Module 1- Module 6 單元語法講義 高中英語外研版必修第一冊

Module1MyFirstDayatSeniorHighGrammar1:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)版現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與usually、always、Seldom、sometimes>often、frequently,everyday、everyweek、（yearmorning）onSunday等時(shí)間狀語連用。l.Thestudentsoftendotheirexperimentinthelaboratory.2.Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.amusedtolisteningtotheweatherreporteverymorning..Hesometimesstaysuptillmidnighttocatchupwithothers..DoyouusuallygotoschoolonSunday.表示主語現(xiàn)在的特征、性格和狀態(tài)1、Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.2、Chinaisadevelopingcountrywhichbelongstothethirdworld.3、一Doyousing?-Alittle.表示客觀規(guī)律、正確事實(shí)或科學(xué)真理、格言以及其他不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。1、Allthelivingthingsontheearthdependonthesun.2、Knowledgecomesonlyfrompractice.3、Unpleasantadvice,likebittermedicine,haswelcomeeffect.*Ourteachertoldustheearthgoesroundthesun.在由連詞if、unless、before>assoonaswhen、once、however等引起的時(shí)間（條件、讓步）狀語從句，需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示將來。1、Filcallonyouunlessitrainsthedayaftertomorrow.2、Evenifitrainstomorrow,thesportsmeetwilltakeplace.3、Wewillstartassoonasyouareready.4、Howevermuchadviceyougivehim,hewilldoexactlywhathewants.表示安排或計(jì)劃要做的動作（有時(shí)間狀語）限于begin、come>leave>go、arrive,start、stop>open、close、return等1、Thefilmstartsatseveno'clockthisevening.2、Theplanetakesoffat5:00a.m.3、WeleavefbrBeijingnextFriday.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法例示表示現(xiàn)在（說話的瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作1、Look,theboyisdozingoff.Look!Themonkeyisclimbingthebananatree.Ihaven'tacceptedhissuggestionyet.I'mstillconsideringit.表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作（說話時(shí)動作不一定正在進(jìn)行）1、HowareyougettingalongwithyourEnglishtheseday.2、Wearegoingoverthegrammarlearnedbeforeatpresent.3、WarepreparingforthemeetingtobeheldnextFridaynow.表示說話人現(xiàn)在對主語的行為表贊嘆，厭惡等，常與a]ways\constantly\continually等副詞連用1、Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.（表贊許）2、Heisconstantlyleavinghisthingsabout.（表不滿）3、Thechildrenarealwaysmakingtrouble.（表厭惡）4、Sheisalwaysaskingthesamequestion.（表厭惡）5、Youarealwayschangingyourmind.（表抱怨）

Grammar2:分詞形容詞表示在最近計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動作，常限于go\come\Ieave\start\arrive\return\work\sleep\stay\do\have\wear等表移動，方向的動詞1、Heisstartingtheworkinafewminutes.2、AforeignguestisgivingalectureinEnglishthisafternoon.3、HeisleavingforBeijingtomorrowafternoon.4、Heiscomingtoseeyounextmonth.5、Heisstayingwithusforafewweeksnextyear.英語中有些形容詞是由動詞的一ing構(gòu)成的（通常表示事物給人的感覺，意為“是令人感到…?.的”）,有些形容詞是由動詞的一-ed構(gòu)成的（通常表示人對事物的感覺，意為“對……感到……的”）。前者表示主動的意義，后者表示被動的意義。由于他們的形式與現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞完全一樣，故又稱它們?yōu)椤胺衷~形容詞;在句中做表、定、狀、補(bǔ)等成分。