2023屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)：閱讀理解之主旨大意題講解課件（共29張）

長難句分析高考閱讀理解專題---主旨大意一個句子之所以長，是增加了修飾語的緣故。我們要做的就是找到修飾語，去掉修飾語，使長句變成簡單句。去掉定狀補，只留主加謂。修飾語:作定語的形容詞作狀語的副詞介詞短語非謂語動詞短語從句形容詞和副詞是一個詞，相對較短，而介詞短語、非謂語動詞和從句相對較長，因此，有人稱之為“三長兩短”。Havingchosenfamilytelevisionprogramsandwomen’smagazines,thetoothpastemarketer,forinstance,mustselecttheexacttelevisionprogramsandstationsaswellasthespecificwomen’smagazinestobeused.

1、帶有較多成分的簡單句。例如，決定選擇家庭電視節(jié)目和婦女雜志后，牙膏經(jīng)銷商還必須挑選出要用的確切的電視節(jié)目和電視臺，以及那些具體的婦女雜志。Havingchosenfamilytelevisionprogramsandwomen’smagazines,thetoothpastemarketer,forinstance,mustselecttheexacttelevisionprogramsandstationsaswellasthespecificwomen’smagazinestobeused.Inthe1970shewasasurgeonatYale,hadawonderfulwifeandfivebeautifulchildren,buthewasterriblyunhappy.在20世紀(jì)70年代，他在耶魯當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生，有位出色的太太和5個漂亮的孩子，但他那時過得卻很不開心。2、含有多個簡單句的并列句。Inthe1970shewasasurgeonatYale,hadawonderfulwifeandfivebeautifulchildren,buthewasterriblyunhappy.3、包含多個從句的復(fù)合句。Ican’tliveinfearofthepossibilitythatastheearth’spopulationgrowsandweusemoreandmoreofournonrenewableresources,ourchildrenmayhavetoleadpoorerlives.我不能總是生活在對這種可能性的憂慮中：由于地球上人口的不斷增長，由于我們正在消耗掉越來越多的非再生資源，我們的孩子可能不得不過著更加貧窮的生活。Ican’tliveinfearofthepossibilitythatastheearth’spopulationgrowsandweusemoreandmoreofournonrenewableresources,ourchildrenmayhavetoleadpoorerlives.

Ihaveknownchangesforthebetterandchangesfortheworse,butIhaveneverquestionedthefactthatwhetherIlikeditornot,changewasunavoidable.我經(jīng)歷過好的變化，也經(jīng)歷過壞的變化，但是我從來沒有懷疑過這樣一個事實，即不管我喜歡與否，變化總是不可避免的。4.并列句中包含復(fù)合句。

Ihaveknownchangesforthebetterandchangesfortheworse,butIhaveneverquestionedthefactthatwhetherIlikeditornot,changewasunavoidable.24.Whichactororactressisnon-white?A.ScarlettJohanssonB.MattDamon

