2003年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

--PAGE2-SectionI Useof EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points).Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious1tohowtheycanbest_2_suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand3butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition._4theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe5thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare6byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe7toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,_8_,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,_9studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide10opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful11dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedtheorganizationwithasupportiveadult 13 visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave

12 ofsomekindof_l±__attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized15participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto16elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsl1__.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.18theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby19forrolesthatarewithintheir20andtheirattentionsandbyhgyd[A]thought [B]idea [C]opinion [D]advice[A]strengthen [B]accommodate [C]stimulate [D]enhance[A]care [B]nutrition [C]exercise [D]leisure[A]If [B]Although [C]Whereas [D]Because[A]assistance [B]guidance [C]confidence [D]tolerance[A]claimed [B]admired [C]ignored [D]surpassed[A]improper [B]risky [C]fair [D]wise[A]ineffect [B]asaresult [C]forexample [D]inasense[A]displaying [B]describing [C]creating [D]exchanging[A]durable [B]excessive [C]surplus [D]multiple[A]group [B]individual [C]personnel [D]corporation[A]consent [B]insurance [C]admission [D]security[A]particularly [B]barely [C]definitely [D]rarely[A]similar [B]long [C]different [D]short[A]ifonly [B]nowthat [C]sothat [D]evenif[A]everything [B]anything [C]nothing [D]something[A]off [B]down [C]out [D]alone[A]Onthecontrary [B]Ontheaverage [C]Onthewhole [D]Ontheotherhand[A]making [B]standing [C]planning [D]taking[A]capability [B]responsibility [C]proficiency [D]efficiencySectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofcSesinthedrIdrdtherootsrtheAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe"greatgame"ofespionage-spyingasa"profession."ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWidehasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit"opensourceintelligence,"andastheNetgrows,isbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.S.StraifordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.Lastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcomersoftheworldandpredictingacrisis"Assoonasthatruns,we'llget500newsign-upsfromUkraine,"saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'llhearbackfromsomeofthem."Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20mAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford'sbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takes -3-TheemergenceoftheNethasreceivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovanremoldedtheintelligenceservicesrestoredmanycommonpastimesrevivedspyingasaprofessionDonovan'roducethetopicofonlinespyingshowhowhefoughtfortheUSgiveanepisodeoftheinformationwarhonorhisuniqueservicestotheCIAThephrase"makingthebiggestsplash"(line!,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans .causingthebiggesttroubleexertingthegreatesteffortachievingthegreatestsuccessenjoyingthewidestpopularityItcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that straitford'spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtruestraitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformationstraitford'sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictabilitystraitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformationStraitfordismostproudofits -4-Text2Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,"allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing."Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedmeat,nofur,noifsheshewantedtoknowcomefromthattheydo,she"ThenIwouldhavesayyes."whatwillhappenwhenreturn,she"Don'tworry,scientistswillsomewayofSuchwell-meaningjustunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway-inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother'shipreplacement,afather'sbypassoperation,ababy'svaccinations,andevenapet'sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould"adopt"middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationunchallengedandaoftruth.institutionscouldbetotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisarealpossibility -5---PAGE11-TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke'swordsto callonscientiststotakesomeactionscriticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrightswarnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearchshowthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovementdetendtothinktusingnlinhi__cruelbutnaturalinhumanandunacceptableinevitablebutviciouspointlessandwastefulTheexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic's discontentwithanimalresearchignoranceaboutmedicalscienceindifferencetoepidemicsanxietyaboutanimalrightsTheauthorbelievesthat,mfaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshoulcommunicatemorewiththepublicemployhi-techmeansinresearchfeelnoshamefortheircausestrivetodevelopnewcuresmthetextwelearntnCooperi__awell-knownhumanistamedicalpractitioneranenthusiastinanimalrightsasupporterofanimalresearchText3Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailearners.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch"captive"shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongruneveryone'scost.Ifallthesamerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It'stheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?"asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.gtothosewhosupport,ymonopolyisy__,_costreductionisbasedoncompetition.servicescallforcross-tradecoordination.outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist.shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat.Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?Indifferent.Supportive.Indignant.Apprehensive.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief.agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness.Theword"arbiters"(line6,paragraph4)mostprobablyrefersothos__,_whoworkascoordinators.whofunctionasjudges.whosupervisetransactions.whodeterminetheprice.gtothe,thecosteintherailindustryismainlydb__thecontinuingacquisition.thegrowingtraffic.thecheeringWallStreet.theshrinkingmarket.Text4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans'lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreatesystemneh-andourfailureoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit'suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient-toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theUSspent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage-say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm"haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway",sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.IwouldnotgothatEnergeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO'Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople'slives.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat medicalresourcesareoftenwasteddoctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseasessometreatmentsaretooaggressivemedicalcostsarebecomingunaffordableTheauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof .strongdisapprovalreservedconsentslightcontemptenthusiasticsupportIncontrastotheUS,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare .moreflexiblymoreextravagantlymorecautiouslymorereasonablyThetextintendstoexpresstheideathat .[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople'slives[B]lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworth[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcarePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.sarethoughtfuland,possessedofe.(4),shavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstoownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth."Anthropology"derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos"human"andlogos"thestudyof."Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.enquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsint