中國瓷器介紹英文版教學(xué)內(nèi)容

瓷

器China第一頁，共50頁。

Chinaisthehometownofchina.Theinventionofchinaisagreatcontributiontoworldcivilization.InEnglish,chinameansporcelain（瓷器(cíqì)）.第二頁，共50頁。HistoryofdevelopmentPrimitive-celadonappearedintheShangDynasty,thenfromtheWesternZhouDynasty,theWarringStatestotheEasternHanDynasty,throughthe1600years’changeanddevelopment,porcelainfiringtechnologyhadbeenimprovedgradually.第三頁，共50頁。TheDevelopmentofPorcelainAroundthe16thcenturyBCinShangDynasty,theearlyChineseporcelainappeared.Asitwasstillroughonthefiringprocess,itcanbeonlycalledproto-porcelain(原始(yuánshǐ)瓷).proto-porcelain第四頁，共50頁。HanDynastyAfterlong-termimprovements,in2centurytheendoftheHanDynasty,thematureceladonwascreated,inthehistoryofourcountry'spotteryitwasanimportantmilestone.第五頁，共50頁。JinandsouthernandnortherndynastiesToJin,originalporcelainhadbeeneliminated,atthesametimecolorporcelainappeared.Theperiodalsoappearedblackporcelain.BlackporcelainWhiteporcelain第六頁，共50頁。SongDynastyTotheSongDynasty,porcelainkilnshavebeenoverhalfofChinese,isthemostprosperousperiodforporcelain.ThenJunkiln,Gekiln,Rukiln,GuankilnandtheDingkilnandknownasthefivefamouskilns.FromRukilnFromGuankiln第七頁，共50頁。FromDingkilnFromJunkilnSongDynastyisthehighestaesthetic（美學(xué)(měixué)的）eraofporcelain.第八頁，共50頁。YuanDynastyisChineseporcelainproductionturningperiod,innovationanddevelopmentinmanyways.TheblueandwhiteporcelainbecamethemainstreamofJingdezhenporcelainproduction.YuanDynasty第九頁，共50頁。MingDynastySuccessfullyfiringtheexquisite（精致(jīngzhì)的）whiteglazeporcelainandthesingle-glazeporcelainwithcopper（銅）asthecoloringagent（色劑）,madetheMingDynastyporcelaincolorful.Theporcelaintechnologycontinuedtoimprove.第十頁，共50頁。QingDynastyisthemostprosperousperiodChinaporcelainproduction,thequantityandqualityofporcelainproductionreachedapeak.Anewkindofporcelainhadappeared,whichcalledenamel(琺瑯(fàláng)器).QingDynasty第十一頁，共50頁。Fourtraditionalporcelain

Blueandwhiteporcelain（青花瓷）Colorglazeporcelain（顏色釉瓷）FamilleRosePorcelain（粉彩瓷）Glowingporcelain（玲瓏瓷）第十二頁，共50頁。BlueandwhiteporcelainBlueandwhiteporcelainiselegant,noble,andpure,suchastheMillenniumbasket,withitsstrongvitalityandceramicart,becometheperfectcombinationofmodernandtraditional.

第十三頁，共50頁。青花瓷創(chuàng)燒于元代，是以色料在坯胎上描繪紋樣，施釉后經(jīng)高溫?zé)桑陨К?、雅致。青料溶于胎釉之間，發(fā)色青翠，雖色相單一(dānyī)，但感覺豐富。青花瓷經(jīng)久耐用，瓷不碎，色不褪。

BlueandwhiteporcelainwasfirstappearedintheYuanDynasty.

Itwasformedbyusingpigmenttodepictpatternsonthegreenbodyandfiringathightemperatureafterglazing.Theglazingcolorisglitteringandelegant.Thegreenpigmentdissolveingreenbody,showingaverdantcolor.Althoughithassinglehue,itstillgives

peoplerichfeeling.Blueandwhiteporcelainisdurable。itwillnotfadeuntilbroken第十四頁，共50頁。第十五頁，共50頁。Themostexpensiveblueandwhiteporcelain??！InJuly12,2005,Christie'sauctioninLondon,theYuanDynasty"Guiguzi"blueandwhiteporcelainpotmake14000000pounds,equivalenttoabout230000000yuan,itisthehighestrecordintheworldofChineseartauctionrecord.2005年7月12日，在倫敦佳士德拍賣(pāimài)會上，元代“鬼谷子下山圖”青花瓷罐以1400萬英鎊拍出，折合人民幣約2.3億元，創(chuàng)下了中國藝術(shù)品在世界上的最高拍賣(pāimài)紀(jì)錄。第十六頁，共50頁。ColorglazeporcelainAncientChinesecraftsmenaddingdifferentmetaloxidesintheglaze,atdifferenttemperaturesandflame,glazewillshowdifferentcolor,toformtherichandcolorfulcolorglaze第十七頁，共50頁。第十八頁，共50頁。FamilleRosePorcelainalsocalledsoftporcelain,thefamilleroseasthemaindecorationofFamilleroseporcelain.FamilleRosePorcelain第十九頁，共50頁。Qing

