2022年托福閱讀試題考前輔導

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Moltingisoneofthemostinvolvedprocessesofabirdsannuallifecycle.Notwithstandingpreeningandconstantcare,themarvelouslyintricatestructureofabirdsfeatherinevitablywearsout.Alladultbirdsmolttheirfeathersatleastonceayear,anduponcloseobservation,onecanrecognizethefrayed,raggedappearanceoffeathersthatarenearingtheendoftheirusefullife.Twodistinctprocessesareinvolvedinmolting.Thefirststepiswhentheold,wornfeatherisdropped,orshed.Thesecondiswhenanewfeathergrowsinitsplace.Wheneachfeatherhasbeenshedandreplaced,thenthemoltcanbesaidtobecomplete.This,however,isanabstractionthatoftendoesnothappen:incomplete,overlapping,andarrestedmoltsarequitecommon.

Moltrequiresthatabirdfindandprocessenoughproteintorebuildapproximatelyone-thirdofitsbodyweight.Itisnotsurprisingthatabirdinheavymoltoftenseemslistlessandunwell.Butfarfrombeingrandom,moltiscontrolledbystrongevolutionaryforcesthathaveestablishedanoptimaltimeandduration.Generally,moltoccursatthetimeofleaststressonthebird.Manysongbirds,forinstance,moltinlatesummer,whenthehardworkofbreedingisdonebuttheweatherisstillwarmandfoodstillplentiful.Thisiswhythewoodsinlatesummeroftenseemsoquiet,whencomparedwiththeexuberantchorusesofspring.

Moltoftheflightfeathersisthemosthighlyorganizedpartoftheprocess.Somespecies,forexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimaryfeathersoneachsidetoretainbalanceintheairandwaituntilthereplacementfeathersareaboutone-thirdgrownbeforesheddingthenextoutermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysstartwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathersandworkoutward.Yetotherspeciesbegininthemiddleandworkoutwardonbothsides.Mostducksshedtheirwingfeathersatonce,andremainflightlessfortwoorthreeweekswhilethereplacementfeathersgrow.

1.Thepassagemainlydiscusseshow

Abirdsprepareforbreeding

Bbirdfeathersdifferfromspecies

Cbirdsshedandreplacetheirfeathers

Dbirdsareaffectedbyseasonalchanges

2.ThewordNotwithstandinginline2isclosestinmeaningto

Adespite

Bbecauseof

Cinsteadof

Dregarding

3.Thewordintricateinline2isclosestinmeaningto

Aregular

Bcomplex

Cinteresting

Dimportant

4.Thewordrandominline12isclosestinmeaningto

Aunfortunate

Bunusual

Cunobservable

Dunpredictable

5.Thewordoptimalinline13isclosestinmeaningto

Aslow

Bfrequent

Cbest

Dearly

6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasareasonthatsongbirdsmoltinthelatesummer?

AFewerpredatorsareinthewoods.

BTheweathersarestillwarm.

CThesongbirdshavefinishedbreeding.

DFoodisstillavailable.

7.Somebirdsthataremoltingmaintainbalanceduringflightby

Aconstantlypreeningandcaringfortheirremainingfeathers

Bdroppingflightfeathersonbothsidesatthesametime

Cadjustingtheangleoftheirflighttocompensateforlostfeathers

Donlylosingone-thirdoftheirfeathers

8.ThewordOthersinline21refersto

Aducks

Bsides

Cspecies

Dflightfeathers

9.Theauthordiscussesducksinordertoprovideanexampleofbirdsthat

Agrowreplacementfeathersthatareverylong

Bshedalltheirwingfeathersatonetime

Ckeeptheirinnermostfeathers

Dshedtheiroutermostfeathersfirst