常見的有：amazing——amazedboringboredamazing——amazedboringboreddisturbing-disturbedamusing——amusedconfusing-confuseddiscouraging—discouragedastonishing——astonisheddisappointing-disappointedencouraging-encouragedfrightingfrightenedmovingmovedtiringtiredModule2MyNewTeachersGrammar：后接V-ing的動詞(1)英語中有很多的動詞后區(qū)跟動名詞作賓語：如advise,consider,admit,appreciate,mind,avoid,excuse,delay,imagine,deny,enjoy,keep(on),practice,resist,escape,risk,putoff,explain,quit(停止)，tolerate,pardon,allow,forbid,miss(錯(cuò)過)，suggest,advise,recommend,finish,envy,can'thelp(2)有一類動詞后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語；如果后面跟名詞、代詞加賓補(bǔ)，那么賓補(bǔ)用不定式’這類常見的可記憶為“阿福的帽子”:FITSCAP:allow,forbid,understand,suppose,consider,advise,permittedeg:①Wedon'tallowusingmobilephonehere.Wedon'tallowhimtousemobilephonehere.Heisnotallowedtousemobilephonehere.“動詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語，其后往往跟動名詞作賓語。尤其是含有介詞％?！钡膭用~短語；常見的有：beusedto習(xí)慣于，devoteoneselfto致力于；leadto導(dǎo)致；seeto注意，處理payattentionto；getdownto；stickto;getaccustomedto;lookforwardto"what\howabout+v-ing”常用來征詢意見，意為"。。。怎么樣？eg:Whataboutgoingonapicnic?(5)有些動詞后跟不定式與動名詞的意義差異較大，高考出現(xiàn)頻率較大：forgetYregretrmeaLYforgetYregretrmeaLYtodosthdoingsthtodosthdoingsthtodosth

doingsthgoonrtodosthqdoingsth(withsth)Tbertodosthdoingsth{toptodosthdoingsth「trytodosth(努力\試圖做sth){doingsth(嘗試做某事)cap'thelptodosthqdoingsth【注】：remember,forget,regret后跟doing與跟havingdone的意思一樣。(6)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：動名詞的前面可以有自己的邏輯主語構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或人稱代詞(賓語)、名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構(gòu)成,在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或物主代詞?？勺髦鳌①e、表可作主、表eg：①Tom'sdoingsthHisdoingsth可作主、賓、表可作主、表Module3MyFirstRideonaTrainGrammar1:動詞的過去分詞<①及物動詞的過去分詞作定語表示被動或完成，或兩者兼而有之eg:arespectedteacherabrokencup②不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語只表示完成的含義eg:Heisaretiredworker.J③V-ed形式的分詞形容詞作定語說明所修飾的名詞的狀態(tài)，無被動的含義，是一個(gè)形容詞作定蕭eg-asurprisedlookdisapointedchildren④過去分詞可以和形容詞或副詞一起構(gòu)成合成形容詞一起做前置定語eg:ahighly-developedindustryawidely-usedlanguage⑤過去分詞短語作后置定語放在所修飾詞的后面，邏輯上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動的定語從句Veg:一Itisabook(whichisRecommendedbytheteacher.一Manypeople(whowere)invitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.(2)作表語：表示主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)eg:Thedoorremainedlocked.(3)作補(bǔ)語：過去分詞(一般是及物動詞的)表示被動或完成，有時(shí)兼而有之，作賓補(bǔ)得過去分詞與賓語之間有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，即賓語是過去分詞動作的承受者或?qū)ο?。eg:Shefoundthedoorbrokenwhenshecamein.(4)作狀語:修飾謂語動詞分詞動作與主語之間常構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，即被動關(guān)系。過去分詞作狀語，意義上相當(dāng)于狀語從句，表示原因、時(shí)間、條件、伴隨、讓步、方式等?！俦?xiàng)l件：eg:Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.②表時(shí)間：eg:Askedmanytimes,Itoldhimthesecret.]③表伴隨：eg:Theteachercamein,followedbyhisstudents.④表讓步；eg:Shownmanytimes,hecouldn'toperatethemachineonhisown.⑤表方式：eg:Shewasintearsasifdeeplymovedbythefilm.Grammar2：一般過去時(shí)