Emperor

Yongzheng清雍正檸檬黃地洋彩浮雕花鳥(huāniǎo)寶瓶紋六方瓶

Poly

2009

Spring

RMB

:

Auction

Price

67，

760，

000第二十頁，共50頁。Qing

Emperor

Qianlong清乾隆粉彩七珍象

馬

Poly

2009

Spring

Price:

Auction

RM

B

403,200第二十一頁，共50頁。Qing

Emperor

Daoguang黃地粉彩花卉(huāhuì)碗Poly

2009

Spring

Auction

Price

RMB

:

224,000第二十二頁，共50頁。Craftsmencarveoutmanyregular“delicateeyes“intheporcelainbody,andthenfiretheseholeswiththeglazeintothebrighthole,verybeautiful,knownas"cardglassware".Glowingporcelain第二十三頁，共50頁。第二十四頁，共50頁。ChineseceramicsoftheSongDynastyconstitutetheforemostexpressionofceramicart.DuringtheSongperiod,aunityoftheessentialcomponentsfundamentaltotheart:vesselshape,pottingtechniques,glaze,decoration,firingprocesses,andaesthetictheorywereallcombinedinahighstandardofexcellence.whichledtoavarietyofclassicwares,usuallyassociatedwithaspecificregionofChina.Theseincludedthecourt-patronizedfivefamouskilns:Ru(汝),Guan(官),Ge(哥),Jun(鈞),Ding(定)wares;

Charmofsongporcelain第二十五頁，共50頁。Ding

kilnItspasteiswhite,generallycoveredwithanalmosttransparentglazethatdrippedandcollectedin“tears“(蠟淚痕(lèihén)).Duetothewaythedisheswerestackedinthekiln,theedgedremainedunglazed,andhadtoberimmedinmetalsuchasgoldorsilverwhenusedastableware.

Ding

warewasproducedinDingXian,HebeiProvince.whentheSongemperorscametopowerin940,

Ding

warewasthefinestporcelainproducedinnorthernChinaatthetime,andwasthefirsttoenterthepalaceforofficialimperialuse.第二十六頁，共50頁。RukilnRuwaresrangeincolor—fromnearlywhitetoadeeprobin'segg—andoftenarecoveredwithreddish-browncrackles.Thecracklesarecausedwhentheglazecoolsandcontractsfasterthanthebody,thushavingtostretchandultimatelytosplit.Songdynastywasthefirstperiodthatviewedcrazingasameritratherthanadefect.

瑪瑙為釉古相傳(xiāngchuán),雨過天晴云破處Ruware

wasproducedinRuzhouHenanprovinceforimperialuseandisthemostfamouswareinthefivekilns.名瓷之首，汝瓷為魁北宋(běisònɡ)汝窯天青釉葵花洗2012年香港拍賣會，北宋(běisònɡ)汝窯天青釉葵花洗拍賣2億港元，刷新宋瓷世界拍賣紀(jì)錄第二十七頁，共50頁。Jun

kiln

CharacterizedbyathickerbodythanDingorRuware,Juniscoveredwithaturquoiseandpurpleglaze,sothickandviscouslookingthatitalmostseemstobemeltingoffitssubstantialgolden-brownbody.NotonlyareJunvesselsmorethicklypotted,theirshapeismuchmorerobustthanthefineJunpieces.世上朱砂非所擬，西方(xīfāng)寶石致難同。——乾隆Jun

warewasathirdstyleofporcelainusedattheNorthernSongcourtandwasproducedinYuzhouHenanprovince第二十八頁，共50頁。GuankilnItwasduringthisperiodthatwallsbecomesothinandglazesothickthatthelattersupersededtheformerinbreadth.AstheclayinthefoothillsaroundLin'anwasabrownishcolorandtheglazesoviscus.Guan

ware,literallymeans"official"ware;socertainRu,Jun,andevenDingcouldbeconsidered

Guan

inthebroadsenseofbeingproducedforthecourt.Strictlyspeaking,however,thetermonlyappliestothatproducedbyanofficialimperiallyrunkiln,whichdidnotstartuntiltheSouthernSongfledtheadvancing

Jin

andsettledat

Lin'an.第二十九頁，共50頁。GekilnGe

wareliterallymeans'big-brother'ware,becauselegendhasitthatoftwobrothersworkinginLongquan,onemadethetypical

celadon

styleceramics,buttheeldermade

Ge

ware,producedinhisprivatekiln.Gewarebasicallycomprisetwotypes—onewitha‘warmrice-yellowglazeandtwosetsofcrackles,amoreprominentsetofdarkercolorinterspersedwithafinersetofreddishlines(金絲(jīnsī)鐵線).TheotherGewareismuchlikeGuanware,withgrayishglazeandonesetofcrackles.

第三十頁，共50頁。123煉泥

Milling摞泥

Filterpress制坯

GreenMaking制作(zhìzuò)流程Thefiringprocess第三十一頁，共50頁。4567貼花(tiēhuā)Lithography上釉

Glazing

修坯Finishing燒釉

Glostfiring第三十二頁，共50頁。景德鎮(zhèn)第三十三頁，共50頁。景德鎮(zhèn)是一個(gè)(yīɡè)地級市，以前是中國江西省的一個(gè)(yīɡè)小鎮(zhèn)，2010年常住人口1,587,477。因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)了1700年的優(yōu)質(zhì)瓷器而被稱為“瓷都”。這個(gè)城市有著超過2000年的悠久歷史。景德鎮(zhèn)是中國歷史文化名城之一，2007年底被評為江西省優(yōu)秀文明健康城市。

Jingdezhenisaprefecture-levelcityinJiangxiProvinceofChina,withatotalpopulationof1,587,477(2010).Itisknownasthe"PorcelainCapital"becauseithasbeenproducingqualitypotteryfor1700years.Thecityhasawell-documentedhistorythatstretchesbackover2000years.JingdezhenisoneofChineseHistoricalandCulturalCities,andwasnamedoutstandingcivilization&healthcityofJiangxiProvince.Geography第三十四頁，共50頁。江西(jiānɡxī)景德鎮(zhèn)陶瓷，是中華民族文化藝術(shù)寶庫中輝煌的明珠。他近二千年來的悠久而燦爛的歷史進(jìn)程，給后世留下了精湛絕倫的技藝，也造就了歷代數(shù)不清的藝術(shù)匠師。在長期的發(fā)展過程中，景德鎮(zhèn)的技藝人員，奮發(fā)努力，刻意求新，創(chuàng)作了許多好作品，使景德鎮(zhèn)瓷器形成了自己獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格。

JingdezhenporcelainisthebrightpearlinChineseartandculture.With

nearlytwothousandsofsplendidhistory,thereareexquisiteskillsandcountlesscraftsmen.

Inthelongtimeofdevelopment,theartistsandcraftsmeninJingdezhenbroughttheirfulltalentintocreatingnumerousmasterpieces.Thankstotheirhardworking,Jingdezhenporcelainhadbeenformed

itsownfourspecialfeatures.葫蘆(húlú)窯double-gourdkiln第三十五頁，共50頁。十八世紀(jì)以前，歐洲人不會制造瓷器(cíqì)，因此中國特別是昌南鎮(zhèn)的精美瓷器(cíqì)很受歡迎。在歐洲，昌南鎮(zhèn)瓷器(cíqì)是十分受人珍愛的貴重物品.歐洲人就以“昌南”作為瓷器(cíqì)（china）和生產(chǎn)瓷器(cíqì)的“中國”（China）的代稱，久而久之，歐洲人就把昌南的本意忘卻了，只記得它是“瓷器(cíqì)”，即“中國”。錦繡(jǐnxiù)昌南中國瓷園第三十六頁，共50頁。早在東漢時(shí)期，古人(gǔrén)在昌南（景德鎮(zhèn)）建造窯坊，燒制陶瓷。到了唐朝，由于昌南土質(zhì)好，先人們吸收南方青瓷和北方白瓷的優(yōu)點(diǎn)創(chuàng)制出一種青白瓷。青白瓷晶瑩滋潤，有“人造玉器”的美稱，大量出口歐洲。

Asearlyasinthe

EasternHanDynasty,theancientsstartedtobuildkilnsinChangnantofireceramics.IntheTangDynasty,becauseofthesoilwithgoodqualityinChangnan,theancestorscreatedthebluishwhiteporcelainbycombiningtheadvantagesofsouthernceladonandthenorthernwhiteporcelain.Thebluishwhiteporcelainwasglitteringandhadthereputationof"artificialjade".SoitwasexportedtoEuropeinlargeamount.第三十七頁，共50頁。元代，瓷業(yè)較宋代為衰落，然而(ránér)這時(shí)期也有新的發(fā)展，如青花和釉里紅的興起，彩瓷大量的流行，白瓷成為瓷器的主流，帶動以后明清兩代的瓷器發(fā)展，得到很高的成就。

