2021年考研英語二真題

第第11頁共14頁2021年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)招生考試英語二試題SectionⅠ Useof EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosetheBestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)It’snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,1,tounderstandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.TravelonaLondonbusandyou’ll3 seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.DopeoplegetonwithoutOfcourse!Arethereto 4 thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare 5 .Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.Why?Becausethetargetis 6 .Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7 ,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.Everythingcanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17.Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20theobjective.1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover2.[A]Emphasize[B]Identify[C]Assess[D]Explain3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall5.[A]threatened[B]ignored[C]mocked[D]blamed6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation7.[A]Yet[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped9.[A]only[B]rather[C]once[D]also10.[A]comfort[B]revenue[C]efficiency[D]security11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent12.[A]purpose[B]problem[C]prejudice[D]policy13.[A]reported[B]revealed[C]admitted[D]noticed14.[A]break[B]trip[C]departure[D]transfer15.[A]moral[B]background[C]style[D]form16.[A]interpret[B]criticize[C]sacrifice[D]tolerate17.[A]task[B]secret[C]product[D]cost18.[A]leadingto[B]callingfor[C]relatingto[D]accountingfor19.[A]specify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create20.[A]modify[B]review[C]present[D]achieveSectionⅡ ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1“Reskilling”issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumfindsthatonaverage42percentofthe“coreskills”withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline.Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerindemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy.OthercompaniesincludingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkers,evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobeadoctorinafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden:Whenforcedtofurlough90percentoftheircabinstaff,ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedtostartupashortretrainingprogramthatreskilledthelaid-offworkerstosupporthospitalstaff.TheeffortwasacollectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests .anincreaseinfull-timeemploymentanurgentdemandfornewjobskillsasteadygrowthofjobopportunitiesacontroversyaboutthe“coreskills”AT&Tiscitedtoshow .analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategyanimmediateneedforgovernmentsupporttheimportanceofstaffappraisalstandardsthecharacteristicsofreskillingprogramsEffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada .havedrivenuplabourcostshaveprovedtobeinconsistenthavemetwithfierceoppositionhaveappearedtobeinsufficientWecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas .acallforpolicyadjustmentachangeinhiringpracticesalackofmedicalworkersasignofeconomicrecoveryScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto .createjobvacanciesfortheunemployedpreparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobsretraintheircabinstaffforbetterservicesfinancetheirstaff’scollegeeducationText2Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency，theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenation’shealth.Soundsgreat—buthowfeasibleisthisvision?AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry’stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn’tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively—meaningfewergreenfieldsandmorefactory-styleproduction.Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn’thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn’thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry’slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes—wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould .behinderedbyitspopulationgrowthcontributetothenation’swell-beingbecomeapriorityofthegovernmentposeachallengetoitsfarmingindustryThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK .farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilizedfactory-styleproductionneedsreformingmostlandisusedformeatanddairyproductionmoregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarmingCrop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto .itsfarmingtechnologyitsdietarytraditionitsnaturalconditionsitscommercialinterestsItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople .relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduceenjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumptionareseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintakearetryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrainsTheauthor’sattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis .defensivedoubtfultolerantoptimisticText2Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenation’shealth.Soundsgreat—buthowfeasibleisthisvision?AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry’stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn’tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively—meaningfewergreenfieldsandmorefactory-styleproduction.Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn’thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn’thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry’slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes—wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.

Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould .behinderedbyitspopulationgrowthcontributetothenation’swell-beingbecomeapriorityofthegovernmentposeachallengetoitsfarmingindustryThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK .farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilizedfactory-styleproductionneedsreformingmostlandisusedformeatanddairyproductionmoregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarmingCrop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto .itsfarmingtechnologyitsdietarytraditionitsnaturalconditionsitscommercialinterestsItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople .relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduceenjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumptionareseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintakearetryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrainsTheauthor’sattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis .defensivedoubtfultolerantoptimistic

Text3WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein2015,itpickedtwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.Microsoft’sownOfficedominatesthemarketfor“productivity”software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupforthesmartphoneworld.Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany“acqui-hires”thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirgreathungerfortechtalent.ToMicrosoft’scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath.“Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,”complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttinganendtobusinessesthatmightonedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.Likeotherstart-upinvestors,Mr.Arnold’sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:“Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.ButaretheygoodfortheAmericaneconomy?Idon’tknow.”TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5trillion,riflingthroughsuchsmalldeals—manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise—mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivebiggesttechcompanieshavespentanaverageofonly$3.4billionayearonsub-$1billionacquisitionsoverthepastfiveyears—adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130billionofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.However,criticssaythebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkill”tactictosimplyclosethemdown.WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?Theirengineerswereretained.Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.Theirtechfeaturesimproved.Theirproductswerere-priced.Microsoft’scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto .exaggeratetheirproductqualityeliminatetheirpotentialcompetitorstreatnewtechtalentunfairlyignorepublicopinionsPaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight .weakenbigtechcompaniesworsenmarketcompetitionharmthenationaleconomydiscouragestart-upinvestorsTheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto .limitBigTech’sexpansionencourageresearchcollaborationexaminesmallacquisitionssupervisestart-ups’operationForthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave .broughtlittlefinancialpressureraisedfewmanagementchallengessetanexampleforfuturedealsgeneratedconsiderableprofitsText4We’refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesoffromaofaphototoanddeliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshecalled“thinslicing,”thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent10-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor’soveralleffectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstronglywithstudents’end-of-semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.Otherresearchshowswe’rebetteratdetectingdeceptionfromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection.“It’sasifyou’redrivingastickshift,”saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,“andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan’trememberwhatyou’redoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,you’refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat.”Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents’ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts’opinionswhenthestudentsweren’taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex—whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.Intuition’sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflectivethinking(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionandcreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyratedthedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition(“gutfeelings,”“hunches,”“myheart”).Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.第第14頁共14頁NaliniAmbady’sstudydealswith .thepowerofpeople’smemorythereliabilityoffirstimpressionsInstructor-studentinteractionpeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersInAmbady’sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants .focusedonspecificdetailsgavetheratinginlimitedtimewatchedshortervideoclipsdiscussedwithoneanotherJudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthat .reflectioncanbedistractingmemorymaybeselectivesocialskillsmustbecultivateddeceptionisdifficulttodetectWhenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto .collectenoughdatalistyourpreferencesseekexpertadvicefollowyourfeelingsWhatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?Generatingnewproductstakestime.Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.

PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Staycalm.Stayhumble.Decidewhethertowait.Berealisticabouttherisks.Don’tmakejudgements.Identifyasharedgoal.Askpermissiontodisagree.HowtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyouYourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon’twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimelineyoubelieveisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit’sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Here'showtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.41. Youmaydecideit’sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven’tfinishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagree,too,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthinking—allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It’salsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.42. Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmaybethecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime.You’remorelikelytobeheardifyoucanyourtoahigherWhenyoudospeakup,don’tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You’llwanttostateitovertly,yourstatementssothatyou’reseennotasabutasacolleaguewho’stryingtoadvanceacommonobjective.Thediscussionwillthenbecomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.43. Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit’sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulpersonpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon’twork.I’dliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowinghimtoverballyoptin.And,assuminghesaysyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.44. Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.Itsendsamixed