C.EdSkreinD.DanielDaeKim.2.SeveralHollywoodfilmshavefacedcriticisminrecentmonthsforfeaturingwhiteactorsinAsianroles.RecentfilmsaccusedofwhitewashingincludetheHollywoodremakeofJapaneseanimeGhostintheShell,whichhadScarlettJohanssoninthemainrolewhichwasoriginallyJapanese,andChineseepicTheGreatWallwhichstarredMattDamonasitsleadcharacter.Earlierthisyear,BritishactorEdSkreinwhowascastasanAsiancharacterintheupcomingHellboyremakepulledoutofthefilmsothattherolecouldbe“castappropriately”.ItthenwenttoKorean-AmericanactorDanielDaeKim.D2.SeveralHollywoodfilmshavefacedcriticisminrecentmonthsforfeaturingwhiteactorsinAsianroles.RecentfilmsaccusedofwhitewashingincludetheHollywoodremakeofJapaneseanimeGhostintheShell,whichhadScarlettJohanssoninthemainrolewhichwasoriginallyJapanese,andChineseepicTheGreatWallwhichstarredMattDamonasitsleadcharacter.Earlierthisyear,BritishactorEdSkreinwhowascastasanAsiancharacterintheupcomingHellboyremakepulledoutofthefilmsothattherolecouldbe“castappropriately”.ItthenwenttoKorean-AmericanactorDanielDaeKim.“洗白”(whitewashing)指由白人演員扮演非白人角色的行為，被視為一種盛行很久的種族歧視行為。Hisjourneytothee-mailhellbeganinnocentlyenoughwhen,aschairmanofComputerAssociatesInternational,asoftwarecompany,hefirstheardhowquicklyhisemployeeshadacceptedtheirnewelectronic-mailsystem.他在電子郵件的地獄之旅是糊里糊涂開始的。作為國際計算機聯(lián)合公司這家軟件公司的董事長，他當(dāng)時還是第一次聽說他的雇員們是多么快地就接受了他們公司的新的電子郵件系統(tǒng)。5、含有多個插入成分或分隔成分的句子。Hisjourneytothee-mailhellbeganinnocentlyenoughwhen,aschairmanofComputerAssociatesInternational,asoftwarecompany,hefirstheardhowquicklyhisemployeeshadacceptedtheirnewelectronic-mailsystem.一招破解長難句!高考閱讀理解---

主旨大意1)主題類Themainideaofthepassageis…Thepassageismainlyabout…Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?2)目的類Thepassageismeant/intended

to…Thepurposeofthisarticleisto…3)標(biāo)題類Thebesttitleofthepassageis…主旨大意題設(shè)問方式(1)Now（如今）…暗示本文即將要講的事很有可能與以往不同。(2)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞。段落中出現(xiàn)but,however,actually,while,infact,onthecontrary,incontrast等時，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正要表達的觀點。(3)表總結(jié)的詞。如therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等詞后內(nèi)容也可能是主題。(4)多次重復(fù)的詞。如果一篇文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)某個詞，該詞往往是體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。(5)若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。(6)說明實驗結(jié)論或調(diào)查結(jié)果的句子。如theirstudiesshowthat…，theexperimentshowsthat…,scientists/researchershavefoundthat…或thereisevidencesuggestingthat…中that從句的內(nèi)容通常就是主旨。尋找主題句的6個微技能主題句的位置1、段(文)首——開門見山，點出主題；2、段(文)尾——詳細論證，總結(jié)陳詞；3、段(文)中——引題過渡，導(dǎo)出主題;

4、段(文)首尾—首尾呼應(yīng)，烘托主題；

1.以偏概全，干擾項故意片面地理解文章，從文中某些(不完全的)事實或細節(jié)片面推出錯誤結(jié)論。2.放大或縮小文章的主題。把文章中出現(xiàn)過的某一個觀點或具體細節(jié)當(dāng)成整篇文章的主題；或者太籠統(tǒng)地夸大主題。3.偷換概念，文章的主題被換成相關(guān)但不同的主題。4.主觀臆斷，文中沒有出處但看似符合常理的誤導(dǎo)性主題。干擾項設(shè)置特點

(2017年四川卷D）Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight’ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.

Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.

Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.1 Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?21.文首—開門見山，點出主題。

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為：點出主題—圍繞主題展開陳述、論證或說明Readingisthekeytoschoolsuccessand,likeanyskillittakespractice.Achildlearnstowalkbypracticinguntilhenolongerhastothinkabouthowtoputonefootinfrontoftheother.Agreatathletepracticesuntilhecanplayquickly,accurately,withoutthinking.Tennisplayerscallthat“being”inthezone.”Educatorscallit“automaticity.”Theparagraphmainlytellsus_______.A.whatautomaticityis B.howaccuracyisacquiredB.howachildlearnstowalk D.howanathleteistrained.3A（2）文尾—詳細論證，總結(jié)陳詞。

