaturatedhydraulicconductivityandbulkdensity,initialmoisturecontentwasnegativelycorrelated.〔4〕Putforwardrhetechnologytoimprovethesubstrategerminationrate.Additionofcalciumcarbonateandcalciumoxideinmatrix,theeffectofrawmatriximprovementobvious.AdvantageoustoChinesecabbageseedgermination.withtheincreasedofcalciumcarbonateandcalciumoxidecontent,thegerminationrate,germinationpotentialandgerminationindexwereincreased,Whencalciumcarbonateincreasedto4%,reachingthemaximum.Whiteseedgerminationindexinthepresenceof4%calciumcarbonateand4%calciumoxidematrixhadnosignificantdifference.Withtheadditionof4%calciumcarbonateand4%calciumoxidematrix,cabbageseedsgerminationfastandneatly,andseedger