DuringtheYuanDynasty,theporcelainindustrywasdeclinedcomparedwiththatofthe

SongDynasty.However,therewerenewdevelopmentsinthisperiod,suchastheriseofblue-and-whiteporcelain,thepopularityofpaintedporcelainandthemainstreamofwhiteware.ItallledtohighdevelopmentofporcelainintheMingandQingDynasty,ushinghighachievements.第三十八頁，共50頁。我國的陶瓷藝術(shù)發(fā)展到了明代又進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的旅程(lǚchéng)，明代以前的瓷器以青瓷為主，明代之后以白瓷為主。景德鎮(zhèn)成為主要的窯廠，規(guī)模最大，一直延續(xù)明清兩代五、六百年而不衰，描寫當(dāng)時(shí)盛況為“晝間白煙掩空，夜間紅焰燒天”。

IntheMingDynasty,China'sdevelopmentofceramicartreachedanewlevel.BeforetheMingDynasty,themainstreamwastheceladonandafterthattimewasthewhiteporcelain.Jingdezhenbecamethemainkiln,withthelargestscale.ItsmagnificentrefulgencehadlastedfromtheMingDynastytotheQingDynasty,forfiveorsixhundredyears.Anditspompwaspraised

"porcelainmakingneverstopsnomatterdayornight''.第三十九頁，共50頁。清乾隆之后(zhīhòu)，景瓷生產(chǎn)從巔峰走向下坡路,產(chǎn)量、器質(zhì)、品種、造型等呈萎縮狀態(tài)。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭之后(zhīhòu)，景瓷生產(chǎn)受到嚴(yán)重摧殘。延續(xù)500多年之久的御器廠壽終正寢。

AfterthereignofEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynasty,theproductionofporcelaininJingdezhendeclined

frompeaktodownhill.Theyield,quality,varietyandshapeofporcelainallshrunkrapidly.AftertheOpiumWartheproductionofporcelainhadbeenseverelydamaged.Theimperialporcelainfactoryclosedafterworkingmorethan500years.第四十頁，共50頁。景德鎮(zhèn)有悠久的制瓷傳統(tǒng)，廣大瓷工身懷絕技，在極其艱難困苦的情況下，堅(jiān)持以手工技藝制瓷，堅(jiān)持與外國機(jī)器制瓷相抗?fàn)?，保持了中國瓷器在國際上的美譽(yù)?，F(xiàn)代景德鎮(zhèn)的制瓷工藝?yán)^承了傳統(tǒng)的技法,吸收和借鑒了國內(nèi)外的精華(jīnghuá),使陶瓷制作達(dá)到了一個(gè)又一個(gè)的高度。

Jingdezhenhasalong-standingtraditionofporcelainmakingandtheworkershadsuperiorskills.Facingthedifficultiesandhardships,theyinsistedonhandmadeandwagedwaragainstforeignporcelainmanufacturedbymachine.Withtheefforts,theymaintainedtheinternationalreputationofChineseporcelain.ThemodernporcelaincraftsinJingdezhenhaveinheritedthetraditionaltechniquesandabsorbedandappreciatedtheessenceathomeandabroad.Theceramicsmakingreachedtheheightoneafteranother.第四十一頁，共50頁。After

years

of

construction,certain

developments

in

terms

of

the

ceramic

major

have

already

beenachieved.At

present,two

centers

(namely,the

Ancient

Ceramic

Heritage

&

innovation

and

TeachingExperimentalCenter

in

CentralPlains

and

the

Development&

research

Center

for

Ceramic

Cutural

Industyin

Pingdingshan

University),four

bases

(namely,the

Training

and

Test

Base

for

Ceramic

Product

Designers

in

Northern

China,the

Research

Base

for

Henan

Cultural

Industry

Development,the

Research

Base

forHenan

Intangible

Cultural

Heritage,the

Appraisal

and

Election

Base

for

Henan

Ceramic

Art

Master),and

five

Laboratories,(namely,theCeramic

Firing

Laboratory,

the

Mold

Formig

Laboratory,

the

Manual

Assembly

Laboratory,

the

Sculpture

Laboratory,

the

Ceramic

Material

Laboratory)

have

been

set

up.

SchoolofCeramics第四十二頁，共50頁。我校陶瓷專業(yè)經(jīng)過幾年來的建設(shè)，已經(jīng)具有一定基礎(chǔ)和規(guī)模，目前已建成兩個(gè)中心一中原古陶資傳承創(chuàng)新與科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心和平頂山學(xué)院陶瓷文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展研究中心；四個(gè)基地一中國北方陶瓷產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)師培訓(xùn)和考試基地(中國建筑衛(wèi)浴陶瓷行業(yè)協(xié)會)、河南省文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展