般過去時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday\in1996\twoyearsagoMastmonth\thedaybeforeyesterday\theotherday等表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用1、Thegreatwallcameintobeingin221B.C2、Shesuddenlyfellillintheclassroomtheotherday.3、Mr.Jacksoncametochinaascoreofyearsago.4、Athiefbrokeintohishouseandstolehistreasurelastnight.表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的行為，常與everyday\often\sometimes等時(shí)間狀語連用，"usedto+動詞原形”或“would+動詞原形”常用來表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的行為。1、WhenIwasinthefactory,Ioftenworkedintheworkshop.2、Heusuallycametoschoolbybikelastyear.3、Weusedtogetupatfiveeverymorningwhenwewereatschool.4、WewouldaskhimforadvicewhenwehadtroublewithourEnglish.表示過去發(fā)生的一連串動作。Theprofessorputonefingerinhismouth,tastedit,andsmiledwithsatisfaction.在時(shí)間、條件、方式讓步狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)表示過去將來的動作。1、Hesaidhewouldletusknowifhegotanynews.2、Hepromisedthathewouldbuysomecopiesforuswhenhewentthere.3、ShesaidshewouldwritetoussoonasshearrivedatBeijing.Module4AsocialSurvey-MyneighborhoodGrammar：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在兀成時(shí)現(xiàn)在兀成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。1、—Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?―Yes,Ihave.Ihavejusthadit.(現(xiàn)在不餓了)2、Ihavealreadypostedtheparcel.(包裹已不在我這里)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)）的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的狀語連用：now\just\today\thismorning\thismonth\thisyear\for\since\allthetime1、Ihaven'tseenherthesedays(fbralongtime).2、Haveyoureturnedthebooktoday?3、I'veknownLiLeiforover3years."sincehecamehere,since10yearsago.4、Hehaslived叫resince1980\sinceyesterday._sincelastyear.eversince(then).與Already\never\ever\just\before\lately\recently\yet\sofar\uptothepresent\uptillnow\inthepastMastfewyears等狀語連用。1、Ihaveneverseensuchaninspiringfilmbefore.2、Tomhasdonehishomeworkalready.3、Ihaven'tseenhimsofar.4、---HaveyoueverbeentoBeijng?—NO,1haveneverbeenthere5、Uptillnowwehaven'tseenthefilm.6、HehasrecentlycomefromNewYork.與for\during\in\within\over引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用，表示從過去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。1、Wehavediscussedthetopic(for)thelast3week.2、Theyhavemaderapidprogressduringthepastfewyears.3、—HaveyouseenanyAustrianspassbyhere?——Notwithinthelastdays.4、Ihaven'tseenhimintherecentyears.表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動作,與severaltimes\once\twice\threetimes\frequently等頻度副詞連用.1、Ihaven'twatchedhimseveraltimes.2、HehasbeentoLondontwice.3、Ihaveseenthefilmthreetimes.在“最高級+名詞”或在“這是第幾次”之后跟定于從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。1、ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.2、Itisthesecondtimethatyouhavebeenhere.3、ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedyoucountry.表示從過去到現(xiàn)在沒有發(fā)生的動作。1、Hehasn'tcleanedtheroomfbr10days.2、Theyhaven'theardfromhimforascoreofyears.用在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中，表示從句動作先于主句動作之前已完成。1、IwillgivemyopinionafterIhavereadthroughthebook.2、We911setoutatonceiftherainhasstopped.3、riltellhimafteryouhaveleft.在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，終止動詞假設(shè)于for\since等延續(xù)狀語連用，需把終止動詞變?yōu)閎e動詞等的適當(dāng)形式。