2023年考研英語（二）真題

2023年全國碩士研究生統(tǒng)一入學考試英語（二）試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Here’sacommonscenariothatanynumberofentrepreneursfacetoday:you’retheCEOofasmallbusiness,andthoughyou’remakinganice1,youneedtofindawaytotakeittothenextlevel.Whatyouneedtodoisto2growthbyestablishingagrowthteam.Agrowthteamismadeupofmembersfromdifferentdepartmentswithinyourcompany,anditharnessesthepowerofcollaborationtofocus3onfindingwaystogrow.Let’slookatareal-world4.Priortoformingagrowthteam,thesoftwarecompanyBitTorrenthad50employeesworkinginthe5departmentsofengineering,marketingandproductdevelopment.Thisbroughtthemgoodresultsuntil2012,whentheirgrowthplateaued.The6wasthattoomanycustomerswereusingthebasic,freeversionoftheirproduct.And7makingimprovementstothepremium,paidversion,fewpeopleweremakingtheupgrade.Thingschanged,8,whenaninnovativeproject-marketingmanager(PMM)cameaboard,9agrowthteamandsparkedthekindof10perspectivetheyneeded.Bylookingatengineeringissuesfromamarketingpointofview,itbecameclearthatthe11ofupgradeswasn’tduetoaqualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofqualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofthepremiumversionandwhatitoffered.Armedwiththis12,themarketingandengineeringteamsjoinedforcestoraiseawarenessbyprominently13thepremiumversiontousersofthefreeversion.14skyrocketedandrevenueincreasedby92percent.Butinorderforyourgrowthteamtosucceed,itneedstohaveastrongleader.Itneedssomeonewhocan15theinterdisciplinaryteamandkeepthemoncourseforimprovement.Thisleaderwill16thetargetarea,setcleargoalsandestablishatimeframeforthe17ofthesegoals.Thegrowthleaderisalso18forkeepingtheteamfocusedonmovingforwardandsteeringthemclearofdistractions.19attractivenewideascanbedistracting,theteamleadermustrecognizewhentheseideasdon’t20thecurrentgoalandneedtobeputonthebackburner.1. [A]purchase[B]profit[C]connection[D]bet2. [A]define[B]predict[C]prioritize[D]appreciate3. [A]exclusively[B]temporarily[C]potentially[D]initially4. [A]experiment[B]proposal[C]debate[D]example5. [A]identical[B]marginal[C]provisional[D]traditional6. [A]rumor[B]secret[C]myth[D]problem7. [A]despite[B]unlike[C]through[D]besides8. [A]moreover[B]however[C]therefore[D]again9. [A]inspected[B]created[C]expanded[D]reformed10. [A]cultural[B]objective[C]fresh[D]personal11. [A]end[B]burden[C]lack[D]decrease12. [A]policy[B]suggestion[C]purpose[D]insight13. [A]contributing[B]allocating[C]promoting[D]transferring14. [A]Asaresult[B]Atanyrate[C]Bytheway[D]Inasense15. [A]unite[B]finance[C]follow[D]choose16. [A]share[B]identify[C]divide[D]broaden17. [A]announcement[B]assessment[C]adjustment[D]accomplishment18. [A]famous[B]responsible[C]available[D]respectable19. [A]Before[B]Once[C]While[D]Unless20. [A]serve[B]limit[C]summarize[D]alterSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inthequestfortheperfectlawn,homeownersacrossthecountryaretakingashortcut-anditistheenvironmentthatispayingtheprice.Abouteightmillionsquaremetresofplasticgrassissoldeachyearbutoppositionhasnowspreadtothehighestgardeningcircles.TheChelseaFlowerShowhasbannedfakegrassfromthisyear’sevent,declaringittobenotpartofitsethos.TheRoyalHorticulturalSociety(RHS),whichrunstheannualshowinwestLondon,saysithasintroducedthebanbecauseofthedamageplasticgrassdoestotheenvironmentandbiodiversity.EdHorne,oftheRHS,said:“Welaunchedoursustainabilitystrategylastyearandfakegrassisjustnotinlinewithourethosandviewsonplastic.Werecommendusingrealgrassbecauseofitsenvironmentalbenefits,whichincludesupportingwildlifealleviatingfloodingandcoolingtheenvironment.”TheRHS’sdecisioncomesascampaignerstrytoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfakegrasscauses.ATwitteraccount,whichclaimsto“cutthroughthegreenwash”ofartificialgrass,alreadyhasmorethan20,000followers.Itistryingtoencouragepeopletosigntwopetitions,onecallingforabanonthesaleofplasticgrassandanothercallingforan“ecologicaldamage”taxonsuchlawns.Theyhavegathered7,276and11,282signatures.However,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthatthereisalsoanenvironmentalimpactwithnaturallawns,whichneedmowingandthereforeusuallyconsumeelectricityorpetrol.Theindustryalsopointsoutthatrealgrassrequiresconsiderableamountsofwater,weedkillerorothertreatmentsandthatpeoplewholayfakegrasstendtousetheirgardenmore.Theindustryalsoclaimsthatpeoplewholayfakegrassspendanaverageof￡500ontreesorshrubsfortheirgarden,whichprovideshabitatforinsects.Inresponsetoanotherpetitionlastyearaboutbanningfakelawns,whichgathered30,000signatures,thegovernmentrespondedthatithas“noplanstobantheuseofartificialgrass”.Itadded:“Weprefertohelppeopleandorganizationsmaketherightchoiceratherthanlegislatingonsuchmatters.However,theuseofartificialgrassmustcomplywiththelegalandpolicysafeguardsinplacetoprotectbiodiversityandensuresustainabledrainage,whilemeasuressuchasthestrengthenedbiodiversitydutyshouldservetoencouragepublicauthoritiestoconsidersustainablealternatives.TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass .isharmfultotheenvironmentisahottopicingardeningcirclesisoverpraisedintheannualshowisruiningtheviewofwestLondonThepetitionsmentionedinParagraph3revealthecampaigners’ .disappointmentwiththeRHSresistancetofakegrassuseangerovertheproposedtaxconcernaboverealgrasssupplyInParagraph4,supportersoffakegrasspointout .thenecessitytolowerthecostsoffakegrassthedisadvantagesofgrowingrealgrassthewaytotakecareofartificiallawnsthechallengesofinsecthabitatprotectionWhatwouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialgrass?Urgelegislationtorestrictitsuse.Takemeasurestoguaranteesitsquality.Reminditsuserstoobeyexistingrules.Replayitwithsustainablealternatives.Itcanbelearnedfromthetexttakefakegrass .isbeingimprovedcontinuouslyhasseenamarketsharedeclineisbecomingincreasinglyaffordablehasbeenacontroversialproductText2It’seasytodismissasabsurdthefederalgovernment’sideasforpluggingthechronicfundinggapofournationalparks.Cananyonereallythinkit’sagoodideatoallowAmazondeliveriestoyourtentinYosemiteorfoodtruckstolineupundertheredwoodtreesatSequoiaNationalPark?Butthegovernmentisrightaboutonething:U.S.nationalparksareincrisis.Collectively,theyhaveamaintenancebacklogofmorethan$12billion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitorcentersandotherinfrastructurearecrumbling.Butprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbethecure-all.Campgroundsareatinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andbusinessintheparkshandover,onaverage,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.Moreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetabreakfromthecommercialdrumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylife.Therealproblemisthattheparkshavebeenchronicallystarvedoffunding.Aneconomicsurveyof700U.S.taxpayersfoundthatpeoplewouldbewillingtopayasignificantamountofmoneytomakesuretheparksandtheirprogramsarekeptintact.Some81%ofrespondentssaidtheywouldbewillingtopayadditionaltaxesforthenext10yearstoavoidanycutstothenationalparks.ThenationalparksprovidegreatvaluetoU.S.residentsbothasplacestoescapeandassymbolsofnature.Ontopofthis,theyproducevaluefromtheirextensiveeducationalprograms,theirpositiveimpactontheclimatethroughcarbonsequestration,theircontributiontoourculturalandartisticlife,andofcoursethroughtourism.TheparksalsohelpkeepAmerica’spastalive,workingwiththousandsoflocaljurisdictionsaroundthecountrytoprotecthistoricalsitesandtobringthestoriesoftheseplacestolife.Theparksdoallthisonashoestring.Congressallocatesonly$3billionayeartothenationalparksystem—anamountthathasbeenflatsince2001(ininflation-adjusteddollars)withtheexceptionofaonetimeboostin2009.Meanwhile,thenumberofannualvisitorshasincreasedbymorethan50%since1980,andnowstandsat330millionvisitorsperyear.WhatproblemareU.S.nationalparksfacedwith .declineofbusinessprofitsinadequatecommercializationlackoftransportationservicespoorlymaintainedinfrastructureIncreasedprivatizationofthecampgroundmay .spoilvisitorexperiencehelppreservenaturebringoperationalpressureboostvisitstoparksAccordingtopara.5,mostrespondentsinthesurveywould .gotothenationalparksonaregularbasisadvocateabiggerbudgetforthenationalparksagreetopayextraforthenationalparkssupportthenationalparks’recentreformsThenationalparksarevaluableinthatthey .leadthewayintourismhavehistoricalsignificancesponsorresearchonclimateprovideanincomeforthelocalsItcanbeconcludedfromthetextthatthenationalparksystem .isabletocopewithstaffshortagesisabletomeetvisitor’demandsisinneedofanewpricingpolicyisinneedofafundingincreaseText3TheInternetmaybechangingmerelywhatweremember,notourcapacitytodoso,suggestsColumbiaUniversitypsychologyprofessorBetsySparrow.In2011,Sparrowledastudyinwhichparticipantswereaskedtorecord40factoidsinacomputer(“anostrich’seyeisbiggerthanitsbrain,”forexample).Halfoftheparticipantsweretoldtheinformationwouldbeerased,whiletheotherhalfweretolditwouldbesaved.Guesswhat?Thelattergroupmadenoefforttorecalltheinformationwhenquizzedonitlater,becausetheyknewtheycouldfinditontheircomputers.Inthesamestudy,agroupwasaskedtorememberboththeinformationandthefoldersitwasstoredin.Theydidn’tremembertheinformation,buttheyrememberedhowtofindthefolders.Inotherwords,humanmemoryisnotdeterioratingbut“adaptingtonewcommunicationstechnology,”Sparrowsays.Inaverypracticalway,theInternetisbecominganexternalharddriveforourmemories,aprocessknownas“cognitiveoffloading.”Traditionally,thisrolewasfulfilledbydatabanks,libraries,andotherhumans.Yourfathermayneverrememberbirthdaysbecauseyourmotherdoes,forinstance.Someworrythatthisishavingadestructiveeffectonsociety,butSparrowseesanupside.Perhaps,shesuggests,thetrendwillchangeourapproachtolearningfromafocusonindividualfactsandmemorizationtoanemphasisonmoreconceptualthinking-somethingthatisnotavailableontheInternet.“Ipersonallyhaveneverseenallthatmuchintellectualvalueinmemorizingthings,”Sparrowsays,addingthatwehaven’tlostownabilitytodoit.Stillotherexpertssayit’stoosoontounderstandhowtheInternetaffectsourbrains.Thereisnoexperimentalevidenceshowingthatitinterfereswithourabilitytofocus,forinstance,wrotepsychologistsChristopherChabrisandDanielSimons.Andsurfingthewebexercisedthebrainmorethanreadingdidamongcomputer-savvyolderadultsina2008studyinvolving24participantsattheSemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHumanBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.“TheremaybecostsassociatedwithourincreasedrelianceontheInternet,butI’dhavetoimaginethatoverallthebenefitsaregoingtooutweighthosecosts,”observespsychologyprofessorBenjaminStorm.“Itseemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging,butisitchangingforthebetter?Atthispoint,wedon’tknow.”Sparrow’sstudyshowsthatwiththeInternet,thehumanbrainwill.analyzeinformationindetailcollectinformationefficientlyswitchitsfocusofmemoryextenditsmemorydurationTheprocessof“cognitiveoffloading”.helpsusidentifyfalseinformationkeepsourmemoryfromfailingenablesustoclassifytrivialfactslessensourmemoryburdensWhichofthefollowingwouldSparrowsupportabouttheInternet?Itmayreformourlearningapproach.Itmayimpactoursocietynegatively.ItmayenhanceouradaptabilitytotechnologyItmayinterferewithourconceptualthinking.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thathowtheInternetaffectsourbrains.requiresfurtheracademicresearchismoststudiesinolderadultsisreflectedinourreadingspeeddependsonourweb-surfinghabitsNeitherSparrownorStormwouldagreethat.ourrelianceontheInternetwillbecostlytheInternetisweakeningourmemorymemoryexerciseisamustforourbrainsourabilitytofocusdeclineswithageText4Teenagersareparadoxical.That’samildanddetachedwayofsayingsomethingthatparentsoftenexpresswithconsiderablystrongerlanguage.Buttheparadoxisscientificaswellaspersonal.Inadolescence,helplessanddependentchildrenwhohavereliedongrown-upsforjustabouteverythingbecomeindependentpeoplewhocantakecareofthemselvesandhelpeachother.Atthesametime,oncecheerfulandcompliantchildrenbecomerebelliousteenagerisk-takers.AnewstudypublishedinthejournalChildDevelopment,byEvelineCroneoftheUniversityofLondonandcolleagues,suggeststhatthepositiveandnegativesidesofteenagersgohandinhand.Thestudyispartofanewwaveofthinkingaboutadolescence.Foralongtime,scientistsandpolicymakersconcentratedontheideathatteenagerswereaproblemthatneededtobesolved.Thenewworkemphasizesthatadolescenceisatimeofopportunityaswellasrisk.Theresearchersstudied“prosocial”andrebellioustraitsinmorethan200childrenandyoungadults,rangingfrom11to28yearsold.Theparticipantsfilledoutquestionnairesabouthowoftentheydidthingsthatwerealtruisticandpositive,likesacrificingtheirownintereststohelpafriend,orrebelliousandnegativelikegettingdrunkorstayingoutlate.Otherstudieshaveshownthatrebelliousbehaviorincreasesasyoubecomeateenagerandthenfadesawayasyougrowolder.Butthenewstudyshowsthat,interestingly,thesamepatternholdsforprosocialbehavior.Teenagersweremorelikelythanyoungerchildrenoradultstoreportthattheydidthingslikeunselfishlyhelpafriend.Mostsignificantly,therewasapositivecorrelationbetweenprosocialityandrebelliousness.Theteenagerswhoweremorerebelliouswerealsomorelikelytohelpothers.Thegoodandbadsidesofadolescenceseemtodeveloptogether.Istheresomecommonfactorthatunderliestheseapparentlycontradictorydevelopments?Oneideaisthatteenagebehaviorisrelatedtowhatresearcherscall“rewardsensitivity.”Decision-makingalwaysinvolvesbalancingrewardsandrisksbenefitsandcosts.“Rewardsensitivity”measureshowmuchrewardittakestooutweighrisk.Teenagersareparticularlysensitivetosocialrewards-winningthegame,impressinganewfriend,gettingthatboytonoticeyou.Rewardsensitivity,likeprosocialbehaviorandrisk-taking,seemstogoupinadolescenceandthendownagainasweage.Somehowwhenyouhit30,thechancethatsomethingexcitingandnewwillhappenatthatpartyjustdoesn’tseemtooutweightheeffortofgettingupoffthecouch.Accordingtoparagraph1,childrengrowingintoadolescencetendto .developoppositepersonalitytraitsseetheworldinanunreasonablewayhavefondmemoriesoftheirpastshowaffectionfortheirparentsItcanbelearnedfromparagraph2thatCrone’sstudy .exploresteenagers’socialresponsibilitiesexaminesteenagers’emotionalproblemsprovidesanewinsightintoadolescencehighlightsnegativeadolescentbehaviorWhatdoesCrone’sstudyfindaboutprosocialbehavior?Itresultsfromthewishtocooperate.Itiscultivatedthrougheducation.Itissubjecttofamilyinfluence.Ittendstopeakinadolescence.Itcanbelearnedfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatteenagers .overstresstheirinfluenceonotherscarealotaboutsocialrecognitionbecomeanxiousabouttheirfutureendeavortoliveajoyfullifeWhatisthetextmainlyabout?Whyteenagersareself-contradictory.Whyteenagersarerisk-sensitive.Howteenagersdevelopprosociality.Howteenagersbecomeindependent.PartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitsquestionscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersOnANSWERSHEET.(10points)Net-zerorulessettosendcostofnewhomesandextensionssoaringNewbuildingregulationsaimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyaresettoincreasethepriceofnewhomes,aswellasthoseofextensionsandloftconversionsonexistingones.Therules,whichcameintoeffectonWednesdayinEngland,arepartofgovernmentplanstoreducetheUK’scarbonemissionstonetzeroby2050.Theysetnewstandardsforventilation,energyefficiencyandheating,andstatethatnewresidentialbuildingsmusthavechargingpointsforelectricvehicles.Themovesarethemostsignificantchangetobuildingregulationsinyears,andindustryexpertssaytheywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesatatimewhenashortageofmaterialsandhighlabourcostsarealreadydrivingupbills.BrianBerry,chiefexecutiveoftheFederationofMasterBuilders,saysthemeasureswillrequirenewmaterials,testingmethods,productsandsystemstobeinstalled.“Allthiscomesatanincreasedcostduringatimewhenpricesarealreadyskyhigh.Inevitably,consumerswillhavetopaymore,”hesays.GarethBelsham,ofsurveyorsNaismiths,sayspeoplewhoareupgrading,orextendingtheirhome,willbedirectingaffected.“Thebiggestchangesrelatetoheatingandinsulation,heexplains.“Therearenewrulesconcerningtheamountofglazingusedinextensions,andanynewwindowsordoorsmustbehighlyinsulated.”Windowsanddoorswillhavetoadheretohigherstandards,whiletherearenewlimitsontheamountofglazingyoucanhavetoreduceunwantedheatfromthesun.ThomasGoodman,ofMyJobQuote,saysthiswillbringinnewrestrictionsforextensions.”Glazingonwindows,doorsandrooflightsmustcovernomorethan25%ofthefloorareatopreventheatloss,”hesays.AstherulescameintoeffectlastWednesday,propertydeveloperswererushingtofileplansjustbeforethedeadline.Anyplanssubmittedbeforethatdateareconsideredtobeunderthepreviousrules,andcangoaheadaslongasworkstartsbefore15Junenextyear.Builderswhichhavecostedprojects,buthavenotfiledthepaperwork,mayneedtogobackandsubmitfreshestimates,saysMarcusJeffordofBuildAviator.Materialspricesarealreadyup25%inthelasttwoyears.Howmuchoverallpriceswillincreaseasaresultoftherulechangesisnotclear.“Whilstadmirableintheirintentions,theywilladdtothecostofhousebuildingatatimewhenmanyalreadyfeelthattheyarepricedoutofhomeownership,”saysJonathanRolandeoftheNationalAssociationofPropertyBuyers.“Anaverageextensionwillprobablyseearound￡3,000additionalcostthankstothenewregs.”JohnKellyaconstructionlawyeratFreethslawfirm,believespriceswilleventuallycomedown.Butnotintheimmediatefuture.“Asthemarketplaceadaptstothenewrequirements,andthetechnologiesthatsupportthem,thescalingupofthesetechnologieswilleventuallybringcostsdown,butintheshortterm,wewillallhavetopaythepriceofthenecessarytransition.”hesays.However,thelong-termeffectsofthechangeswillbemorecomfortableandenergy-efficienthomes,addsAndrewMellor,ofPRParchitects.