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為：表述細節(jié)—概括主題歸納要點、得出結(jié)論、提出建議

Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only＄79.Twodayssale.Hurry.” However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalestrickiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_________.A.BuyerBewareB.Closeout(出清存貨)SaleC.ASellingMethodD.BuyingaTVSet4cNothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.5(3)段中—引題過渡，導(dǎo)出主題。語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為:“引題—主題思想—解釋”或“提問—回答—解釋”。

Notsolongago,mostpeopledidn'tknowwhoShellyAnnFrancisPrycewasgoingtobecome.Shewasjustanaveragehighschoolathlete....Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearlateratJamaica’sOlympicgamesinearly2008,ShellyAnn,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaica'sunchallengedqueenofthesprint(短跑)....AsMuhammadAliputsit,“Championsaren'tmadeingyms.Championsaremadefromsomethingtheyhavedeepinsidethem.Adesire,adream,avision.”O(jiān)neofthethingsShelly-Anncanbeproudofisherunderstandingofthistruth.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？A.TheMakingofaGreatAthlete B.TheDreamforChampionshipC.TheKeytoHighPerformance D.ThePowerofFullResponsibility6A(4）首尾—首尾呼應(yīng)，烘托主題

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為:提出主題—展開論述或說明—進一步引申或發(fā)展主題

1.文首—開門見山，點出主題。

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為：點出主題—圍繞主題展開陳述、論證或說明2.文尾—詳細論證，總結(jié)陳詞。

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為：表述細節(jié)—概括主題歸納要點、得出結(jié)論、提出建議3.段中—引題過渡，導(dǎo)出主題。語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為:“引題—主題思想—解釋”或“提問—回答—解釋”。4.首尾—首尾呼應(yīng)，烘托主題

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為:提出主題—展開論述或說明—進一步引申或發(fā)展主題

1.(2018年全國Ⅱ卷·32)

We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence. What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecause...無主題句

Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.C本段無主題句，描述的情況是：在公共場合，人們只是專注地盯著自己的手機，甚或苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默之中。據(jù)此可歸納為，陌生人之間缺少交流。故選C項。(2017年Ⅱ卷)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.

Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.無主題句A1、主題詞或主題句主題詞出現(xiàn)頻率較高，往往在第一段出現(xiàn)，帶有概括性。文章沒有明顯的主題句，可以通過找主題詞。注：主旨大意題的正確選項一般都會包含主題詞！2、歸納無主題段或主題句的材料的方法根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實細節(jié)，進行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。3、運用逆向思維法：在兩個選項看上去都十分正確無法選擇時，試著從選項出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項來寫文章會有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較，接近的即為正確選項。Summary主旨大意題干擾選項的特征：①過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云。所概括的內(nèi)容超出原文的范圍。②以偏概全，主次不分。只概括了文章一部分的內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細節(jié)內(nèi)容或個別詞語做出選項內(nèi)容。③移花接木，偷換概念。選項中的定語或狀語影響語意范圍，或者把屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上。④主觀臆測，無中生有，雖符合一般常理，選項中關(guān)鍵詞也在文中提及，但選項的實際含義與文章主題無關(guān)。

Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?

●Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Waysofexperimentingonsmoking.B.InformationaboutsmokingC.Smokingresultingincancer.D.Sideeffectsofsmoking.7D畫蛇添足帽子太大以偏概全

Boston----ThievesdressedaspoliceenteredamuseumearlySundayandstole11paintings,includingmajorworksbyRembrandt,Dagas,ManetandVermerr,FBIandthemuseumofficialssaid.Thefirstjudgmentplacedvalueofatleast$100millionontheworksstolenfromtheIsabellaGardenerMuseum,saidBostonpolicespokes-manJimTordan…...WilliamBobinson,ofHardvardUnivercity‘’sFoggelMuseum,calledtheobjectsstolen“majorworks”.

Q:Whatisthebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticle?A.ATheftTook