如：die一bedead\join-bein\fallill—beill\finish一beoverMeave/go一beaway\begin一beon\makefriends-befriends\become-be\getready-beready\buy—get/have1、HearrivedinChinain1990\5yearsago.2、HehasarrivedinChina.3、hehasbeeninchinasince1990\forfiveyears.4、Itis5yearssincehe(has)arrivedinchina.5、Sshehasleftschoolfor15years,xJShehasbeenawayfromschoolfor15years.V6、jShehasmarriedJacksince1965。x°ShehasbeenmarriedtoJacksince1965.V7、rborrowedthenovelfbrseveraldays,xIhaveiIKeptthenovelforseveraldays.8、Ihehasbeeninthearmyfor5years.V\marry-bemarried(to)\borrow——keep\arrive/getto/reach/come一bein/beat/stay\dress-be(dressed)in\puton—haveon/wear\meet-staytogetherHehasjoinedthearmyfor5yearsox現(xiàn)在兀成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至將來（強(qiáng)調(diào)進(jìn)行的過程）1、Heisill.Hehasbeenlyinginbedforthreeweeks.(動作會繼續(xù)下去)2、Sheisverytired.Shehasbeentypinglettersallday.3、Wherehaveyoubeen?Hehasbeenwaitingforyouallthismorning.(動作剛剛結(jié)束)一直到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一再反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作。1、Alltheseyearstheyhavebeencontributingarticlestoourmagazine.2、JimhasbeenphoningJennyeverymightforseveralweeks.Module5ALessoninaLabGrammar：形容詞和副詞的比擬級英語中的形容詞和副詞常有三種形式來表達(dá)事物的等級差異，分別是原級、比擬級和最高級。大局部的形容詞和副詞的比擬級和最高級是通過變化詞尾來實(shí)現(xiàn)的，屬于規(guī)那么變化，但也有少數(shù)是不規(guī)那么變化。（-）規(guī)那么變化.單音節(jié)詞在詞尾加—er構(gòu)成比擬級，力口-est構(gòu)成最高級。以---e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞直接加-r和-st;以輔音字母結(jié)尾且前邊只有一個(gè)元音字母的，雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母，再加--er和一esthard---harder——hardestlate---later---latesthot——hotter——hottest.雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞的比擬級和最高級（1）以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞，把y變?yōu)閕；再加--er禾口一esthappy——happier——happiest（2）其他的雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞大都在前邊加more和most構(gòu)成比擬級和最高級exact---moreexact---mostexactwarmly---morewarmlymostwarmly【注】:以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞,除了early外，其他均使用more/most構(gòu)成比擬級和最高級（3）有少數(shù)幾個(gè)雙音節(jié)詞以及以--er及-le結(jié)尾的詞，可以有兩種比擬級和最高級形式common---commoner/morecommon——commonest/mostcommonoften-oftener/moreoften——oftenest/moreoftenclevercleverer/moreclever——cleverest/mostcleversimple——simpler/moresimple——simplest/mostsimple【注】：像unhappy這樣的以--y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞的反義詞，其比擬級和最高級形式有兩種：unhappier/moreunhappy---unhappiest/mostunhappy(-)不規(guī)那么變化原級比擬級最局級goodwellbetterbestmanymuchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolder（年齡、新舊、血緣）elder（僅指血緣）oldesteldestbadillworseworstfarfarther（僅指距離）further（指距離或程度）farthestfurthestlatelater（較遲的，后來）latest（最新的，最晚的）【注】?older,oldest指年齡的大小關(guān)系，而elder,eldest指兄妹之間的長幼關(guān)系。older,oldest既可以作定語還以作表語，而elder,eldest只可用來作定語。farther,farthest多指具體的距離；而further,furthest多指程度上“進(jìn)一步”等抽象意義。（三）形容詞和副詞等級的用法.原級比擬的用法（1）在肯定句中用“as+原級+as”的結(jié)構(gòu)eg:Myhandwritingisasgoodasyours.Shecoulddoaswellasaman.（2）在否認(rèn)句中，用“notso/as+原級+as”的結(jié)構(gòu)eg:Ididn*tdomyhomeworkso/ascarefullyasyou.Iamnotso/asbusyasiusedtobe.【注】：如果第一個(gè)as后的形容詞作定語修飾名詞，應(yīng)該將形容詞和名詞一起放在第一個(gè)as的后面eg:Wehaveproducedasmanycomputersaswedidlastyear.Idon'tmakeasmuchmoneyasyoudo.2」匕較級的用法（1）當(dāng)甲大于乙時(shí)，用“比擬級+tharT表示；當(dāng)甲小于乙時(shí)，用“not+比擬級+than”或"less+原級+than”表示eg:Robertjumpshigherthananyoftheothers.Shedoesn'tworkharderthanyou（do）.Ilooklessyoungthanyou（do）?！咀ⅰ浚孩僭诖祟惐硎颈葦M的結(jié)構(gòu)中應(yīng)該注意防止和包括自身的對象進(jìn)行比擬「anyother+單數(shù)名詞alltheother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞比擬級+than+|anyoneelseanyoftheother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞②注意在使用比擬等級時(shí)被比擬內(nèi)容的對等性Hervoiceisassweetasabird.（錯(cuò)誤）Hervoiceisassweetasthat（=thevoice）ofabird.（正確）（2）比擬級的一些特殊用法①“比擬級+and+比擬級”表示事物本身程度的逐漸增長，意為“越來越。。。?！?。Thecityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.②“the+比擬級。。。。。，the+比擬級。。。。”。表示一方的程度隨著另一方程度的平行增長，意為“越。。。。。就越。。。?！?。Themoreyoulearn,themoreyouknow.③the+比擬級+ofthetwo+n.（復(fù)數(shù)）Thetallerofthetwoboysismybrother.④“more+原級+than”表示"與其說。。。。倒不如說。。。?！薄heismoreshythancold.⑤nomorethan與notmorethan的用法Shespentnomorethan（=only：不過，僅僅，表示少的意思）50dollarsonthecoat.Shespentnotmorethan（不超過，表示客觀的數(shù)量）50dollarsonthecoat.⑥"can/couldnot+比擬級”表示最高級的意義Icouldn'tagreemore.Theideasoundsgreattome.⑦“can/couldnot（never,hardly....）+.?…+too/enough”表示“再。。。。。也不過分；越。。。越好Youcan'tbetoocareful.（你越仔細(xì)越好。）Ican'tthankyouenough.（我感滂攵不盡。）⑧倍數(shù)的表達(dá)法Yourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofours.Yourschoolisfourtimesasbigasours.Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.Yourschoolisfourtimeswhatourschoolis.（你們學(xué)校是我們學(xué)校的4倍大。）【注】：①比擬的范圍：如果比擬的范圍不一樣，表達(dá)方式也不一樣ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsiao（比擬的范圍一致）ChinaislargerthananycountryinAfrican.（比擬的范圍不一致）②注意比擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略現(xiàn)象：由于日常交際的需要，在彼此都明了的場合中，比擬對象往往省略。Ihadneverspentamoreworryingday.（后面省略了thanthat）Thepianointheothershopwillbecheaper,butnotasgood.（省略了astheoneinthisshop）【注】：這種省略現(xiàn)象的比擬級結(jié)構(gòu)是歷年高考?？嫉膬?nèi)容，應(yīng)加以注意。.最高級的用法：最高級表示在三者或三者以上中程度最高的比擬方式the+最高級+（名詞）+比擬范圍的短語或從句ChinaisthelargestcountryinAsia.（在一定的地域空間內(nèi)用"in"）ChinaisthelargestoneofalltheAsiancountries,（在同一類事物范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行比擬用"of'）【注】：themost?…為最高級,意為“最。。。?！?，而（a）most.?…不是最高級，其中的most意為“十分,非?！?表示程度，相當(dāng)于very,修飾其后的名詞。Lastweekwehadamostheateddiscussiononthistopic.Theyaremosthandsomeboys.（2）運(yùn)用比擬級表達(dá)最高級①Sheistallerthananyothergirlinherclass.Sheistallerthantheothergirlsinherclass.Sheistallerthantherestofthegirlsinherclass.二Sheisthetallestgirlinherclass.②Ihaveneverheardabettervoicethanyours.=Yourvoiceisthebestvoicethatihaveeverheard..比擬等級的修飾語：在比擬結(jié)構(gòu)中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞、副詞的程度，在比擬級前可以用以下副詞修飾：（1）表示“比。。。。。。多/強(qiáng)/好得多”的詞有：alot,agreatdeal,much,far,byfar,farandaway等。Sheismuchclevererthanme.Theboyboughtfarmorebooksthani.Ifeelmuch/agreatdealbettertoday.Thisis（by）farthebestarticleihaveeverread.=Thisisthebestarticlebyfarthatihaveeverread.（2）表示“比。。。。。多/少/好/強(qiáng)一點(diǎn)兒”的詞有:abit,alittle,slightly等。Thetaskisabitharderthant